Waltharius - User contributions [en]

Resources

2013-09-10T19:24:42Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

* [[A Germanic Epic in Latin for Christians?]]
* {{pdf|Waltharius-Bibliography-2009-08-14.pdf|Bibliography}}
* [http://dona1lhzke.blog.com/ Tadalafil (Adcirca)][http://bsbdmgh.bsb.lrz-muenchen.de/dmgh_new/app/web?action=loadBook&bookId=00000837 Monumenta Germaniae Historica]
* [http://books.google.com/books?vid=HARVARD32044019837624&printsec=titlepage#v=onepage&q=&f=false Waltharii poesis (ed. Althof) vol 1]
* [http://books.google.com/books?vid=HARVARD32044019837582&printsec=titlepage#v=onepage&q=&f=false Waltharii poesis (ed. Althof) vol 2 (commentary)]
* [http://lms01.harvard.edu:80/F/5R6SQNMSQVGXLTM17PJ8FVSVUXUNB2GEUCMLFULXQHR5IPVA9T-20402?func=full-set-set&set_number=411360&set_entry=000007&format=999 Althof's German translation in verse]
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=77AYAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=beck+waltharius&client=safari#v=onepage&q=&f=false Beck commentary]
* {{pdf|Monumenta_Novaliciensia(p141).pdf|Chroniclep141}}
* [[Stone_2013_Waltharius_and_Carolingian_Morality.pdf|Stone_2013_Waltharius_and_Carolingian_Morality.pdf]]

File:Stone 2013 Waltharius and Carolingian Morality.pdf

2013-09-10T14:46:43Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

File:Schroeder 1933 Zu den deutschen Namen des Waltharius.pdf

2013-09-10T14:46:16Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

File:Parkes 1974 Irony in Waltharius.pdf

2013-09-10T14:45:46Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

File:Carlson 1967 The Monsters of Beowulf ARTICLE.pdf

2013-09-10T14:45:26Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

Waltharius781

2010-01-25T16:29:03Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)===
{|
|-
|[[Tunc]] [[a|a ]][[Gunthario]] [[clipeum1|clipeum]] [[sibi1|sibi]] [[postulat]] [[ipsum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Clipeum sibi postulat ipsum'': i.e., the right to take the shield of Waltharius after defeating him in combat.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 9.267-268.: ''si vero capere Italiam sceptrisque potirei/ contigerit victori et praedae dicere sortem,/ vidisti, quo Turnus equo, quibus ibat in armis/ aureus; ipsum illum, clipeum cristasque rubentis/ excipiam sorti, iam nunc tua praemia, Nise. '' ‘But if it is our lot to take Italy, to wield a victor’s sceptre and to assign the spoil, you have seen the horse that Turnus rode and the armour he wore, all gold--that same horse, the shield and the crimson plumes I will set apart from the lot, your reward, Nisus, even now.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Quintus]] [[ab]] [[inflato]] [[Hadawardus]] [[pectore]] [[lusus]].
|
|
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|hiatus=inflato Hadawardus}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[pergens]] [[hastam]] [[sociis1|sociis]] [[dimisit]] [[habendam]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 11.710-711.: ''tradit equum comiti paribusque resistit in armis/ ense pedes nudo. '' ‘She hands her horse over to a comrade and confronts him in equal arms, on foot, with naked sword.’ 3.329: ''Heleno transmisit habendam. '' ‘He passed me over to Helenus’ keeping.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Audax]] [[in]] [[solum1|solum]] [[confisus]] [[in]]aniter [[ensem]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.789: ''hic gladio fidens. . .'' ‘One trusting to his sword. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[dum1|dum]] [[conspiceret]] [[deiecta]] [[cadavera]] [[totam]]
|785
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Conclusisse]] [[viam]] [[nec]] [[equum]] [[transire]] [[valere]],
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
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|[[Dissiliens]] [[parat]] [[ire]] [[pedes]]. [[stetit]] [[acer]] [[in]] [[armis]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.453-454.: '' desiluit Turnus biiugis, pedes apparat ire/ comminus. '' ‘Down from his chariot leapt Turnus; he makes ready to close with the other on foot.’ 7.624:'' pars pedes ire parat.'' ‘Some make ready to go on foot.’ 12.938-939.: ''stetit acer in armis/ Aeneas.'' ‘Firece in his armour, Aeneas stood still.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[laudatque]] [[virum]], [[qui3|qui]] [[praebuit]] [[aequam]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.419: ''aequemus pugnas.'' ‘Let us make the battle even.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Pugnandi]] [[sortem]]. [[Hadawart]] [[tum]] [[dixit]] [[ad|ad ]][[illum2|illum]]:
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.419: ''aequemus pugnas.'' ‘Let us make the battle even.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|hiatus=sortem Hadawart}}
|
|-
|[[O]] [[versute]] [[dolis]] [[ac]] [[fraudis]] [[conscie]] [[serpens]]
|790
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 8.393: ''sensit laeta dolis et formae conscia coniunx. '' ‘His consort knew it, rejoicing in her wiles and conscious of her beauty.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
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|[[Occultare]] [[artus]] [[squamoso]] [[tegmine]] [[suetus]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics ''2.153-154.: ''nec rapit immensos orbis per humum neque tanto/ squameus in spiram tractu se colligit anguis. '' ‘Nor yet, sweeping huge coils along the ground, does the scaly snake with his vast train wind himself into a spiral.’ Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri.'' . . ‘Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=occultare artus}}
|
|-
|[[Ac]] [[veluti]] [[coluber]] [[girum]] [[collectus]] [[in]] [[unum]]
|
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|{{Parallel|Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 13.910: ''conlectus in unum. . .'' ‘Gathered into one. . .’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Tela]] [[tot]] [[evitas]] [[tenui]] [[sine]] [[vulneris]] [[ictu]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Ictu equiv. to vestigio. ''Alternatively, this could be an example of the rare ''genitivus inhaerentiae'', or synonymous genitive (cf. ''semita callis'' in line 1198).
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
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|[[Atque]] [[venenatas]] [[ludis]] [[sine]] [[more]] [[sagittas]] --
|
|{{Commentary|''Sine more'': to be taken either as ''sine lege'' (“lawlessly, immoderately, uncontrollably”) or as ''sine exemplo'' (“without precedent, remarkably”); evidence for both interpretations can be drawn from the use of the phrase in the ''Aeneid''.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.694: ''sine more furit. '' ‘It rages unrestrained.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Numquid]] [[et]] [[iste]] [[putas]] [[astu]] [[vitabitur]] [[ictus1|ictus]],
|795
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.747: ''at non hoc telum, mea quod vi dextera versat,/ effugies, neque enim is teli nec vulneris auctor. '' ‘But you will not escape from this weapon that my right arm brandishes; for not such is the wielder of weapon and wound.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
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|[[quem1|Quem]] [[propius]] [[stantis]] [[certo]] [[libramine]] [[mittit]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 9.747: ''at non hoc telum, mea quod vi dextera versat,/ effugies, neque enim is teli nec vulneris auctor. '' ‘But you will not escape from this weapon that my right arm brandishes; for not such is the wielder of weapon and wound.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[dextra1|Dextra]] [[manus]]? [[neque]] [[enim1|enim]] [[is]] [[teli]] [[seu]] [[vulneris]] [[auctor]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Neque enim is teli seu vulneris auctor'': Various possibilities. (1) ''Is'' equiv. to the previous, defeated warrior. (2) Hadawart is still speaking of himself in the third-person. ''Is'' refers back to ''propius stantis'' and is equivalent to ''talis''; again a comparison with his predecessors is made. (3) ''Is'' equiv. to Hadawart; the point is that the real ''auctor'' is God, i.e., ''annuit coeptis''.
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=neque enim; enim is}}
|
|-
|[[Audi]] [[consilium]], [[parmam]] [[deponito]] [[pictam]]:
|
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|{{Parallel|''Liber Proverbiorum'' 19.20: ''audi consilium.'' ‘Hear counsel.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
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|[[hanc1|Hanc]] [[mea2|mea]] [[sors]] [[quaerit]], [[regis]] [[quoque]] [[sponsio]] [[praestat]];
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
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|[[Nolo]] [[quidem]] [[laedas]], [[oculis1|oculis]] [[quia]] [[complacet]] [[istis2|istis]].
|800
|{{Commentary|''Laedas'': sc. ''parmam'' ''Istis'' equiv. to ''meis''
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
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|[[Sin]] [[alias]], [[licet]] [[et]] [[lucem]] [[mihi]] [[dempseris]] [[almam]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Sin alias equiv. to sin aliter res accidit''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.306: ''lux alma. . .'' ‘Kindly light. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
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|[[Assunt]] [[hic1|hic]] [[plures1|plures]] [[socii]] [[carnisque]] [[propinqui1|propinqui]],
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
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|[[qui1|Qui]], [[quamvis1|quamvis]] [[volucrem]] [[simules]] [[pennasque]] [[capessas]],
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.891-892.: ''verte omnis tete in facies et contrahe quidquid/ sive animis sive arte vales; opta ardua pennis/ astra sequi. '' ‘Change yourself into all shapes, muster all your powers of courage or skill; wing your flight, if you will, to the stars aloft.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
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|[[te3|Te]] [[tamen]] [[immunem]] [[numquam]] [[patientur]] [[abire]].'
|
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|{{Parallel|''Liber Iudith'' 12.11: ''inmunis transeat ab eo. . .'' ‘So as to pass free of him. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
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|[[Belliger]] [[at]] [[contra]] [[nil]] [[territus]] [[intulit]] [[ista1|ista]]:
|805
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
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|[[De]] [[reliquis1|reliquis]] [[taceo]], [[clipeum1|clipeum]] [[de]]fen[[de]]re [[curo]].
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.95-96.: ''nunc, o numquam frustrata vocatus/ hasta meos, nunc tempus adest.'' ‘Now, spear that never failed my call, now the hour is come!’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
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|[[Pro]] [[meritis]], [[mihi]] [[crede]], [[bonis]] [[sum]] [[debitor]] [[illi]].
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.95-96.: ''nunc, o numquam frustrata vocatus/ hasta meos, nunc tempus adest.'' ‘Now, spear that never failed my call, now the hour is come!’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
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|[[hostibus1|Hostibus]] [[iste3|iste]] [[meis]] [[se5|se]] [[opponere]] [[saepe]] [[solebat]]
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.335: ''sese opposuit Salio. '' ‘He threw himself in the way of Salius.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS|elision=se opponere}}
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|[[Et]] [[pro]] [[vulneribus]] [[suscepit]] [[vulnera]] [[nostris1|nostris]].
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
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|[[Quam]] [[sit]] [[oportunus]] [[hodie]] [[mihi]], [[cernis]], [[et]] [[ipse2|ipse]]
|810
|{{Commentary|''Ipse equiv. to tu''
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
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|[[Non]] [[cum2|cum]] [[Walthario]] [[loquereris]] [[forsan]], [[abesset]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Abesset'': sc. ''si clipeus''
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
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|[[Viribus]] [[o]] [[summis]] [[hostem]] [[depellere]] [[cures]],
|
|{{Commentary|Waltharius now addresses his two hands in turn.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.226: ''summis adnixus viribus urget.'' ‘He strives with all his might, pressing hard.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
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|[[dextera2|Dextera]], [[ne]] [[rapiat]] [[tibi1|tibi]] [[propugnacula]] [[muri]]!
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.664: ''it clamor totis per propugnacula muris. '' ‘The shout runs from tower to tower, all along the walls.’ Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 492: ''propugnacula muris. . .'' ‘The defenses of the walls.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
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|[[tu2|Tu]] [[clavum]] [[umbonis]] [[studeas]] [[retinere]], [[sinistra2|sinistra]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Clavum umbonis'': “the handle/grip of the shield”
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
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|[[Atque]] [[ebori]] [[digitos]] [[circumfer]] [[glutine]] [[fixos]]!
|815
|{{Commentary|''Ebori equiv. to clavo'', made of ivory. Locative ablative. ''Glutine'': “[as if] with glue”
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
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|[[Istic]] [[ne]] [[ponas]] [[pondus]], [[quod4|quod]] [[tanta1|tanta]] [[viarum]]
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
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|[[Portasti]] [[spatia]], [[ex]] [[Avarum]] [[nam1|nam]] [[sedibus]] [[altis]]!'
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.464-465.: ''altis/ sedibus. . .'' ‘From the lofty place. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS|elision=spatia ex}}
|
|-
|[[ille2|Ille]] [[dehinc]]: '[[invitus]] [[agis]], [[si]] [[sponte]] [[recusas]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Invitus…sponte'': a paradoxical contrast, i.e., “you’re not doing what you actually want.”
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
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|[[solum3|Solum]] [[parmam]], [[sed1|sed]] [[equum]] [[cum2|cum]] [[virgine]] [[et]] [[auro]]
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision= virgine et}}
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|[[Reddes]]: [[tum]] [[demum]] [[scelerum]] [[cruciamina]] [[pendes]].'
|820
|
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS}}
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|[[Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[notum]] [[vagina]] [[diripit]] [[ensem]].
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.475: ''vaginaque cava fulgentem deripit ensem. '' ‘He plucks his flashing sword from its hollow scabbard.’ 12.759: ''notumque efflagitat ensem. '' ‘He clamours for the sword he knows.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Inter]] [[se]] [[variis]] [[terrarum]] [[partibus]] [[orti]]
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.707-708.: ''stupet ipse Latinus/ ingentis, genitos diversis partibus orbis,/ inter se coiisse viros et cernere ferro. '' ‘Latinus himself is amazed that these mighty men, born in different parts of the world, have met together and are deciding the outcome with the sword.’ 12.713-714.: ''tum crebros ensibus ictus/ congeminant. '' ‘Then with the sword they redouble blow on blow.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
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|[[Concurrunt]]. [[stupuit]] [[Vosegus]] [[haec]] [[fulmina]] [[et]] [[ictus]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vosegus'': the landscape is personified as an observer.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.707-708.: ''stupet ipse Latinus/ ingentis, genitos diversis partibus orbis,/ inter se coiisse viros et cernere ferro. '' ‘Latinus himself is amazed that these mighty men, born in different parts of the world, have met together and are deciding the outcome with the sword.’ 12.713-714.: ''tum crebros ensibus ictus/ congeminant. '' ‘Then with the sword they redouble blow on blow.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS|elision=fulmina et}}
|
|-
|[[olli3|Olli]] [[sublimes]] [[animis]] [[ac]] [[grandibus]] [[armis]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.788-789.: ''olli sublimes armis animisque refecti,/ hic gladio fidens, hic acer et arduus hasta. . . '' ‘At full height, in arms and heart renewed, one trusting to his sword, the other fiercely towering with his spear. . .’ 11.291: ''ambo insignes praestantibus armis . '' ‘Both were renowned for courage, both eminent in arms.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[gladio]] [[fidens]], [[hic2|hic]] [[acer]] [[et]] [[arduus]] [[hasta]],
|825
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.788-789.: ''olli sublimes armis animisque refecti,/ hic gladio fidens, hic acer et arduus hasta. . . '' ‘At full height, in arms and heart renewed, one trusting to his sword, the other fiercely towering with his spear. . .’ 11.291: ''ambo insignes praestantibus armis . '' ‘Both were renowned for courage, both eminent in arms.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Inter]] [[se4|se]] [[multa]] [[et]] [[valida]] [[vi]] [[proelia]] [[miscent]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.720: ''illi inter sese multa vi vulnera miscent''. ‘With mighty force they deal mutual wounds.’ ''Georgics ''3.220: ''illi alternantes multa vi proelia miscent. '' ‘In alternate onset they join battle with mighty force.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=multa et}}
|
|-
|[[Non]] [[sic]] [[nigra]] [[sonat]] [[percussa]] [[securibus]] [[ilex]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 6.180: ''sonat icta securibus ilex. '' ‘The ilex rings to the stroke of the axe.’ 9.381: ''silva fuit late dumis atque ilice nigra. '' ‘The forest spread wide with thickets and dark ilex.’ ''Eclogue ''6.54: ''ilice sub nigra. . .'' ‘Under a dark ilex. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[ut1|Ut]] [[dant]] [[tinnitus]] [[galeae1|galeae]] [[clipeique]] [[resultant]].
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.808-809.: ''strepit adsiduo cava tempora circum/ tinnitu galea. '' ‘Round his hollow temples the helmet echoes with ceaseless clash.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Mirantur]] [[Franci1|Franci]], [[quod3|quod]] [[non]] [[lassesceret]] [[heros]]
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]], [[cui1|cui]] [[nulla]] [[quies]] [[spatiumve]] [[dabatur]].
|830
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.696: ''spatiumque dedere.'' ‘They gave him room.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Emicat]] [[hic2|hic]] [[impune]] [[putans]] [[iam]] [[Wormatiensis]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Impune equiv. to se sine periculo facturum''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.728-729.: ''emicit hic impune putans et corpore toto/ alte sublatum consurgit Turnus in ensem/ et ferit. . .at perfidus ensis/ frangitur in medioque ardentem deserit ictu. '' ‘Turnus springs forward, thinking it safe, he rises full height on his uplifted sword, and strikes. . .But the treacherous sword snaps, and in mid stroke fails its ardent lord.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Worms]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Alte]] [[et]] [[sublato]] [[consurgit]] [[fervidus]] [[ense]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.728-729.: ''emicit hic impune putans et corpore toto/ alte sublatum consurgit Turnus in ensem/ et ferit. . .at perfidus ensis/ frangitur in medioque ardentem deserit ictu. '' ‘Turnus springs forward, thinking it safe, he rises full height on his uplifted sword, and strikes. . .But the treacherous sword snaps, and in mid stroke fails its ardent lord.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=alte et}}
|
|-
|[[Hoc]] [[ictu]] [[memorans]] [[semet]] [[finire]] [[duellum]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Memorans'' equiv. to ''ratus''
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Providus]] [[at]] [[iuvenis]] [[ferientem]] [[cuspide]] [[adacta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.431: ''viribus ensis adactus. . .'' ‘The sword, driven with force. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=cuspide adacta}}
|
|-
|[[Intercepit]] [[et]] [[ignarum]] [[dimittere]] [[ferrum]]
|835
|{{Commentary|''Ignarum'': Hadawart; some take it with ''ferrum ''(cf. line 1298).
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.402: ''medius Rhoeteus intercipit''. ‘Rhoeteus intercepts [it] midway.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cogebat]]. [[procul]] [[in]] [[dumis]] [[resplenduit]] [[ensis]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.741: ''fulva resplendent fragmina harena.'' ‘The fragments glitter on the yellow sand.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[ubi]] [[se1|se]] [[gladio]] [[spoliatum]] [[vidit]] [[amico]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.733-734.: ''fugit ocior Euro/ ut capulum ignotum dextramque aspexit inermem. '' ‘Swifter than the East Wind he flies, as soon as he sees an unknown hilt in his defenceless hand.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accelerare]] [[fugam]] [[fruticesque]] [[volebat]] [[adire]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.733-734.: ''fugit ocior Euro/ ut capulum ignotum dextramque aspexit inermem. '' ‘Swifter than the East Wind he flies, as soon as he sees an unknown hilt in his defenceless hand.’
 ''Aeneid'' 9.378: ''celerare fugam in silvas. '' ‘They speed their flight to the wood.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Alpharides]] [[fretus]] [[pedibus]] [[viridique]] [[iuventa]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Alpharides'': a Greek-style patronymic for Waltharius, whose father is Alphares.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.430: ''ille pedum melior motu fretusque iuventa. . . '' ‘The one nimbler of foot and confident in his youth. . .’ 5.295: ''Euryalus forma insignis viridique iuventa. . .'' ‘Euryalus famed for beauty and flower of youth. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Insequitur]] [[dicens1|dicens]]: '[[quonam]] [[fugis]]? [[accipe]] [[scutum]]!'
|840
|{{Commentary|''Quonam fugis'': perhaps a light touch; cf. Ov. ''Met''. 8.108.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.430: ''ille pedum melior motu fretusque iuventa. . . '' ‘The one nimbler of foot and confident in his youth. . .’ 5.295: ''Euryalus forma insignis viridique iuventa. . .'' ‘Euryalus famed for beauty and flower of youth. . .’
 ''Aeneid'' 10.649: ''quo fugis, Aenea? thalamos ne desere pactos. '' ‘Where are you fleeing, Aeneas? Forsake not your plighted marriage.’ 12.359-360.: ''en agros et quam bello, Troiane, petisti,/ Hesperiam metire iacens. '' ‘See, Trojan, the fields and that Hesperia that you sought in war: lie there and measure them out!’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Sic]] [[ait]] [[atque]] [[hastam]] [[manibus]] [[levat]] [[ocius]] [[ambis]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.464: ''sic ait atque. . . '' ‘So he speaks, and. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: atque hastam}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[ferit]]. [[ille]] [[cadit]], [[clipeus]] [[superintonat]] [[ingens1|ingens]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.709: ''clipeum super intonat ingens. '' ‘The huge shield thunders over him.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nec]] [[tardat]] [[iuvenis]]: [[pede1|pede]] [[collum]] [[pressit]] [[et]] [[hasta]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Hasta'': ablative of means with ''infixerat'' in the next line
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.356-357.: ''pede collo/ impresso dextrae mucronem extorquet et alto/ fulgentem tingit iugulo.'' ‘Planting his foot on his neck, he wrests the sword from his hand and dyes the glittering blade deep in his throat.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Divellens]] [[parmam]] [[telluri]] [[infixerat]] [[illum2|illum]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=telluri infixerat}}
|
|-
|[[ipse2|Ipse]] [[oculos]] [[vertens]] [[animam]] [[sufflavit]] [[in]] [[auram]].
|845
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 8.438: ''Gorgona desecto vertentem lumina collo. ''. . ‘The Gorgon herself, with neck severed and eyes revolving. . .’ Ovid, ''Metamorphoses ''6.247: ''lumina versarunt, animam simul exhalarunt.'' ‘They moved their dying eyes and together they breathed their last.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|elision=ipse oculos}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius754|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** '''5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)'''
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius846|next »]]
|[[Waltharius781English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius358

