Waltharius142 - Revision history

HGL at 16:50, 9 July 2026

2026-07-09T16:50:23Z

Slsy at 15:35, 8 July 2026

2026-07-08T15:35:34Z

HGL at 02:05, 4 July 2026

2026-07-04T02:05:23Z

HGL at 01:32, 4 July 2026

2026-07-04T01:32:35Z

Ana Enriquez: /* Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169) */

2009-12-15T20:10:22Z

‎Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)

Jan Ziolkowski at 02:33, 15 December 2009

2009-12-15T02:33:26Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169) */

2009-12-15T01:52:21Z

‎Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)

Ana Enriquez: /* Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169) */

2009-12-12T02:18:02Z

‎Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)

Ana Enriquez: /* Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169) */

2009-12-12T01:48:44Z

‎Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)

Ana Enriquez: /* Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169) */

2009-12-12T01:40:42Z

‎Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)

@@ Line 291: / Line 291: @@
 *** [[Waltharius914|914–940: 7th single combat. Walther slays Gerwitus]]
 *** [[Waltharius941|941–961: Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest]]
-*** [[Waltharius962|962–980. 8th single combat. Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays]]
+*** [[Waltharius962|962–981. 8th single combat. Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays]]
-*** [[Waltharius981|981–1061. Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther]]
+*** [[Waltharius982|982–1061. Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther]]
 * 1062–1452: The Final Combat
 ** [[Waltharius1062|1062–1088: Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses]]

@@ Line 309: / Line 309: @@
 |[[Waltharius170|next »]]
 |[[Waltharius142English|English]]
 |-
 |}

@@ Line 291: / Line 291: @@
 *** [[Waltharius914|914–940: 7th single combat. Walther slays Gerwitus]]
 *** [[Waltharius941|941–961: Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest]]
-*** [[Waltharius962|962–981. 8th single combat. Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays]]
+*** [[Waltharius962|962–980. 8th single combat. Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays]]
 *** [[Waltharius981|981–1061. Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther]]
 * 1062–1452: The Final Combat

@@ Line 253: / Line 253: @@
 |{{Outline|
 * [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
-* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
+* [[Waltharius1|1–12: Introduction: the Huns]]
-* The Huns (13–418)
+* 13–418: The Huns
-** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
+** [[Waltharius13|13–33: The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage]]
-** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
+** [[Waltharius34|34–74: The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage]]
-** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
+** [[Waltharius75|75–92: The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage]]
-** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
+** [[Waltharius93|93–115: Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court]]
-** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
+** [[Waltharius116|116–122: Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen]]
-** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
+** [[Waltharius123|123–141: Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage]]
-** '''Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)'''
+** '''142–169: Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride'''
-** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
+** [[Waltharius170|170–214: Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle]]
-** The Escape (215–418)
+** 215–418: The Escape
-*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
+*** [[Waltharius215|215–255: Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund]]
-*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
+*** [[Waltharius256|256–286: Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure]]
-*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
+*** [[Waltharius287|287–323: Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep]]
-*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
+*** [[Waltharius324|324–357: Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court]]
-*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
+*** [[Waltharius358|358–379: The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin]]
-*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
+*** [[Waltharius380|380–418: Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward]]
-* The Single Combats (419–1061)
+* 419–1061: The Single Combats
-** Diplomacy (419–639)
+** 419–639: Diplomacy
-*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
+*** [[Waltharius419|419–435: Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms]]
-*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
+*** [[Waltharius436|436–488: Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure]]
-*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
+*** [[Waltharius489|489–512: Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep]]
-*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
+*** [[Waltharius513|513–531: Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it]]
-*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
+*** [[Waltharius532|532–571: Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance]]
-*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
+*** [[Waltharius572|572–580: Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force]]
-*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
+*** [[Waltharius581|581–616: Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage]]
-*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
+*** [[Waltharius617|617–639: Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill]]
-** Combat (640–1061)
+** 640–1061: Combat
-*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
+*** [[Waltharius640|640–685: 1st single combat. Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him]]
-*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
+*** [[Waltharius686|686–719: 2nd single combat. Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew]]
-*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
+*** [[Waltharius720|720–724: Gunther encourages his men]]
-*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
+*** [[Waltharius725|725–753: 3rd single combat. Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus]]
-*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
+*** [[Waltharius754|754–780: 4th single combat. Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults]]
-*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
+*** [[Waltharius781|781–845: 5th single combat. Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults]]
-*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
+*** [[Waltharius846|846–877. Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed]]
-*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
+*** [[Waltharius878|878–913. 6th single combat. After trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid]]
-*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
+*** [[Waltharius914|914–940: 7th single combat. Walther slays Gerwitus]]
-*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
+*** [[Waltharius941|941–961: Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest]]
-*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
+*** [[Waltharius962|962–981. 8th single combat. Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays]]
-*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
+*** [[Waltharius981|981–1061. Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther]]
-* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
+* 1062–1452: The Final Combat
-** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
+** [[Waltharius1062|1062–1088: Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses]]
-** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
+** [[Waltharius1089|1089–1129: Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground]]
-** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
+** [[Waltharius1130|1130–1187: Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps]]
-** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
+** [[Waltharius1188|1188–1207: The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors]]
-** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
+** [[Waltharius1208|1208–1236: Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther]]
-** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
+** [[Waltharius1237|1237–1279: Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid]]
-** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
+** [[Waltharius1280|1280–1345: The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention]]
-** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
+** [[Waltharius1346|1346–1375: Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life]]
-** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
+** [[Waltharius1376|1376–1395: Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth]]
-** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
+** [[Waltharius1396|1396–1442: Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt]]
-** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
+** [[Waltharius1443|1443–1452: The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians]]
-* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
+* [[Waltharius1453|1453–1456: Epilogue]]}}
+|
 |[[Waltharius170|next »]]

