Editing Waltharius436
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− | |{{Parallel|'' | + | |{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’ |
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}} | |{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}} | ||
− | |{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him. | + | |{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him. MCD}} |
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|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]] | |[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]] | ||
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− | |{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court | + | |{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD}} |
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|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]], | |[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]], | ||
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|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}} | |{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}} | ||
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|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]]. | |[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]]. | ||
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|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim. | |{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim. | ||
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− | |{{Parallel|'' | + | |{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’ |
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− | | {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On | + | | {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On on hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior. |
− | Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king | + | Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king}} |
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|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]] | |[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]] | ||
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− | |{{Parallel|'' | + | |{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’ |
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}} | |{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}} | ||
− | |{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan | + | |{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan and Gunther's reactions to the news of Walther's presence.}} |
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|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]] | |[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]] | ||
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|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}} | |{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}} | ||
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|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]] | |[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]] | ||
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|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight” | |{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight” | ||
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− | |{{Parallel|'' | + | |{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’ |
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|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]] | |[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]] | ||
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− | |{{Parallel|'' | + | |{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’ |
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− | | {{Comment| | + | | {{Comment| Emphasizes Walter’s armor again (more TK). Recurrence of the word “coruscus.”}} |
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|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]] | |[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]] | ||
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− | |{{Parallel|'' | + | |{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’ |
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|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]]. | |[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]]. | ||
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|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]]. | |[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]]. | ||
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|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]] | |[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]] | ||
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|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]], | |[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]], | ||
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|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]]. | |[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]]. | ||
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|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].' | |[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].' | ||
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}} | |{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}} | ||
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|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]: | |[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]: | ||
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|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}} | |{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}} | ||
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|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]] | |[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]] | ||
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− | | {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation | + | | {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. (TK: example) MCD}} |
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|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]], | |[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]], | ||
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− | | {{Comment| | + | | {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him. MCD}} |
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|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]] | |[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]] | ||
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− | |{{Parallel|'' | + | |{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’ |
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− | |{{Parallel|: '' | + | |{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’ |
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− | |{{Parallel|: '' | + | |{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’ |
<br />Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’ | <br />Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’ | ||
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|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?' | |[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?' | ||
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}} | |{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}} | ||
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|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]], | |[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]], | ||
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