2010-01-25T16:25:27Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)===
{|
|-
|[[Ast]] [[urbis]] [[populus]] [[somno]] [[vinoque]] [[solutus]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Urbis: ''the action temporarily shifts back to Attila’s capital.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 9.189-190.: ''somno vinoque soluti/ procubuere, silent late loca.'' ‘Relaxed with wine and slumber, they lie prone; silence reigns far and wide.’ 9.236-237.: ''Rutuli somno vinoque sepulti/ conticuere.'' ‘Buried in sleep and wine, the Rutulians lie silent.’ ''Aeineid'' 2.265: ''urbem somno vinoque sepultam. . .'' ‘The city, buried in sleep and wine. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|{{Comment| The line ending parallels, unless it is actually drawn from, Iordanes, Getica
Auct. ant. 5, 1, n. XLIX, 254, p. 123: "Qui, ut Priscus istoricus refert, exitus sui tempore puellam Ildico nomine decoram valde sibi in matrimonio post innumerabiles uxores, ut mos erat gentis illius, socians eiusque in nuptiis hilaritate nimia resolutus, ***vino somnoque gravatus*** resupinus iaceret, redundans sanguis, qui ei solite de naribus effluebat, dum consuetis meatibus impeditur, itinere ferali faucibus illapsus extinxit.
ita glorioso per bella regi temulentia pudendos exitos dedit. sequenti vero luce cum magna pars diei fuisset exempta, ministri regii triste aliquid suspicantes post clamores maximos fores effringunt inveniuntque Attilae sine ullo vulnere necem sanguinis effusione peractam puellamque demisso vultu sub velamine lacrimantem.
tunc, ut gentis illius mos est, crinium parte truncata informes facies cavis turpavere vulneribus, ut proeliator eximius non femineis lamentationibus et lacrimis, sed sanguine lugeretur virile."}}
|
|-
|[[Ad]] [[medium1|medium]] [[lucis]] [[siluit]] [[recubando]] [[sequentis]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucis…sequentis equiv. to posteri diei''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[postquam]] [[surgunt]], [[ductorem]] [[quique]] [[requirunt]],
|360
|{{Commentary|''Quique equiv. to omnes''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[ut1|Ut]] [[grates]] f[[ac]]iant [[ac]] [[festa]] [[laude]] [[salutent]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Attila1|Attila]] [[nempe]] [[manu]] [[caput]] [[amplexatus]] [[utraque]]
|
|{{Commentary|The description of Attila’s hangover is an example of the lighter, humorous touches that constitute one of the most distinctive aspects of the ''Waltharius'' as literature.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Egreditur]] [[thalamo]] [[rex]] [[Walthariumque]] [[dolendo]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Advocat]], [[ut1|ut]] [[proprium1|proprium]] [[quereretur]] [[forte]] [[dolorem]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Respondent]] [[ipsi]] [[se]] [[non]] [[potuisse]] [[ministri]]
|365
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Invenisse]] [[virum]], [[sed1|sed]] [[princeps]] [[sperat]] [[eundem1|eundem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hactenus]] [[in]] [[somno]] [[tentum]] [[recubare]] [[quietum]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Occultumque]] [[locum]] [[sibi1|sibi]] [[delegisse]] [[sopori]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ospirin1|Ospirin]] [[Hiltgundem]] [[postquam]] [[cognovit]] [[abesse]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nec]] [[iuxta]] [[morem]] [[vestes]] [[deferre]] [[suetum]],
|370
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Genesis'' 19.31: ''iuxta morem. . .'' ‘According to the manner. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Tristior]] [[immensis]] [[satrapae]] [[clamoribus]] [[inquit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.228-229.: ''tristior. . .adloquitur Venus. '' ‘Venus, saddened, spoke to him.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[O]] [[detestendas]], [[quas]] [[heri]] [[sumpsimus]], [[escas]]!
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|falsequantities=heri}}
|
|-
|[[O]] [[vinum]], [[quod]] [[Pannonias1|Pannonias]] [[destruxerat]] [[omnes]]!
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Quod]] [[domino1|domino]] [[regi1|regi]] [[iam]] [[dudum]] [[praescia]] [[dixi]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 6.66: ''praescia venturi. . .'' ‘[You who] foreknow the future. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Approbat]] [[iste1|iste]] [[dies1|dies]], [[quem1|quem]] [[nos1|nos]] [[superare]] [[nequimus]].
|375
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[En]] [[hodie]] [[imperii]] [[vestri]] [[cecidisse]] [[columna]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS|elision=hodie imperii}}
|
|-
|[[Noscitur]], [[en]] [[robur]] [[procul]] [[ivit]] [[et]] [[inclita]] [[virtus]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Thebaid'' 11.412: ''nusquam inclyta Virtus,/ restinxit Bellona faces, longeque paventes/ Mars rapuit currus.'' ‘Renowned Virtue was nowhere seen, Bellona put out her torches, Mars drove afar his affrighted chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[lux]] [[Pannoniae1|Pannoniae]] [[discesserat]] [[inde]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.281: ''O lux Dardaniae. . .'' ‘O light of the Dardan land. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hiltgundem]] [[quoque]] [[mi2|mi]] [[caram]] [[deduxit]] [[alumnam]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius324|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** '''The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)'''
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius380|next »]]
|[[Waltharius358English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius981