@@ Line 211: / Line 211: @@
+|
 |{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
-|{{Comment|It is strange that Walther refers to Attila as "pater" here.  However, Attila may mean "little father" in Old Turkic, which was possibly the language of the Huns.  This etymology might explain this strange remark.  For a full discussion of Attila's name, see Otto Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns: Studies in their history and culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), chapter 4.  The phrase "pater optime" also appears in Aeneid 1.555, where it seems to refer to Jupiter, [and 3.710, where Aeneas uses it in reference to Anchises JZ]. [AE]}}
+|{{Comment|It is strange that Walther refers to Attila as "pater" here.  However, Attila may mean "little father" in Old Turkic, which was possibly the language of the Huns.  This etymology might explain this strange remark.  For a full discussion of Attila's name, see Otto Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns: Studies in their history and culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), chapter 4.  The phrase "pater optime" also appears in Aeneid 1.555, where it seems to refer to Jupiter, and in 3.710, where Aeneas uses it in reference to Anchises. [AE]}}
 |-
 |[[Atque]] [[per]] [[invictam]] [[nunc]] [[gentem]] [[Pannoniarum]]

@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
+|
 |{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
-|{{Comment|"Causa" is used here in a sense which arose in Later Latin, meaning "thing" as in French "chose" and Italian "cosa."  Du Cange’s Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis cites this meaning of "causa" in the laws of the Lombards and in the laws of Charlemagne. [AE]}}
+|{{Comment|"Causa" is used here in a sense, meaning "thing," which arose in Later Latin and which survives to this day in the Romance languages, as in French "chose" and Italian "cosa."  Du Cange’s Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis cites this meaning of "causa" in the laws of the Lombards and in the laws of Charlemagne. [AE]}}
 |-
 |[[Intuitu]] [[fertis]], [[numquam]] [[meruisse]] [[valerem]].
@@ Line 148: / Line 148: @@
+|
 |{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
-|{{Comment|This is a particularly acute manifestation of the Germanic warrior ethos – love for the lord above all else.  However, since the audience knows Walther is promised to Hildegund, and we will soon see them plotting together against Attila, it has the ring of irony. [AE]
+|{{Comment|This line manifests with particular acuteness one aspect of the Germanic warrior ethos, namely, love for the lord above all else.  However, since the audience knows Walther is promised to Hildegund, and we will soon see the two plot together against Attila, it has the ring of irony. [AE]
 Hagan will later honor his love for his lord above his personal loyalties, and one interpretation of the poem's end is that he is punished for his desertion of Walther. Walther's defection here is thus preferable to abandoning Hildegund. Alternatively, Walther too might be punished for the breach of loyalty to his lord with the loss of his hand, just as Hagan is punished for his breach of loyalty to a friend with the loss of his eye. [MCD]}}
 |-
@@ Line 158: / Line 158: @@
+|
 |{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
-|{{Comment|The language here echoes Aeneid 4.16, which reads, “ne cui me vinclo vellem sociare iugali….”  Dido says this to her sister Anna, talking about how she might fall for Aeneas if only she had not decided to avoid “nuptial chains.”  Dido goes on to fall for Aeneas, just as Walther, despite what he says, will go on to marry Hildegund.  The other parallel, which will return later in the poem, is between Attila and Dido, who are the ones the hero leaves behind. [AE]}}
+|{{Comment|The language here echoes Aeneid 4.16, which reads, “ne cui me vinclo vellem sociare iugali….”  Dido uses these words when talking to her sister Anna about how she might be susceptible to Aeneas, if only she had not decided to avoid “nuptial chains.”  Dido goes on to fall for Aeneas, just as Walther, despite what he says, will go on to marry Hildegund.  The other parallel, which will return later in the poem, is between Attila and Dido, who are the ones the hero leaves behind. [AE]}}