2010-01-25T11:42:09Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)===
{|
|-
|[[Vix]] [[effatus]] [[haec2|haec]] [[truncavit]] [[colla]] [[precantis]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.274: ''haec effatus. . .'' ‘With these words. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[image:Waltharius-Lines-962-1062.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[nonus]] [[pugnae]] [[Helmnod]] [[successit]], [[et]] [[ipse1|ipse]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.690: ''succedit pugnae.'' ‘He takes up the battle.’'' ''11.826: ''succedat pugnae. . .'' ‘That he should take my place in the battle. . .’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|hiatus=pugnae Helmnod}}
| {{Comment|'''Helmnod:''' see the note below on line 1008. JJTY}}
|-
|[[Insertum]] [[triplici]] [[gestabat]] [[fune]] [[tridentem]],
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|'''Insertum triplici gestabat fune tridentem:''' Perhaps a lance is meant here, as Althof (1905, ad loc.) claims: “eine schwere Lanze mit Widerhaken, wie sie die Franken führten.” A lance was one of the most common weapons used by Frankish soldiers (see Coupland 1990, pp. 46-48). [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[quem1|Quem]] [[post1|post]] [[terga]] [[quidem]] [[socii]] [[stantes]] [[tenuerunt]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Quem'': the'' funis. ''The objective is to recover the trident after it has been thrown.
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Consiliumque]] [[fuit]], [[dum1|dum]] [[cuspis]] [[missa1|missa]] [[sederet]]
|985
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[In]] [[clipeo1|clipeo]], [[cuncti1|cuncti]] [[pariter]] [[traxisse]] [[studerent]],
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[ut1|Ut]] [[vel]] [[sic]] [[hominem]] [[deiecissent]] [[furibundum]];
|
|{{Commentary|''Vel sic: ''“perhaps thus”
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[sub]] [[hac]] [[certum]] [[sibi]] [[spe]] [[posuere]] [[triumphum]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Certum'': predicative
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nec]] [[mora]], [[dux]] [[totas]] [[fundens]] [[in]] [[brachia]] [[vires1|vires]]
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Misit]] [[in]] [[adversum1|adversum]] [[magna]] [[cum2|cum]] [[voce]] [[tridentem]]
|990
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 3.68: ''magna. . .voce. . . '' ‘With loud voice. . .’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Edicens]]: '[[ferro]] [[tibi1|tibi]] [[finis2|finis]], [[calve]], [[sub]] [[isto]]!'
|
|{{Commentary|''Finis'': sc.'' esto''
}}
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 54: ''hic tibi finis erit. '' ‘This shall be thy last end.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[ventos]] [[penetrans]] [[iaculorum]] [[more]] [[coruscat]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Iaculorum more'': the flying spear is not (pointlessly) compared to a ''iaculum'' (“javelin”), but rather to the ''iaculus'', a flying tree-snake, as the poet explains in the next line.
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
| {{Comment|'''iaculorum:''' On flying tree snakes, see Pliny, Naturalis historia 8.14.36, and 8.35.85 for the iaculus in particular: “iaculum ex arborum ramis vibrari, nec pedibus tantum pavendas serpentes, sed ut missile volare tormento” (“...the iaculus balances on tree branches, nor need feet alone fear snakes, since it flies like a javelin from a sling”). This account may then have been used by Lucan in Bellum Civile 9.720 (“iaculique volucres,” “and flying iaculi”) and 9.823: “Ecce procul saevus sterilis se robore trunci / Torsit et immisit (iaculum vocat Africa) serpens / Perque caput Pauli transactaque tempora fugit” (“Lo! from afar a fierce serpent hurls itself with the strength of its trunk that has no appendages (Africa calls it the ‘iaculus’) and takes flight through Paulus’ head and pierces his temples”). ['''Ben Tipping's as yet unpublished 'Lucan's Cato' makes much of the imagery and symbolism of the snakes in book IX of the 'Pharsalia'. He suggests the "iaculus" along with the many other snakes assailing Cato's forces in the Libyan desert mock the Stoic sapiens, e.g. how the 'dispsas', whose name implies avarice, at 9.737-60 quite causes one of the soldiers to be consumed by such a burning thirst that he cuts his veins in order to drink his own blood. I bring it up because Gunther's avarice is what caused him to attack Walther in the first place, and the snakes, at least in Lucan, are symbolic of such un-Stoic (and un-Christian) greed.''' [AP]] This topic is expanded on by the fourth century writer Ammianus Marcellinus, who remarks in his Historiae (22.15.27) that Egypt has a rich variety of snakes, among which is mentioned the “acontia,” without adding any further description. Lucan’s account is used and quoted by Isidore in the Etymologiae sive Origines 12.29: “Iaculus serpens volans. De quo Lucanus: ‘Iaculique volucres.’ Exiliunt enim in arboribus, et dum aliquod animal obvium fuerit, iactant se super eum et perimunt; unde et iaculi dicti sunt” (“Iaculus the flying snake. About which Lucan says: ‘and the flying snakes.’ For they scale up trees, and when any animal comes on their path, they throw themselves on top of it and kill it; and that is why they are called javelins”). Isidore’s account also bears close resemblance to the fifth century account of Solinus, Collectanea rerum memorabilium 27.30: “iaculi arbores subeunt, e quibus vi maxima turbinati penetrant animal quodcumque obvium fortuna fecerit” (“iaculi go to trees, from which they hurl themselves with the greatest force and pierce any animal that fortune has set on their path”). See D’Angelo 1991, pp. 177-179 for an overview of the different opinions of scholars concerning the source used by the poet of the Waltharius. D’Angelo concludes that Lucan’s passage is echoed but not used as a source in this instance, and that Solinus is the more likely candidate for source material because “quod genus aspidis” (“which kind of snake” – it is difficult to know whether the poet of the Waltharius meant a snake in general by using “aspis” or the “asp” in particular) of line 993 in the Waltharius closely resembles Solinus 27.31: “Plures diuersaeque aspidum species” (“[there are] many and diverse kinds of asps”). However, when discussing asps, Isidore (12.13-14) mentions the following kinds (among others): “Dipsas, genus aspidis” (“Dipsas, a kind of asp”) and “Hypnalis, genus aspidis” (“Hypnalis, a kind of asp”). The passage from the Waltharius therefore sticks closer to Isidore by using the genitive singular of “aspis.”

Althof (1905, ad loc.) remarks: “Der Vergleich des Speeres mit einer Schlange ist echt germanisch.” Though this may be true, the very name attributed to this kind of serpent – iaculus, going back to the Greek ἀκοντίας (see Nicander, Theriaka 491), meaning “javelin” – evidences that this comparison was already made in Greco-Roman times. See also Aelianus, De natura animalium 6.18: “ἤδη δὲ καὶ ἀκοντίων δίκην ἑαυτόν τις μεθίησι καὶ ἐπιφέρεται, καὶ τό γε ὄνομα ἐξ οὗ δρᾷ ἔχει” (“Indeed a certain kind [i.e. of snake] launches itself and flies in the manner of javelins, and acquires its name from its action”). [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[quod2|Quod]] [[genus1|genus]] [[aspidis]] [[ex]] [[alta]] [[sese]] [[arbore]] [[tanto]]
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Turbine]] [[demittit]], [[quo4|quo]] [[cuncta]] [[obstantia]] [[vincat]].
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cuncta obstantia}}
|
|-
|[[quid4|Quid ]][[moror]]? [[umbonem]] [[sciderat]] [[peltaque]] [[resedit]].
|995
|{{Commentary|''Umbonem'': here in its more limited, literal sense. The shield is still intact.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 4.325; 6.528: ''quid moror? '' ‘Why do I linger?’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|'''Quid moror?''' This phrase exposes the snake comparison for what it is: a poetic technique to heighten the tension in an exciting moment (Helmnod/Eleuthir has just thrown a lance towards Walther) by supplying unnecessary background information; the phrase “quid moror” (“why do I delay any longer?”) then signals the return to the action. [JJTY] Cf. line 92: "Sed quis plus remorer?" (But why stretch out my tale?), in which the poet accelerates the pace of the tale by eliding over the details of Walther's own surrender to Attila. [AP]}}
|-
|[[Clamorem]] [[Franci1|Franci]] [[tollunt]] [[saltusque]] [[resultat]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.262: ''clamorem ad sidera tollunt.'' ‘They raise a shout to the sky.’ 11.622:'' clamorem tollunt.'' ‘They raise a shout.’ 8.305: ''consonat omne nemus strepitu collesque resultant.'' ‘The woodland rings with the clamour, and the hills resound.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-962–1062.png
File:Europe500.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
| {{Comment|'''saltusque resultat:''' The assonance of the “a” and the “u” gives an impression of an echo at the end of the line, reflecting the “echoing forest”. [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Obnixique]] [[trahunt]] [[restim]] [[simul]] [[atque]] [[vicissim]],
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|'''restim ... vicissim:''' The rhyme here emphasizes the repetitive nature of the pulling. [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Nec]] [[dubitat]] [[princeps]] [[tali3|tali]] [[se5|se]] [[aptare]] [[labori]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Princeps'': Helmnod
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.588: ''aptat se pugnae.'' ‘He prepares for the fray.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=se aptare}}
|
|-
|[[Manarunt]] [[cunctis1|cunctis]] [[sudoris]] [[flumina]] [[membris]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 3.175: ''gelidus toto manabat corepore sudor. '' ‘A cold sweat bedewed all my limbs.’ 5.200: ''sudor fluit undique rivis.'' ‘Sweat streams down all their limbs.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
| {{Comment|'''Manarunt cunctis sudoris flumina membris:''' When all of Gunther’s men are straining with the effort to bring Walther down in this “rope pulling contest,” the action is briefly paused by an almost entirely spondaic meter as the camera slowly zooms in on the beads of sweat trickling down the men’s limbs. [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen]] [[haec2|haec]] [[inter]] [[velut]] [[aesculus]] [[astitit]] [[heros]],
|1000
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.291-292: ''aesculus in primis, quae quantum vertice ad auras/ aetherias, tantum radice in Tartara tendit./ ergo non hiemes illam, non flabra neque imbres/ convellunt; immota manet. '' ‘Above all the great oak, which strikes its roots down towards the nether pit as far as it lifts its top to the airs of heaven. Hence no winter storms, no blasts or rains, uproot it; unmoved it abides.’ ''Aeneid'' 4.445-446.: ''ipsa haeret scopulis et quantum vertice ad auras/ aetherias, tantum radice in Tartara tendit:/ haud secus. . .heros/tunditur.'' ‘[The oak] clings to the crag, and as far as it lifts its top to the airs of heaven, so far it strikes its roots down towards hell: even so the hero is buffeted.’ 3.77: ''immotamque coli dedit et contemnere ventos.'' ‘He allows it to lie unmoved, defying the winds.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
| {{Comment|'''velut aesculus:''' The tree simile has become characteristic of epic: the present one goes back to Virgil, Aeneid 4.441-9 (which builds on Georgics, 2.291-2, though it is not a simile there), which has reminiscences of Catullus, 64.105-111 (the epyllion) and ultimately Homer, Iliad 12.131-136 and 16.765-771. Whereas the Homeric and Catullan similes, as well as the passage from the Georgics, center on an image of robust, physical strength, Virgil employs the simile in the Aeneid to portray Aeneas’ mental resolve in opposing Dido’s laments (delivered by Anna). See R.D. Williams, Virgil: Aeneid I-VI, London: Bristol Classical Press, 1972, ad loc.: “...he [Virgil, JJTY] has applied to mental strength what is generally an image of physical strength.” The poet of the Waltharius, in turn, flips the image around to portray Walther’s insurmountable strength in what is essentially a rope-pulling competition. As Althof (1905, ad loc.) rightly remarks, this passage is not evoking the mythical tree Yggdrasil from Germanic mythology. [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[quae4|Quae]] [[non]] [[plus2|plus]] [[petit]] [[astra]] [[comis]] [[quam]] [[Tartara]] [[fibris]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Fibris equiv. to radicibus''
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Contempnens]] [[omnes1|omnes]] [[ventorum]] [[immota]] [[fragores]].
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=ventorum immota}}
|
|-
|[[Certabant]] [[hostes1|hostes]] [[hortabanturque]] [[viritim]],
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[ut1|Ut]], [[si]] [[non]] [[quirent]] [[ipsum4|ipsum]] [[detrudere]] [[ad]] [[arvum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Detrudere ad arvum'': i.e., kill?
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=detrudere ad}}
|
|-
|[[Munimen]] [[clipei2|clipei]] [[saltem]] [[extorquere]] [[studerent]],
|1005
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.357: '' dextrae mucronem extorquet.'' ‘He wrests the sword from his hand.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=saltem extorquere}}
|
|-
|[[quo2|Quo]] [[dempto]] [[vivus]] [[facile]] [[caperetur]] [[ab]] [[ipsis]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Facile'': the'' e ''of the adverb is here long.
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nomina]] [[quae5|quae]] [[restant]] [[edicam]] [[iamque]] [[trahentum]]:
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
| {{Comment|'''1007-1011:''' Again the poet increases the tension by providing a catalog of the participants and their place of origin, right in the middle of the action. [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Nonus]] [[Eleuthir]] [[erat]], [[Helmnod]] [[cognomine1|cognomine]] [[dictus1|dictus]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eleuthir…Helmnod'': a double name, cf. line 687.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 3.702: ''Gela fluvii cognomine dicta.'' . . ‘Gela, named after its river. . .’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|'''Nonus Eleuthir erat, Helmnod cognomine dictus:''' According to Schröder (1931, pp. 150-151), Eleuthir is a possible Langobardic double version of the name (Eleuthir vs. Leuthir). It is a Hellenized version of (He)leuthere/Liuthere, analogous to the Greek ἐλεύθερος (“free”), resulting in a word-play with "Frank," which also means "free." Schröder (ibid.) also remarks that one would expect Eleuthir to be the nickname, not Helmnod. Helmnod, according to Wagner (1992, pp. 119-120), is a composite name meaning “helmet-blow,” from the Old High German (h)nod. It is possible that the mention of two names of the same person reflects different (oral) traditions of the Waltharius. [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Argentina]] [[quidem]] [[decimum]] [[dant]] [[oppida]] [[Trogum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Argentina…oppida'': the Roman town Argentoratum, today Strasbourg, France.
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-962–1062.png
File:Europe500.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Extulit]] [[undecimum]] [[pollens]] [[urbs]] [[Spira]] [[Tanastum]],
|1010
|{{Commentary|''Spira'': Speyer, now a city in the German Rhineland-Palatinate.
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Absque]] [[Haganone]] [[locum]] [[rex]] [[supplevit]] [[duodenum]].
|
|{{Commentary|Gunther takes the place of Hagen, originally reckoned among the twelve (cf. lines 475-477).
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=absque Haganone}}
|
|-
|[[Quattuor]] [[hi]] [[adversum]] [[summis1|summis]] [[conatibus]] [[unum2|unum]]
|
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|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=hi adversum}}
| {{Comment|'''Quattuor ... unum:''' Notice how the poet nicely emphasizes the efforts of many against one by framing the verse. [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Contendunt]] [[pariter]] [[multo]] [[varioque]] [[tumultu]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.122: ''magno. . .tumultu. . .'' ‘With loud clamour. . .’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[interea1|Interea]] [[Alpharidi]] [[vanus]] [[labor]] [[incutit]] [[iram]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.728: ''incutit iras.'' ‘He fills him with wrath.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS|elision=interea Alpharidi}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[qui3|qui]] [[iam]] [[pridem]] [[nudarat]] [[casside]] [[frontem]],
|1015
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
| {{Comment|'''iam pridem nudarat casside frontem:''' See 959-961: “Vir tamen illustris dum cunctari videt illos, / Vertice distractas suspendit in arbore cristas / Et ventum captans sudorem tersit anhelus” (“The famous man, when he saw they were hesitating, / Took his plumed helmet off and hung it on a tree, / Then caught his breath and, gasping, wiped away the sweat”). As line 969 tells us, Walther had not had the opportunity to put his helmet back on when Randolf rushed upon him (“Nec tamen et galeam fuerat sumpsisse facultas,” “However, Walter had no chance to don his helmet.”). [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[In]] [[framea]] [[tunicaque]] [[simul]] [[confisus]] [[aena]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Framea equiv. to gladio ''here, though cf. Tac. ''Germ'' 6: ''hastas vel ipsorum vocabulo frameas gerunt''.
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Omisit]] [[parmam]] [[primumque]] [[invasit]] [[Eleuthrin]].
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=primumque in}}
|
|-
|[[Huic]] [[galeam]] [[findens]] [[cerebrum]] [[diffudit]] [[et]] [[ipsam]]
|
|
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|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cervicem]] [[resecans]] [[pectus]] [[patefecit]], [[at]] [[aegrum]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.601: ''latebras animae pectus mucrone recludit.'' ‘With the sword he cleft open his breast, where life lies hidden.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cor]] [[pulsans1|pulsans]] [[animam]] [[liquit]] [[mox]] [[atque]] [[calorem]].
|1020
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 3.140: ''linquebant dulcis animas.'' ‘Men gave up their sweet lives.’ 9.475: ''miserae calor ossa reliquit. '' ‘Warmth left her hapless frame.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Inde]] [[petit]] [[Trogum]] [[haerentem]] [[in]] [[fune]] [[nefando]].
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=haerentem in|hiatus=Trogum haerentem}}
| {{Comment|'''haerentem in fune:''' D’Angelo (1991, p. 171) quotes as a parallel to this passage Lucan, Bellum Civile 5.514 (“Rupibus exesis haerentem fune carinam,” “a ship hanging on to a rope in a hewn cave”) and 3.628 (“Haesissem, quamvis amens, in fune retentus,” “I would have hung on, although I was out of my mind, hanging onto the rope”). [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[subito1|subito]] [[attonitus]] [[recidentis]] [[morte]] [[sodalis]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.386: ''furit incautum crudeli morte sodalis. '' ‘He rages, reckless over his comrade’s cruel death.’ 11.796: ''sterneret ut subita turbatam morte Camillam''. . . ‘That he might overthrow and strike down Camilla in sudden death.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=subito attonitus}}
|
|-
|[[Horribilique]] [[hostis]] [[conspectu]] [[coeperat]] [[acrem]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.271: ''horribili visu portenta sequuntur.'' ‘Portents of dreadful view pursue me.’
 ''Georgics'' 3.141-142.: ''acri/ carpere prata fuga. . .'' ‘To scour the meadows in swift flight. . .’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=horribilique hostis}}
|
|-
|[[Nequiquam]] [[temptare]] [[fugam]] [[voluitque]] [[relicta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.141-142.: ''acri/ carpere prata fuga. . .'' ‘To scour the meadows in swift flight. . .’
 ''Aeneid'' 12.484: ''fugam cursu temptavit equorum. '' ‘He strove by running to match the flihgt of the horses.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Arma]] [[recolligere]], [[ut1|ut]] [[rursum]] [[repararet]] [[agonem]].
|1025
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.15: ''colligere arma iubet.'' ‘He bids them gather in the tackling.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS|elision=recolligere ut}}
| {{Comment|'''reparare agonem:''' Like the “athleta” in 962, the poet elects to use a word that bears a distinctly Christian connotation. Though it was used in Latin in a literal and secular context to denote “match” or “contest,” it was already used in the Bible (and retained as a Greek word in the Latin translations) as a metaphor of a moral struggle. So 1 Cor 9:25: “omnis autem qui in agone contendit ab omnibus se abstinet et illi quidem ut corruptibilem coronam accipiant nos autem incorruptam” (“Everyone who competes in the games goes into strict training. They do it to get a crown that will not last; but we do it to get a crown that will last forever.”). It was not long before “agon” also came to be used of the fight that martyrs fought (highly appropriate, as they often met their ends in the arena), see for instance the Acts of Perpetua and Felicitas (I, 9.4): “Reuocatus et Felicitas a leopardis gloriosum agonem impleuerunt” (“Revocatus and Felicitas finished their glorious struggle through leopards”). Thence “agon” was also used of the Christian’s moral struggle in general – see e.g. Lactantius, Epitome divinarum institutionum 24.11: “summa igitur prudentia deus materiam uirtutis in malis posuit: quae idcirco fecit, ut nobis constitueret agonem, in quo uictores inmortalitatis praemio coronaret” (“Therefore God prudently placed the opportunity of virtue in vices; and he created vices, so that he might give us a contest, in which he might crown the victors with the reward of immortality”).

What is the significance of the usage of both “athleta” and “agon” in such close proximity – words that have such obvious Christian connotations, but are used in an otherwise “secular” description of battle scenes? This is an interesting problem because “athleta” is used for three parties: first it is used for Randolf, one of Gunther’s men; then it is used for Walther; finally it is used by Walther to describe Hagan. This means, presumably, that all three are Christians, fighting the battle – not just of the Vosges, but also of life. Each, in their own way, is fighting their battle against sin: Randolf against avarice in his lust for treasure (either that or, incited as he has been by Gunther to exact revenge, against anger), Walther against arrogance (see the boasting episode in 561-565), Hagan against the anger he has conceived over Gunther’s insulting remarks (632: “tunc heros magnam iuste conceperat iram, / si tamen in dominum licitum est irascier ullum,” “The hero rightly then became extremely angered, / If to be angry with one’s lord is ever right.”). Thus each is involved in a moral struggle so that they too, when their time has come, may say with Cyprian (Ad Quirinum 3.16): “Bonum agonem certavi, cursum perfeci, fidem servavi” (“I have fought a good fight, I have finished the race, I have kept the faith”). [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[cuncti]] [[funem]] [[tracturi]] [[deposuerunt]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.707: ''armaque deposuere umeris. '' ‘They took off the armour from their shoulders.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hastas]] [[cum2|cum]] [[clipeis]].) [[sed1|sed]] [[quanto]] [[maximus1|maximus]] [[heros]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.707: ''armaque deposuere umeris. '' ‘They took off the armour from their shoulders.’
 ''Aeneid'' 6.192: ''maximus heros. . .'' ‘The great hero. . .’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortior]] [[extiterat]], [[tanto2|tanto]] [[fuit]] [[ocior]], [[olli1|olli]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Olli…capto'': Trogus, dative of disadvantage. For the construction with the ablative ''cursu'', cf. line 1325: ''furto captum''.
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[cursu]] [[capto]] [[suras]] [[mucrone]] [[recidit]]
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
| {{Comment|'''1029-1030:''' Notice how, in contrast to the previous quick-paced verse (which describes the speed of Walther), the almost entirely spondaic meters of both vs. 1029 and 1030 strikingly represent the slowed-down action as Walther, having caught up to one of the men, manages to slow Trogus down by cutting his hamstring. [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Ac]] [[sic]] [[tardatum]] [[praevenit]] [[et]] [[abstulit1|abstulit]] [[eius1|eius]]
|1030
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scutum]]. [[sed1|sed]] [[Trogus]], [[quamvis]] [[de]] [[vulnere]] [[lassus]],
|
|{{Commentary|''De vulnere'': cf. note on prologue, line 10.
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
| {{Comment|'''scutum:''' The enjambment (continuation of a syntactical unit over into the following verse) causes the shield to be effectively “snatched” from the previous verse, corresponding with “abstulit” (“stole”) in 1030. [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Mente]] [[tamen]] [[fervens1|fervens]] [[saxum]] [[circumspicit]] [[ingens]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.896-897.: ''saxum circumspicit ingens. . .ille manu raptum trepida torquebat in hostem.'' ‘He glances round and sees a huge stone. . .With hurried grasp, he seized and hurled it at his foe.’ 12.266: ''adversos telum contorsit in hostes. '' ‘Darting forward, he hurled his spear full against the foe.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quod4|Quod]] [[rapiens1|rapiens]] [[subito1|subito]] [[obnixum]] [[contorsit]] [[in]] [[hostem]]
|
|
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|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=subito obnixum}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[proprium]] [[a]] [[summo]] [[clipeum]] [[fidit]] [[usque]] [[deorsum]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Proprium…scutum'': Trogus’s own shield, being used by Waltharius.
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=proprium a}}
|
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[retinet]] [[fractum]] [[pellis]] [[superaddita]] [[lignum]].
|1035
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|'''sed retinet fractum pellis superaddita lignum:''' This is consistent with the structure of shields in the Carolingian period, see Coupland 1990, pp. 35-38. Cf. 776: “taurino contextum tergore lignum” (“the bull’s-hide-covered wood”). [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Moxque]] [[genu]] [[posito]] [[viridem]] [[vacuaverat]] [[aedem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Viridem…aedem equiv. to vaginam'' ''Vacuaverat'': the subject is Trogus.
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|'''vacuaverat aedem:''' I.e.: he unsheathed his sword. A prime example of the kenning or circumlocution typical of Germanic literature. [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Atque]] [[ardens]] [[animis]] [[vibratu]] [[terruit]] [[auras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia ''297: ''territat auras. '' ‘He affrighted the heavens.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=atque ardens}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[si]] [[non]] [[quivit]] [[virtutem]] [[ostendere]] [[factis]],
|
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|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=virtutem ostendere}}
| {{Comment|'''virtutem ... virilem:''' Note the word play on “virtutem” and “virilem.” The same word play occurs in the context of martyrdom in Acts of Perpetua and Felicitas II.9.2: “Praecedentibus uero sanctis martyribus Felicitas sequebatur, quae desiderio Christi et amore martyrii nec obstetricem quaesiuit, nec partus sensit iniuriam, sed uere felix et suo sanguine consecranda, non solum femineo sexui, sed etiam uirili uirtuti praebebat exemplum, post onus uteri coronam martyrii perceptura” (“After the saintly martyrs had preceded her, Felicitas followed, who sought neither an obstetrician because of her desire for Christ and her love for martyrdom, nor did she feel injustice for her child, but offered, truly happy and about to be consecrated with her own blood, an example not only to the feminine sex, but also to manly courage – she, who would receive the crown of martyrdom after the burden of her womb”). Cf. Paulinus of Nola, Carmina 26.159: “femineas quoque personas uirtute uirili / induit alma fides” (“kind faith also clothes female persons in manly courage”). [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Corde]] [[tamen]] [[habitum]] [[patefecit]] [[et]] [[ore1|ore]] [[virilem]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Habitum equiv. to animum''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.311: ''ante annos animumque gerens curamque virilem. . .'' ‘With a man’s mind and a spirit beyond his years. . .’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nec]] [[manes]] [[ridere]] [[videns]] [[audaciter]] [[infit]]:
|1040
|{{Commentary|''Manes ridere: ''the parallel image in line 849 suggests that ''ridere ''depends not on'' infit ''(so Wieland) but rather on'' videns.''
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|'''Nec manes ridere videns:''' This is a puzzling phrase. Is it possible that “manes” is metonymically used for “death” and is here used with “ridere” to personify death? This would seem likely, because of the similar phrase in Hagan’s speech in 849-850: “Aspice mortem, / Qualiter arridet!” (“Look at Death, / How it is grinning!”); see also 1327: “Quem quoque continuo esurienti porgeret Orco” (“Him too he would have sent straightway to hungry Orcus”). Althof (1905, ad loc.) compares this passage to “Dominus Blitero” in the Ysengrimus / Reinardus Vulpes (5.1100): “Hanc tibi dono gigam, pagana est utpote porrum / Osseaque ut dominus Blitero, sume, vide!” (“I give you this fiddle, as common as a leek / and as bony as lord Blitero – see, take it!”). According to J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, Göttingen: Dieterichsche Buchhandlung, 1844, vol. 2, pp. 849-850, the name “Blitero” could be etymologically related either to the German word for “pale” (“bleich”) or “grinning” (“bleckend”), but is, in any case, a representation of Death as a skeleton. J. Mann, however, explains the remark as referring to a canon of Bruges, presumably of “rather skeletal appearance.” See Ysengrimus, ed. J. Mann, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1987, ad loc. and note. If this is true, the relation between a “laughing/mocking Death” on the one hand and the reference to a “bony/skeletal person” on the other hand becomes rather tenuous. Moreover, even if, as J. Grimm asseverates, “dominus Blicero” is a personification of death, and even if, as Althof claims, the “laughing Death” of the Waltharius somehow uses the same imagery, it should be noted that in medieval iconography the personification of death as a skeletal figure does not occur until the thirteenth century – for which see L.E. Jordan, The iconography of death in western medieval art to 1350. Dissertation, Notre Dame University, Indiana, 1980, p. 97.