 |-
 |[[me1|Me]] [[vinclo]] [[permitte]] [[me1|me]]am [[iam]] [[ducere]] [[vitam]].
@@ Line 164: / Line 164: @@
+|
 |{{Parallel|''Liber Malachim IV ''5.2: ''Quae erat in obsequio uxoris Naaman.'' ‘She waited upon Naaman’s wife.’ ''Aeneid 4.16:'' ''ne cui me vinclo vellem sociare iugali. . .'' ‘To ally myself with none in bond of wedlock. . .’
-<br />''Aeineid'' 3.315: ''vitamque extrema per omnia duco''. ‘I drag on my life through all extremes.’
+<br />''Aeneid'' 3.315: ''vitamque extrema per omnia duco''. ‘I drag on my life through all extremes.’
 }}
+|
@@ Line 173: / Line 173: @@
+|
+|
-|{{Parallel|''Secundum Marcum'' 13.35: ''sero an media nocte''. . . ‘At evening or at midnight. . .’'' Aeineid'' 8.407: ''medio noctis.'' . . ‘In the middle of the night. . .’
+|{{Parallel|''Secundum Marcum'' 13.35: ''sero an media nocte''. . . ‘At evening or at midnight. . .’'' Aeneid'' 8.407: ''medio noctis.'' . . ‘In the middle of the night. . .’
 }}
+|
 |{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS|elision=sero aut}}
-|{{Comment|The phrase "sero aut medio noctis" also appears in the Gospel of Mark, when Christ tells the parable of the faithful servant, who keeps watch because he does not know at what hour his lord will return.  This parable is a metaphor for the return of Christ.  In using this language, the Waltharius poet reminds his readers that Walther is a Christian, just as he does in lines [[Waltharius215|225]], when Walther blesses the goblet, and in [[Waltharius1130|1161]], when Walther prays to his Creator. [AE]}}
+|{{Comment|The phrase "sero aut medio noctis" also appears in the Gospel of Mark 13.35, when Christ tells the parable of the faithful servant, who keeps watch because he does not know at what hour his lord will return.  This parable is a metaphor for the return of Christ.  In using this language, the Waltharius poet reminds his readers that Walther is a Christian, just as he does in lines [[Waltharius215|225]], when Walther blesses the goblet, and in [[Waltharius1130|1161]], when Walther prays to his Creator. [AE]}}
 |-
 |[[Ad]] [[quaecumque]] [[iubes]], [[securus]] [[et]] [[ibo]] [[paratus]].
@@ Line 207: / Line 207: @@
 |{{Commentary|''Testor'': here construed like ''precor'' with a purpose clause, joining an oath to an earnest request.
 }}
-|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 3.599-600.: ''per sidera testor,/ per superos atque hoc caeli spirabile lumen,/ tollite me. '' ‘By the stars I beseech you, by the gods above and this lightsome air we breathe, take me.’ 1.555: ''pater optime. . . '' ‘Noble father. . .’
+|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 3.599-600.: ''per sidera testor,/ per superos atque hoc caeli spirabile lumen,/ tollite me. '' ‘By the stars I beseech you, by the gods above and this lightsome air we breathe, take me.’ 1.555: ''pater optime. . . '' ‘Noble father. . .’
 }}
+|
 |{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
-|{{Comment|It is strange that Walther refers to Attila as "pater" here.  However, Attila may mean "little father" in Old Turkic, which was possibly the language of the Huns.  That might explain this strange remark.  For a full discussion of Attila's name, see Otto Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns: Studies in their history and culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), chapter 4.  The phrase "pater optime" also appears in Aeneid 1.555, where it seems to refer to Jupiter. [AE]}}
+|{{Comment|It is strange that Walther refers to Attila as "pater" here.  However, Attila may mean "little father" in Old Turkic, which was possibly the language of the Huns.  This etymology might explain this strange remark.  For a full discussion of Attila's name, see Otto Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns: Studies in their history and culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), chapter 4.  The phrase "pater optime" also appears in Aeneid 1.555, where it seems to refer to Jupiter, [and 3.710, where Aeneas uses it in reference to Anchises JZ]. [AE]}}
 |-
 |[[Atque]] [[per]] [[invictam]] [[nunc]] [[gentem]] [[Pannoniarum]]