It is also possible that “ridere” is here used in a different sense. “ridere” can be used with gods or personifications to mean “smile favorably,” as in Ovid, Tristia 1.5.27: “dum iuvat et vultu ridet Fortuna sereno” (“while Fortune aids and smiles with a peaceful countenance”) or Silius Italicus, Punica 5.227: “laeto Victoria vultu arridens” (“Victory, smiling with a cheerful expression”). “ridere” would then be used ironically in this context, meaning that when Death smiles upon you, it is anything but favorable. Cf. Statius, Thebaid 4.213: “grave Tisiphone risit gavisa futuris” (“Tisiphone smiled gravely, enjoying what was about to come”). The absence in the passages of the Waltharius of an adverbial accusative, however, rather strains the sense of “ridere,” if it is indeed to be taken in this way.

It may be best to simply take “ridere” as “to mock” or “smile mockingly,” although I have not found any parallels of such an act of personified Death in either classical or early medieval literature. It may therefore be necessary to take another look at “manes” and not equate it with “mors” so quickly. Although “manes” were generally considered to be good-natured spirits of the dead in antiquity (as opposed to “larvae” or “lemures”), they came to be equated with the evil ones, as Althof (1905 ad loc.) demonstrates by quoting a number of Old High German translations of “manes” by Notker. He then references J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, Göttingen: Dieterichsche Buchhandlung, 1844, vol. 2, p. 789, where it is stated that in Nordic mythology, the dead who had not deserved to reach Walhalla were doomed to roam the earth, and often served as ghastly precursors to death. There is also a classical parallel where “manes” is used in a rather frightening context, see Horace, Odes 1.4: “palllida Mors aequo pulsat pede pauperum tabernas / regumque turris. o beate Sesti, / vitae summa brevis spem nos vetat incohare longam; / iam te premet nox fabulaeque Manes / et domus exilis Plutonia” (“pale Death knocks equally on the doors of poor taverns and the citadels of kings. O blessed Sestius, the short total of life prohibits us from beginning to have hope for longevity; soon night will press upon you and the shades of fable, and the insubstantial house of Pluto”). In the Waltharius, the “shades of fable” present themselves on the battlefield, smiling mockingly, to herald the impending death of Trogus. [JJTY]

'''audaciter:''' The more common form is “audacter.” [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[O]] [[mihi]] [[si]] [[clipeus]] [[vel]] [[si]]c [[modo]] [[adesset]] [[amicus]]!
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS|elision=modo adesset}}
|
|-
|[[fors1|Fors]] [[tibi1|tibi]] [[victoriam]] [[de]] [[me]], [[non]] [[inclita]] [[virtus]]
|
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|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Contulit]]. [[ad]] [[scutum]] [[mucronem]] [[hic1|hic]] [[tollito]] [[nostrum]]!'
|
|
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|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=mucronem hic}}
|
|-
|[[Tum]] [[quoque]] [[subridens]] '[[venio]] [[iam]]' [[dixerat]] [[heros]]
|
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|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[cursu]] [[advolitans]] [[dextram]] [[ferientis]] [[ademit]].
|1045
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS|elision=cursu advolitans}}
|
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[cum]] [[athleta]] [[ictum]] [[libraret]] [[ab]] [[aure]] [[secundum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Secundum equiv. to iterum''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.417: ''ecce aliud summa telum librabat ab aure. '' ‘He balances another weapon close to his ear.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS|Note the two instances of elision in immediate succession, cum athleta and athleta ictum}}
|
|-
|[[Pergentique]] [[animae]] [[valvas]] [[aperire]] [[studeret]],
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS|elision=pergentique animae}}
|
|-
|[[Ecce]] [[Tanastus]] [[adest]] [[telis]] [[cum2|cum]] [[rege]] [[resumptis]]
|
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|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[socium]] [[obiecta]] [[protexit]] [[vulnere]] [[pelta]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.377: ''clipeo obiecto. . .'' ‘With his shield before him. . .’ ''Aeneid'' 10.800: ''genitor nati parma protectus abiret.'' ‘The father, guarded by his son’s shield, could withdraw.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=socium obiecta}}
|
|-
|[[Hinc]] [[indignatus]] [[iram]] [[convertit]] [[in]] [[ipsum5|ipsum]]
|1050
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[humerumque]] [[eius]] [[de]] [[cardine]] [[vellit]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.480: ''postisque a cardine vellit.'' ‘From their hinge he tears the doors.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=humerumque eius}}
|
|-
|[[Perque]] [[latus]] [[ducto]] [[suffudit]] [[viscera]] [[ferro]].
|
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|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ave]]! [[procumbens]] [[submurmurat]] [[ore1|ore]] [[Tanastus]].
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[quo1|Quo]] [[recidente]] [[preces]] [[contempsit]] [[promere]] [[Trogus]]
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Conviciisque]] [[sui1|sui]] [[victorem]] [[incendit]] [[amaris]],
|1055
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.368: '' dictis virtutem accendit amaris. '' ‘With bitter words he fires their courage.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=victorem incendit}}
|
|-
|[[Seu]] [[virtute]] [[animi]], [[seu]] [[desperaverat]]. [[exin]]
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=virtute animi}}
|
|-
|[[Alpharides]]: '[[morere]]' [[inquit]] '[[et]] [[haec2|haec]] [[sub]] [[Tartara]] [[transfer]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.547-548.: ''referes ergo haec et nuntius ibis/ Pelidae genitori; illi mea tristia facta/ degeneremque Neoptolemum narrare memento;/ nunc morere.'' ‘Then you shall bear this news and go as messenger to my sire, Peleus’ son; be sure to tell him of my sorry deeds and his degenerate Neoptolemus! Now die!’ 10.600: ''morere et fratrem ne desere frater.'' ‘Die, and let not brother forsake brother!’ 10.743: ''nunc morere.'' ‘Now die.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=morere inquit}}
|
|-
|[[Enarrans]] [[sociis1|sociis]], [[quod3|quod]] [[tu1|tu]] [[sis_ultus|sis ultus]] [[eosdem]].'
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his2|His]] [[dictis1|dictis]] [[torquem]] [[collo]] [[circumdedit]] [[aureum]].
|
|{{Commentary|Variously interpreted. (1) Waltharius strangles Trogus with a gold necklace that Trogus is wearing. (2) The ''torquem aureum'' is actually one of blood, yielding a figurative description of decapitation. (3) The neck in question is Waltharius’s, and the ''torques'' is a trophy of his victory, either literally (taken from Trogus) or figuratively (referring to a Roman practice, cf. Statius ''Thebaid'' 10.517, Silius Italicus ''Punica'' 15.255).
}}
|{{Parallel|'' Danihel Propheta'' 5.29: ''circumdata est torques aurea collo eius. '' ‘A chain of gold was put around his neck.’ ''Liber Genesis'' 41.42: ''collo torquem auream circumposuit. '' ‘He put a chain of gold about his neck.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|falsequantities=aureum}}
|
|-
|[[Ecce]] [[simul]] [[caesi]] [[volvuntur]] [[pulvere1|pulvere]] [[amici]],
|1060
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=pulvere amici}}
|
|-
|[[Crebris]] [[foedatum]] [[ferientes]] [[calcibus1|calcibus]] [[arvum]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Calcibus'': with'' ferientes'', describing their fall or perhaps their death throes''.''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.404: ''caedit semianimis Rutulorum calcibus arva. '' ‘He spurns with his heels the Rutulian fields.’ 10.730-731.: ''calcibus atram/ tundit humum. '' ‘He hammers the black ground with his heels.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius962|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** '''Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)'''
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius1062|next »]]
|[[Waltharius981English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius725

2010-01-25T11:37:33Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)===
{|
|-
|[[Tertius]] [[en]] [[Werinhardus]] [[abit]] [[bellumque]] [[lacessit]],
|725
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.318: ''primus abit. . .Nisus.'' ‘Away goes Nisus first.’ 5.495-496: ''tertius Eurytion, tuus, o clarissime, frater,/ Pandare, qui quondam, iussus confundere foedus,/ in medios telum torsisti primus Achivos.'' ‘Third is Eurytion, your brother, famous Pandarus who of old, when bidden to confound the treaty, first hurled a shaft amid the Achaeans.’ 5.429: ''pugnamque lacessunt.'' ‘They provoke the fray.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quamlibet1|Quamlibet]] [[ex]] [[longa]] [[generatus]] [[stirpe]] [[nepotum]],
|
|{{Commentary|Here the poet gives a four-line apostrophic address to Werinhardus’s distant progenitor, the Trojan Pandaros, who is tricked by Athena into breaking a truce with the Greeks by firing an arrow at Menelaus (''Il''. 4.70 ff.). Cf. line 28.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.318: ''primus abit. . .Nisus.'' ‘Away goes Nisus first.’ 5.495-496: ''tertius Eurytion, tuus, o clarissime, frater,/ Pandare, qui quondam, iussus confundere foedus,/ in medios telum torsisti primus Achivos.'' ‘Third is Eurytion, your brother, famous Pandarus who of old, when bidden to confound the treaty, first hurled a shaft amid the Achaeans.’ 5.429: ''pugnamque lacessunt.'' ‘They provoke the fray.’
 ''Aeineid'' 6.864: ''filius, anne aliquis magna de stirpe nepotum.'' ‘Is it his son, or some other of his progeny’s heroic line?’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[O]] [[vir1|vir]] [[clare]], [[tuus]] [[cognatus]] [[et]] [[artis]] [[amator]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Artis'': sc. ''sagittandi'', cf. line 730.
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
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|[[Pandare]], [[qui3|qui]] [[quondam]] [[iussus]] [[confundere]] [[foedus]]
|
|
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
| {{Comment| Add reference to Ilias Latina.}}
|
|-
|[[In]] [[medios]] [[telum]] [[torsisti]] [[primus]] [[Achivos]].
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[spernens]] [[hastam]] [[pharetram]] [[gestavit]] [[et]] [[arcum]],
|730
|
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia ''437: ''arcum pharetramque. . .'' ‘His bow and quiver. . .’ ''Aeineid'' 1.336: ''mos est gestare pharetram.'' ‘It is the custom to wear a quiver.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
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|[[Eminus]] [[emissis]] [[haud]] [[aequo]] [[Marte]] [[sagittis]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 133-134.: ''iaculorum/ nube supervacuam lassaverat inrita dextram,/ cum ventosa levi cecidissent tela volatu,/ iactibus'' ''et vacuis hastilia fracta iacerent,/ vertitur ad capulum manus improba.'' ‘When she had by showering javelins tired out her right hand with no success till it was useless, since her missiles, having no force in their flight, fell ineffectual, and the shafts, all idly cast, lay broken on the ground, her ruthless hand turned to her sword-hilt.’ ''Aeneid'' 10.801-802.: ''perturbantque eminus hostem/ missilibus. ''They beat back the foe with missiles from a distance.’ 7.540: ''aequo. . .Marte geruntur.'' ‘They fight in even warfare.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharium]] [[turbans]]. [[contra]] [[tamen]] [[ille3|ille]] [[virilis1|virilis]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 133-134.: ''iaculorum/ nube supervacuam lassaverat inrita dextram,/ cum ventosa levi cecidissent tela volatu,/ iactibus'' ''et vacuis hastilia fracta iacerent,/ vertitur ad capulum manus improba.'' ‘When she had by showering javelins tired out her right hand with no success till it was useless, since her missiles, having no force in their flight, fell ineffectual, and the shafts, all idly cast, lay broken on the ground, her ruthless hand turned to her sword-hilt.’ ''Aeneid'' 10.801-802.: ''perturbantque eminus hostem/ missilibus. ''They beat back the foe with missiles from a distance.’ 7.540: ''aequo. . .Marte geruntur.'' ‘They fight in even warfare.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Constitit]] [[opponens]] [[clipei1|clipei]] [[septemplicis]] [[orbem]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.924-925.: ''recludit/ loricae et clipei extremos septemplicis orbis.'' ‘It pierces the corslet’s rim and the sevenfold shield’s outermost circle.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[image:Waltharius-Line-733.png|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Saepius]] [[eludens]] [[venientes]] [[providus]] [[ictus]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.437-438.: ''nisuque immotus eodem,/ corpore tela modo atque oculis vigilantibus exit. '' ‘Motionless, unmoved in stance, shunning blows with body and watchful eyes alone.’ 5.444-445.:'' ille ictum venientem a vertice velox/ praevidit celerique elapsus corpore cessit. '' ‘He speedily foresaw the down-coming blow and, slipping aside with nimble body, foiled it.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[modo]] [[dissiluit]], [[parmam]] [[modo]] [[vergit ]][[in]] [[austrum]]
|735
|{{Commentary|''In austrum'': as a periphrasis for “upwards” variously explained: “towards the South,” i.e., where the sun is when at its highest point, or perhaps equiv. to ''ad ventum'', i.e., ''ad auras''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Telaque]] [[discussit]], [[nullum1|nullum]] [[tamen]] [[attigit]] [[illum2|illum]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[postquam1|Postquam]] [[Pandarides]] [[se1|se]] [[consumpsisse]] [[sagittas]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Incassum]] [[videt]], [[iratus]] [[mox]] [[exerit]] [[ensem]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 471-472.: ''non timet ensem/ exerere.''’ He fears not to unsheath his sword.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[demum]] [[advolitans]] [[has]] [[iactitat]] [[ore1|ore]] [[loquelas]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.842: ''funditque has ore loquelas.'' ‘He pours these accents from his lips.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS|elision=demum advolitans}}
|
|-
|[[O]] [[si]] [[ventosos]] [[lusisti]] [[callide]] [[iactus]],
|740
|
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Contra Orationem Symmachi'' 655: ''ludere ventosas iactu pereunte saggitas.'' . . ‘To parry the shafts so that the shots are vain and ineffectual. . .’ Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 135: ''ventosa levi cecidissent tela volatu.'' ‘Her missiles, having no force in their flight, fell ineffectual.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Forsan]] [[vibrantis]] [[dextrae1|dextrae]] [[iam]] [[percipis]] [[ictum]].'
|
|
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Contra Orationem Symmachi'' 655: ''ludere ventosas iactu pereunte saggitas.'' . . ‘To parry the shafts so that the shots are vain and ineffectual. . .’ Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 135: ''ventosa levi cecidissent tela volatu.'' ‘Her missiles, having no force in their flight, fell ineffectual.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[olli2|Olli]] [[Waltharius]] [[ridenti]] [[pectore]] [[adorsus]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 9.410-411.: ''olli subridens sedato pectore Turnus. . . '' ‘To him [said] Turnus, smiling in untroubled mood. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=pectore adorsus}}
|
|-
|[[Iamque]] [[diu]] [[satis]] [[expecto]] [[certamina]] [[iusto]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Iusto pondere'': not, as Wieland has it, “with the same weapons on either side,” but “with appropriate seriousness.”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii ''25.15: ''pondus habebis iustum''. ‘Thy bushel shall be equal.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Pondere]] [[agi]]. [[festina]], [[in]] [[me]] [[mora1|mora]] [[non]] [[erit]] [[ulla]].'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Eclogue ''3.52: ''in me mora non erit ulla. '' ‘With me there’ll be no delay.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS|elision=pondere agi; festina in}}
|
|-
|[[Dixerat]] [[et]] [[toto1|toto]] [[conixus]] [[corpore]] [[ferrum]]
|745
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.410-411.: '' dixerat et toto conixus corpore ferrum/ conicit. hasta volans. . .'' ‘He ended, and with all his straining body flung the stee. The flying spear. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Conicit]]. [[hasta1|hasta]] [[volans]] [[pectus]] [[reseravit]] [[equinum]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.410-411.: '' dixerat et toto conixus corpore ferrum/ conicit. hasta volans. . .'' ‘He ended, and with all his straining body flung the stee. The flying spear. . .’
 Ovid, ''Metamorphoses ''6.663: ''reserato pectore. . .'' ‘With his breast laid open. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Tollit]] [[se5|se]] [[arrectum]] [[quadrupes]] [[et]] [[calcibus1|calcibus]] [[auras]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.892-893.: ''tollit se arrectum quadripes et calcibus auras/ verberat, effusumque equitem super ipse secutus/ implicat. . .advolat Aeneas vaginaque eripit ensem.'' ‘The steed rears up, lashes the air with its feet, then throws the rider and itself coming down from above, entangles him; then falls on him in a headlong plunge. . .Aeneas rushes up and tears his sword from the scabbard.’ 11.638-639.: ''quo sonipes ictu furit arduus altaque iactat/ vulneris impatiens arrecto pectore crura,/ volvitur ille excussus humi. '' ‘At this blow the charger rears furious and, unable to bear the wound, with chest raised flings his legs on high; unseated, [Remulus] rolls on the ground.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=se arrectum}}
|
|-
|[[Verberat]] [[effundensque]] [[equitem]] [[cecidit]] [[super1|super]] [[illum2|illum]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Equitem'': here with its usual meaning, “knight, rider.”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.892-893.: ''tollit se arrectum quadripes et calcibus auras/ verberat, effusumque equitem super ipse secutus/ implicat. . .advolat Aeneas vaginaque eripit ensem.'' ‘The steed rears up, lashes the air with its feet, then throws the rider and itself coming down from above, entangles him; then falls on him in a headlong plunge. . .Aeneas rushes up and tears his sword from the scabbard.’ 11.638-639.: ''quo sonipes ictu furit arduus altaque iactat/ vulneris impatiens arrecto pectore crura,/ volvitur ille excussus humi. '' ‘At this blow the charger rears furious and, unable to bear the wound, with chest raised flings his legs on high; unseated, [Remulus] rolls on the ground.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=effundensque equitem}}
|
|-
|[[Currit]] [[iuvenis]] [[et]] [[ei]] [[vi]] [[diripit]] [[ensem]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS|falsequantities=iuvenis}}
|
|-
|[[Casside]] [[discussa]] [[crines]] [[complectitur]] [[albos]]
|750
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.552: ''implicuitque comam laeva.'' ‘He wound his left hand in his hair.’ 7.417-418.; 9.651: ''crines albos. . . '' ‘White locks. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Multiplicesque]] [[preces]] [[nectenti]] [[dixerat]] [[heros]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.599-600.: ''pluribus oranti Aeneas: ‘haud talia dudum/ dicta dabas.’ '' ‘As he continued to plead, Aeneas said: “Not such were your words before.” ’ 11.697: ''oranti et multa precanti. . .'' ‘Imploring and making many prayers for mercy. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[talia1|Talia]] [[non]] [[dudum]] [[iactabas]] [[dicta]] [[per]] [[auras]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Dudum equiv. to nuper''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.599-600.: ''pluribus oranti Aeneas: ‘haud talia dudum/ dicta dabas.’ '' ‘As he continued to plead, Aeneas said: “Not such were your words before.” ’ 11.697: ''oranti et multa precanti. . .'' ‘Imploring and making many prayers for mercy. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[haec2|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[truncum]] [[secta]] [[cervice]] [[reliquit]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.296: ''haec ait.'' ‘He spoke this.’ Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 282: ''tunc caput orantis flexa cervice resectum/eripit. '' ‘Then, though she begs for mercy, she bends the neck and severs the head.’ ''Aeineid'' 9.332: ''tum caput ipsi aufert domino truncumque reliquit. '' ‘Then he lops off the head of their lord himself, and leaves the trunk.’ 12.382: ''abstulit ense caput truncumque reliquit harenae.'' ‘With the blade he struck off his head, and left the body on the sand.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius720|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** '''3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)'''
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius754|next »]]
|[[Waltharius725English|English]]
|-
|}

Acknowledgments

2010-01-04T10:56:10Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

* The Latin text relies on the Strecker ed.
* The English text is identical to that found in ''Waltharius and Ruodlieb'', edited and translated by Dennis M. Kratz. The Garland library of medieval literature, Series A, vol. 14. New York: Garland Pub., 1984.
* The initial morphological tagging of all the words in the Latin text was done by Emily Walker ’10.
* The commentary is by Thomas Miller ’09. It is intended to help students of Latin reading the ''Waltharius''; it should be used alongside the morphological database and the index of references and allusions. It is based on the work of Althof, Beck, D’Angelo, and Wieland. The commentary may be seen by hovering over icons in the poem which look like this: {{Commentary|The commentary can be hovered over like this.}}

Waltharius962

2009-12-17T20:51:02Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)===
{|
|-
|[[Ecce]] [[repentino]] [[Randolf]] [[athleta]] [[caballo]]
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[image:Waltharius-Lines-962–1062.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
| {{Comment|'''athleta:''' This noun was used in a figural sense in philosophical discourse (see Seneca, De providentia / dialogi I, 2.2.5) and later also used in Christian discourse, where it acquired a connotation associated with martyrdom. See especially Ambrose, De paradiso 12.55: “unde et Paulus quasi bonus athleta non solum ictus aduersantium potestatum uitare cognouerat, uerum etiam aduersantes ferire” (“therefore Paul also knew how not only to avoid the blows of the opposing forces like a good athlete, but also to give blows to his adversaries”). Cf. the description of Walther in 1046 and its usage by Walther to describe Hagan in 1411. See also the note on “agonem” in 1025. [JJTY]

'''Randolf:''' Wagner notes that in Old High German, the form should be Rantolf instead of Randolf. He claims that this is an example of Late High German and has parallels in Notker the Stammerer, allowing for a relatively late, tenth century dating of the poem. See Wagner 1992, p. 118. [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Praevertens]] [[reliquos1|reliquos]] [[hunc2|hunc]] [[importunus]] [[adivit]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 228-229.: ''hostis nunc surgit ab oris/ inportunus. '' ‘The foe arises now from the shores to trouble us.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ac]] [[mox]] [[ferrato]] [[petiit]] [[sub]] [[pectore]] [[conto]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 116: ''impatiensque morae conto petit.'' ‘Irked by her hanging back, she hurls a pike at her.’ 122-123.:'' sub ipsum/ defertur stomachum. '' ‘It hits the very stomach.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[nisi]] [[duratis]] [[Wielandia]] [[fabrica]] [[giris]]
|965
|{{Commentary|''Wielandia fabrica'': “the workmanship of Wieland,” a legendary smith, comparable to Hephaestus or Daedalus, in German mythology. Cf. line 264 on the ''lorica''.
}}
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 124-125.: ''sed resilit duro loricae excussa repulsu./ provida nam Virtus conserto adamante trilicem/ induerat thoraca umeris. '' ‘But it is struck off by the resistance of a hard cuirass, and rebounds; for the Virtue had prudently put on her shoulders a three-ply corselet of mail impenetrable.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|'''Wielandia fabrica:''' For the tale of Wayland, see J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, Göttingen: Dieterichsche Buchhandlung, 1844, vol. 1, pp. 349-352. As a mythological smith, Wayland is analogous to Homer’s Hephaestus (see especially Iliad 18.368-384 and 468-477) and Virgil’s Vulcan (Aeneid 8.439-453.), who forge the armor for the epic’s respective heroes. Althof (1905, ad loc.) remarks that the tale, originating in Lower Germany, was already widespread across Northern Europe by the end of the seventh century. Cf. the Waldere fragments (2-3), where the sword Miming is mentioned as fabricated by Wayland. Beowulf (405-406 and 454-455) mentions Beowulf’s byrnie as a “work of Wayland” (“Welandes geweorc”). In J. Bradley, “Sorceror or Symbol?– Weland the Smith in Anglo-Saxon Sculpture and Verse,” Pacific Coast Philology 25:1 (1990), pp. 39-48, at 39-40, King Alfred is cited as an early source for Wayland, whose translation of Boethius’ De consolatione philosophiae renders the Roman name Fabricius as Wayland, going on to comment on Wayland as the ideal craftsman. This translation was probably made by an association of the name Fabricius with the Latin noun “faber” (“worksman”), and designed to make the passage more relevant to the Anglo-Saxon reader (see for this theory C.A. Spinage, Myths and Mysteries of Wayland Smith, Oxfordshire: Wychwood Press, 2003, pp. 61-62). Note, moreover, the same association of “faber” and Wayland in this very passage of the Waltharius: “Wielandia fabrica.” Bradley (ibid., p. 41; see also H. Ritter-Schaumburg, Der Schmied Weland. Forschungen zum historischen Kern der Sage von Wieland dem Schmied, Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 1999, pp.147-169) also quotes from the Norse Thithrek’s Saga, which says that the highest praise a smith’s product can receive, is to be said to have been made by Völund (i.e. the Norse equivalent of Wayland). In fact, there is historical evidence that many smiths on the continent were named after Wayland (Bradley 1990, p. 42).

In Bradley 1990, pp. 42-43, a convincing reconstruction of the spread of the myth is made. Bradley asserts that the origins of the Wayland story are Greco-Roman – that it is in fact an adaptation of the story of Daedalus made as early as the fifth century A.D. along the Danube in modern-day Austria. The myth was then further developed by an historical event: the vita of St. Severin (written by Eugippius in the seventh century A.D.) records an uprising of a number of captive smiths near Linz around 480 A.D., who had taken the queen’s son hostage. The myth spread to Scandinavia and England from there.

The oldest reference to the myth is made in the decoration of the Franks Casket, which shows a smith, a woman, and a maid in the smithy, a decapitated body lying on the floor and a man hunting birds. For a more detailed description of the Franks Casket (dated around 700 A.D.), see P.W. Souers, “The Wayland Scene on the Franks Casket,” in Speculum 18:1 (1943), pp. 104-111. Interestingly, the scene of Wayland on the Franks Casket is juxtaposed with a scene of the Magi – a rather similar juxtaposition of mythological and Christian elements to the one we find in the Waltharius. In attempting to explain Wayland’s role in (Anglo-Saxon) Christianity, Bradley (1990, pp. 45-47) quotes from an exegetical text on 2 Kings 24.12-14 from Venerable Bede, which allegorizes the smiths in Babylonian Captivity as supplying the followers of the faith with weapons. Bradley then argues that the link with Wayland could easily have been made in an homiletic context to make such biblical passages more palatable for the Anglo-Saxon audience – especially because Wayland was commonly found among themes of exile; see for instance the opening lines of the Anglo-Saxon poem Deor, a reflection on misfortune from the tenth century and preserved in the Exeter Book, which present Wayland as a man in bitter exile. In a similar manner, one could allegorize that Walther has been given armor by Wayland to protect himself from the vices of avarice, anger, and pride that besiege him. Furthermore, Walther, like Wayland, has suffered the unjust fate of exile and was kept in captivity by a king until he devised his own escape (Wayland was captured by king Niðhad and made a cripple). By the simple reference of “Wielandia fabrica,” the poet of the Waltharius has managed to blend seamlessly and unobtrusively two traditions of exile that would have been at the fore-front of the mind of a medieval reader. [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Obstaret]], [[spisso]] [[penetraverit]] [[ilia]] [[ligno]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Ligno equiv. to conto''
}}
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 124-125.: ''sed resilit duro loricae excussa repulsu./ provida nam Virtus conserto adamante trilicem/ induerat thoraca umeris. '' ‘But it is struck off by the resistance of a hard cuirass, and rebounds; for the Virtue had prudently put on her shoulders a three-ply corselet of mail impenetrable.’
 ''Aeneid'' 9.413: ''fisso transit praecordia ligno. '' ‘With the broken wood it pierces the midriff.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[ille3|Ille]] [[tamen]] [[subito]] [[stupefactus]] [[corda]] [[pavore]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Ille'': Waltharius ''Corda'': accusative of respect
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
| {{Comment|'''Ille tamen subito stupefactus corda pavore:''' After Gunther completes his encouraging speech to his disheartened men and opens the attack on Walther, this hexameter reflects the change of pace and the recommencement of the action, not just by its words (“subito,” “suddenly”), but also by its almost entirely dactylic meter. [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Munimen]] [[clipei]] [[obiecit]] [[mentemque]] [[recepit]];
|
|
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 503: ''clipeum obiectasset.'' ‘She put her shield in the way.’ ''Aeneid'' 12.377: ''clipeo obiecto. . .'' ‘With his shield before him. . .’ 10.899: ''mentemque recepit.'' ‘He regained his senses.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=clipei obiecit}}
| {{Comment|'''Munimen clipei obiecit mentemque recepit:''' Notice how the elision of the “i” of “clipei” causes a resounding clash with the ictus in the first syllable of the following word (“obiecit”), imitating the sword’s blow on the shield. [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Nec]] [[tamen]] [[et]] [[galeam]] [[fuerat]] [[sumpsisse]] [[facultas]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Fuerat sumpsisse facultas equiv. to sumere potuit'', cf. line 960.
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Francus]] [[at]] [[emissa]] [[gladium]] [[nudaverat]] [[hasta]]
|970
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.474: ''magnis emittit viribus hastam. '' ‘He hurls his spear with all his strength.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[feriens]] [[binos]] [[Aquitani]] [[vertice]] [[crines]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Binos…crines'': “two locks of hair”
}}
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 506-507.: ''vix in cute summa/ praestringens paucos tenui de vulnere laedit/ cuspis Avaritiae.'' ‘Only a few did Greed’s javelin touch, grazing them with a slight wound not skin-deep.’ ''Aeneid'' 4.698-699.: ''vertice crinem/ abstulerat. '' ‘She had taken from her head the lock.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 344-345.: ''addit acerba sonum Teumesi e vertice crinem/ incutiens. '' ‘From Teumesus''’'' height she sends her shrill cry, and shakes her locks.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-962–1062.png
File:Europe500.png
</gallery>}}
|
| {{Comment|'''vertice crines / abrasit:''' Beck (1908, ad loc.) remarks that the cutting of hair was a dishonorable act for a free man, quoting Tacitus, Germania 19, where an adulteress is shorn and subsequently chased out of her home. D’Angelo (1998, ad 979) remarks that the tonsure, besides being practiced by monks, was imposed on persons of the lower classes such as slaves or prisoners of war, making this an especially dishonorable act for a warrior or nobleman. This explains Walther’s fierce outburst before he slays Randolf in 979 (“Ecce pro calvitio capitis te vertice fraudo,” “I take your head from you as payment for my baldness”), and also Helmnod’s taunting in 991: “ferro tibi finis, calve, sub isto!” (“You, bald head! With this spear the end has come for you!”)

The passage may also contain a reminiscence to the biblical story of Samson and Delilah (Judges 14-16), in which Samson loses his strength as a result of being shorn. This is not the case with Walther, however, who only grows fiercer, much to his opponent’s dismay.
Given the similar phrasing of Virgil, Aeneid 4.698-9 (“vertice crinem / abstulerat,” “she had taken from her head the lock”), the astute reader may be led to fear for Waltharius’ life at this point, since Virgil’s passage describes Iris being sent down by Juno to cut of a lock of Dido’s hair to grant her passage to the underworld. [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Abrasit]], [[sed1|sed]] [[forte]] [[cutem]] [[praestringere]] [[summam]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 506-507.: ''vix in cute summa/ praestringens paucos tenui de vulnere laedit/ cuspis Avaritiae.'' ‘Only a few did Greed’s javelin touch, grazing them with a slight wound not skin-deep.’ ''Aeneid'' 4.698-699.: ''vertice crinem/ abstulerat. '' ‘She had taken from her head the lock.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 344-345.: ''addit acerba sonum Teumesi e vertice crinem/ incutiens. '' ‘From Teumesus''’'' height she sends her shrill cry, and shakes her locks.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Non]] [[licuit]], [[rursumque]] [[alium]] [[vibraverat]] [[ictum]]
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|elision=rursumque alium}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[praeceps]] [[animi]] [[directo]] [[obstamine]] [[scuti]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praeceps animi'': “hasty”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.685: ''praeceps animi. . .'' ‘Reckless at heart. . .’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=directo obstamine}}
|
|-
|[[Impegit]] [[calibem]], [[nec]] [[quivit]] [[viribus]] [[ullis]]
|975
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 6.147-148.: ''non viribus ullis/ vincere. . .poteris.'' ‘With no force will you avail to win it.’ 12.782: ''viribus haud ullis valuit discludere morsus.'' ‘By no strength could he unlock the bite.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Elicere]]. [[Alpharides]] [[retro]], [[se5|se]] [[fulminis]] [[instar]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Elicere equiv. to revellere'' ''Retro'': with'' fudit'' ''Se…excutiens equiv. to emicans''
}}
|{{Parallel|Ovid, ''Ars Amatoria ''3.490: ''fulminis instar habent.'' ‘They hold what is like a thunderbolt.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=elicere Alpharides}}
|
|-
|[[Excutiens]], [[Francum]] [[valida]] [[vi]] [[fudit]] [[ad]] [[arvum]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.50; 5.500: ''validis. . .viribus. . .'' ‘With mighty force. . .’ 1.193: ''corpora fundat humi. ‘''He stretches the bodies on the ground.’ 11.665: ''quot humi morientia corpora fundis? '' ‘How many bodies do you lay low on the earth?’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[super1|super]] [[assistens]] [[pectus]] [[conculcat]] [[et]] [[inquit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.490-491.: ''quem Turnus super adsistens. . .inquit. . .'' ‘Standing over him, Turnus cries. . .’ Prudentius, ''Psychomachia ''155: ''quam super adsistens Patientia. . .inquit. . .'' ‘Standing over her, Long-Suffering cries. . .’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
| {{Comment|'''Et super assistens pectus conculcat et inquit:''' The phrasing reminds the reader of a similar death scene in Virgil, Aeneid 10.490-491 (“Quem Turnus super adsistens .. inquit,” “Standing over him, Turnus says”) where Turnus slays Pallas. It is interesting that Waltharius first receives a description similar to that of the unlikeable character Mezentius (see 960-961) and is now implicitly compared to Turnus as he ruthlessly slays the young Pallas. Is the reader’s favor meant to slowly shift toward the camp of Gunther, now no longer bent on looting but on receiving vengeance for their lost comrades? [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[En]] [[pro]] [[calvitio]] [[capitis]] [[te3|te]] [[vertice]] [[fraudo]],
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[fiat]] [[ista]] [[tuae]] [[de]] [[me]] [[iactantia]] [[sponsae]].'
|980
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|'''Ne fiat ista tuae de me iactantia sponsae:''' Tacitus (Germania 7) notes that Germanic kings are particularly prone to brag to their wife and children, who are their greatest audience: “Hi cuique sanctissimi testes, hi maximi laudatores” (“They are to each their most sacred witnesses, they are their greatest glorifiers”). Cf. Walther’s defiant speech in 562-3: “Hinc nullus rediens uxori dicere Francus / Praesumet se impune gazae quid tollere tantae” (“No Frank, returning from this place, will dare to tell / His wife that he, unharmed, took any of this treasure”). [JJTY]}}
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius941|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** '''8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)'''
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius981|next »]]
|[[Waltharius962English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius941

2009-12-17T18:20:50Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)===
{|
|-
|[[Tum]] [[primum1|primum]] [[Franci1|Franci]] [[coeperunt]] [[forte]] [[morari]]
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[magnis]] [[precibus]] [[dominum]] [[decedere]] [[pugna]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.789: ''excedere pugnae.'' ‘He withdraws from the fight.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Deposcunt]]. [[furit]] [[ille]] [[miser]] [[caecusque]] [[profatur]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.561; 4.364: ''profatur. '' ‘She speaks.’
 ''Aeneid'' 2.348-349.: ''iuvenes, fortissima frustra/ pectora. . .'' ‘My men, hearts vainly valiant. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
| {{Comment|'''ille miser caecusque:''' This description of Gunther accords with the overall depiction of Gunther as suffering most of all from the Christian vice of avarice: his first appearance in 441-472 (that is, after his brief mention in 29-30) is marked by his urgent desire to reclaim the wealth his kingdom has lost. His avarice makes him arrogant and bold (468, 628, 720, 1295: Gunther described as “superbus”), affects his ability to reason (530: “male sana mente gravatus,” “burdened by a not sane mind”; 754 and 1228: “dementem,” “insane”), and ultimately dooms his efforts (488, 1062, 1092: described as “infelix,” “unfortunate”). Cf. the description of Avarice in Prudentius’ Psychomachia 548-568, where it is described as leading men on as if they were blind and deceiving them (“hunc lumine adempto ... caecum errare sinit,” “She allows this one, robbed of his eyesight, to wander blindly”). The poet of the Waltharius in a sense echoes Prudentius by first making avarice a major theme with Gunther’s lament in 869 (“instimulatus enim de te est, o saeva cupido,” “For he is prodded on by you, O savage greed”) and then going on to describe Gunther as “miserably blinded.” Indeed, Psychomachia 548-550 can be seen to be central to the entire Waltharius: “talia per populos edebat funera uictrix / orbis Auaritia, sternens centena uirorum / millia uulneribus uariis” (“Such deaths caused victorious Avarice among people all over the world, laying hundreds of thousands of men low with various wounds”). The pervasive theme of avarice throughout the poem points to the critical nature of the Waltharius on the present-day “mores” – in fact, J.O. Ward characterizes the Waltharius as project of, among other things, subverting the Germanic “warrior ethos, bent on treasure-oriented survival.” See J.O. Ward, “After Rome: Medieval Epic,” in Roman epic, ed. A.J. Boyle, London: Routledge, 1993, pp.261-293, at p. 271. For more in-depth discussion of the relation between Gunther’s characterization and Christian and Germanic virtues, see Scherello 1986. [JJTY] [Before getting to the specific connection between blindness and avarice (which you are convincing is the main point here), I wonder if it would be worth referring to the even more widespread notion of spiritual blindness in general (as found for example in Isidore's Allegoriae). JZ}}
|-
|[[Quaeso]], [[viri1|viri]] [[fortes1|fortes]] [[et]] [[pectora2|pectora]] [[saepe]] [[probata]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.348-349.: ''iuvenes, fortissima frustra/ pectora. . .'' ‘My men, hearts vainly valiant. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|'''pectora saepe probata:''' Cf. the first description of Gunther’s men (476): “viribus insignes animis plerumque probatos” (“Distinguished for their strength, their courage often proved”). It is also reminiscent of the opening captatio benevolentiae (rhetorical device used to secure the goodwill of an audience) in Aeneas’ first speech (Aeneid 1.198-199): “O socii (neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum), o passi grauiora” (“O comrades (for we have not been inexperienced before with disasters), you who have suffered worse”). The passage also bears much resemblance to Aeneas’ speech in Aeneid 2.348-349: “iuvenes, fortissima frustra / pectora” (“my men, hearts vainly valiant”). Here Aeneas attempts to rally what is left of the Trojan force and put up resistance in their last stand. It is possible that the poet of the Waltharius wishes to evoke the same sense of urgency by mirroring this use of “pectora.” [JJTY] [The relevance of the second passage will be more immediately apparent to most readers than the first passage, which lacks the close verbal parallel. You should probably explain more, or cut a bit. JZ}}
|-
|[[Ne]] [[fors1|fors]] [[haec1|haec]] [[cuicumque]] [[metum]], [[sed1|sed]] [[conferat]] [[iram]].
|945
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quid6|Quid]] [[mihi]], [[si]] [[Vosago]] [[sic]] [[sic]] [[inglorius]] [[ibo]]?
|
|{{Commentary|''Quid mihi'' equiv. to ''Quid videbor esse''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.793: ''patrias remeabo inglorius urbes. '' ‘I will return inglorious to the cities of my sires.’ 10.52-53.: ''positis inglorius armis/ exigat hic aevum. '' ‘Here, laying arms aside, let him live out his inglorious days.’ 4.660: ''sic, sic iuvat ire. '' ‘Thus, thus I go gladly.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 4.82-83.: ''ne rara movens inglorius iret/ agmina. . .'' ‘Lest with scant following he should go inglorious. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|'''sic sic:''' For the pathetic force of the anaphora of “sic,” see Dido’s final speech in Virgil, Aeneid 4.660: “Sed moriamur, ait, sic sic iuvat ire per umbras” (“‘But let me die,’ she said, ‘thus thus I go gladly down to the shades!’”) Cf. the narrator’s bitter exclamation in 1404: “Sic sic armillas partiti sunt Avarenses!” (“Thus, thus the men have shared the treasure of the Avars!”) [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Mentem]] [[quisque2|quisque]] [[meam]] [[sibi2|sibi]] [[vindicet]]. [[en]] [[ego]] [[partus_sum|partus]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Sibi vindicet'': “make his own” ''Partus equiv. to paratus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Liber II Macchabeorum'' 7.2: ''parati sumus mori magis quam patrias dei leges praevaricari. '' ‘We are ready to die rather than to transgress the laws of God, received from our fathers.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|'''partus:''' For “partus” as an abbreviated form of “paratus” see also Walahfrid Strabo, Carmina 2.26: “Mente sumus parti sic tua iussa sequi” (“Thus we are mentally prepared to follow your commands”). [JJTY] The Walahfrid parallel seems very significant. For other instances, see the Novum Glossarium, column 376, lines 46-48. JZ}}
|-
|[[ante_quam|Ante]] [[mori]] [[sum]], [[Wormatiam]] [[ante_quam|quam]] [[talibus]] [[actis]]
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Worms]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|'''talibus actis:''' After such defeats of his men, Gunther is too ashamed to return to Worms without either loot or vengeance. [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Ingrediar]]. [[petat]] [[hic]] [[patriam]] [[sine]] [[sanguine]] [[victor]]?
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|| {{Comment|'''petat hic ... victor?:''' For the subjunctive used in indignant questions see J.B. Hofmann and A. Szantyr, Lateinische Syntax und Stylistik, Munich: C.H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1965, vol. 2, 186.IV: “Der Konj. in konsultativen (deliberativen) und unwilligen (‘polemischen’) Fragen.” Cf. Gunther’s first speech to his men as he rouses them to leave with him (483): “Hic tantum gazae Francis deducat ab oris?” (“Shall he remove from Frankish lands so great a treasure?”) [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Hactenus]] [[arsistis]] [[hominem]] [[spoliare]] [[metallis]],
|950
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[ardete]], [[viri1|viri]], [[fusum]] [[mundare]] [[cruorem]],
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[ut1|Ut]] [[mors]] [[abstergat]] [[mortem]], [[sanguis]] [[quoque]] [[sanguem]],
|
|
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
| {{Comment|'''mors ... mortem, sanguis ... sanguem:''' The repetition of “mors” and “sanguis” in a different case is an instance of the figure polyptoton. “sanguem” is here used instead of “sanguinem” as a more archaic form, though see Althof 1905 and Beck 1908 ad loc., who remark that the original form should be “sanguen.” [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Soleturque]] [[necem]] [[sociorum]] [[plaga]] [[necantis]].'
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his2|His]] [[animum]] [[dictis1|dictis]] [[demens]] [[incendit]] [[et]] [[omnes3|omnes]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 4.197: ''incenditque animum dictis atque aggerat iras.'' ‘With her words she fires his spirit and heaps high his wrath.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
| {{Comment|'''incendit:''' Gunther’s “firing up” of his men by his speech ties in to a rich tradition of describing the effects of pathetic rhetoric with metaphors of fire; see e.g. Cicero, De oratore 2.189-190 and Martianus Capella, De nuptiis Mercurii et Philologiae 5.428, where Lady Rhetoric is described as “flammatrix” (“flamer”). Cf. also Aeneid 4.197, where Iarbas is incensed by the words of Rumor concerning Dido and Aeneas: “Incenditque animum dictis atque aggerat iras” (“And he fires up his spirit because of the words and heaps up anger”). The poet of the Waltharius makes especially fruitful use of the metaphor by including similar metaphors of fire in Gunther’s speech: Gunther wishes to turn their burning desire for gold into one for revenge (950-951:“Hactenus arsistis hominem spoliare metallis, / Nunc ardete, viri, fusum mundare cruorem,” “Up to this point you burned to strip the man of treasures. / Now, men, burn to avenge the blood that has been spilled”). Gunther’s rhetoric, therefore, fires up his men and gives them a burning desire, whether of gold (see Gunther’s speeches in 481-483 and 516-517) or of vengeance, resulting in a frenzy without any regard of one’s own safety (955: “Fecerat immemores vitae simul atque salutis,” “He made them forget their life as well as their safety”). [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Fecerat]] [[immemores]] [[vitae]] [[simul]] [[atque]] [[salutis]].
|955
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ac]] [[velut]] [[in]] [[ludis1|ludis]] [[alium1|alium]] [[praecurrere]] [[quisque]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.315-316.: ''haec ubi dicta, locum capiunt signoque repente/ corripiunt spatia audito limenque relinquunt,/ effusi nimbo similes.'' ‘This said, they take their place, and suddenly, the signal heard, dash over the course, and leave the barrier, streaming forth like a storm-cloud.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|'''velut in ludis alium praecurrere quisque:''' This passage has a possible reminiscence of the footrace in Aeneid 5.315-344. The simile, however, strikes a highly effective tone of irony, since the only prize the winner of this race will receive, is to be the first to die. See Althof 1905, ad loc. for a convincing refutation of the claim that this passage provides proof of the existence of tournaments in the ninth century. [JJTY] [I touch on the topic of play more generally in my article--no need to reference it, but just FYI. JZ]}}
|-
|[[Ad]] [[mortem]] [[studuit]], [[sed1|sed]] [[semita]], [[ut1|ut]] [[antea]] [[dixi]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Ut antea dixi'': cf. line 692 and note.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS|elision=semita ut}}
|
|-
|[[Cogebat]] [[binos]] [[bello1|bello]] [[decernere]] [[solos]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.218: ''iubent decernere ferro.'' ‘They command him to decide the issue by the sword.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vir]] [[tamen]] [[illustris]] [[dum1|dum]] [[cunctari]] [[videt]] [[illos]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
| {{Comment|'''959-961:''' Gunther’s original plan not to allow Walther to catch his breath has failed at this point. Cf. Gunther’s speech to his men in 722-724: “nec respirare sinamus” (“Let us ... give him no chance to catch his breath”). They had grossly underestimated Walther’s stamina, as their surprise in 829-30 already indicates: “Mirantur Franci, quod non lassesceret heros / Waltharius, cui nulla quies spatiumve dabatur” (“The Franks were stunned that Walter, to whom neither rest / Nor respite had been given, did not grow exhausted”). [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Vertice]] [[distractas]] [[suspendit]] [[in]] [[arbore]] [[cristas]]
|960
|{{Commentary|''Distractas equiv. to detractas'' ''Cristas equiv. to galeam''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.834-835.: ''vulnera siccabat lymphis corpusque levabat/ arboris acclinis trunco. procul aerea ramis/ dependet galea. . .ipse aeger anhelans/ colla fovet. '' ‘He was staunching his wounds with water, and resting his reclining frame against the trunk of a tree. Nearby his bronze helmet hangs from the boughs. . .He himself, sick and panting, eases his neck.’ ''Eclogue ''1.53: ''frigus captabis opacum. '' ‘You shall enjoy the cooling shade.’ 2.8: ''frigora captant.'' ‘They court the cool shade.’ ''Georgics'' 1.376: ''patulis captavit naribus auras.'' ‘With open nostrils he snuffs the breeze.’ ''Aeneid'' 9.812-813.: ''tum toto corpore sudor/ liquitur et piceum (nec respirare potestas)/ flumen agit, fessos quatit aeger anhelitus artus. '' ‘Then all over his body flows the sweat and runs in pitchy stream, and he has no breathing space; a sickly panting shakes his wearied limbs.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|'''960-961:''' This description of Walther resting from battle is similar to that of Mezentius in Virgil, Aeneid 10.834-835. See also lines 978-979 and note. [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Et]] [[ventum]] [[captans]] [[sudorem]] [[tersit]] [[anhelus]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.834-835.: ''vulnera siccabat lymphis corpusque levabat/ arboris acclinis trunco. procul aerea ramis/ dependet galea. . .ipse aeger anhelans/ colla fovet. '' ‘He was staunching his wounds with water, and resting his reclining frame against the trunk of a tree. Nearby his bronze helmet hangs from the boughs. . .He himself, sick and panting, eases his neck.’ ''Eclogue ''1.53: ''frigus captabis opacum. '' ‘You shall enjoy the cooling shade.’ 2.8: ''frigora captant.'' ‘They court the cool shade.’ ''Georgics'' 1.376: ''patulis captavit naribus auras.'' ‘With open nostrils he snuffs the breeze.’ ''Aeneid'' 9.812-813.: ''tum toto corpore sudor/ liquitur et piceum (nec respirare potestas)/ flumen agit, fessos quatit aeger anhelitus artus. '' ‘Then all over his body flows the sweat and runs in pitchy stream, and he has no breathing space; a sickly panting shakes his wearied limbs.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius914|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** '''Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)'''
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius962|next »]]
|[[Waltharius941English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius513

2009-12-17T15:23:57Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)===
{|
|-
|[[Ast]] [[ubi]] [[Guntharius]] [[vestigia]] [[pulvere]] [[vidit1|vidit]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.171: ''summo vestigia pulvere signent. '' ‘Let them print their tracks on the surface of the dust.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 6.640: ''raraque non fracto vestigia pulvere pendent.'' ‘The rare footsteps hover and leave the dust unbroken.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cornipedem]] [[rapidum]] [[saevis]] [[calcaribus]] [[urget]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 253-254.: ''talia vociferans rapidum calcaribus urget/ cornipedem. '' ‘Thus exclaiming she spurs on her swift charger and flies wildling along with loose rein.’ Statius, ''Thebaid ''11.452-453.: ''saevis calcaribus urgent/ immeritos.'' ‘With savage goads they incite their innocent teams.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Cornipedem: horse (literally, "horn-foot"). The hoof was considered to be made of horn similar to the material of an antler. Cato and Virgil both use the word of hooves; interestingly, in was also applied to birds' beaks, warts, and even, according to Pliny, skin over the eye. MCD [It would be good to consider whether the borrowing from Prudentius is solely verbal or whether the original context may shed light upon the new one in the Waltharius. JZ}}
|-
|[[Exultansque]] [[animis]] [[frustra]] [[sic]] [[fatur1|fatur]] [[ad]] [[auras]]:
|515
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.386: ''exultans animisque. . .'' ‘Flushed with courage. . .’ 11.491: ''exsultateque animis.'' ‘He exults in courage.’ 11.556: ''ita ad aethera fatur.'' ‘He cries thus to the heavens.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=exultansque animis}}
|{{Comment|frustra: "in vain." Emphasizes Gunther's vainglory again. MCD}}
|-
|[[Accelerate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[iam]] [[nunc]] [[capietis]] [[euntem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Numquam]] [[hodie]] [[effugiet]], [[furata]] [[talenta]] [[relinquet]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Furata'': passive in sense, though from a deponent.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Eclogue ''3.49: ''numquam hodie effugies.'' ‘This time you won’t get away!’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS|elision=H-ELISION: numquam hodie; hodie effugit}}
|{{Comment|Gunther combines Walther with the Huns in his mind to justify his unprovoked attack, imagining Walther the agent of the "theft" of treaty-money from the Franks. An alternative explanation is that he actually blames Walther for stealing from his lord (Attila, in this case) and so feels no compunction about taking back what was his. This implies a level of loyalty to Germanic oaths which he has not previously displayed, however. MCD [In this case the original context in the third Eclogue contrasts amusingly on what happens in the Waltharius and would be worth discussing. JZ]}}
|-
|[[Inclitus]] [[at]] [[Hagano]] [[contra1|contra]] [[mox]] [[reddidit]] [[ista2|ista]]:
|
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|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[unum3|Unum]] [[dico]] [[tibi1|tibi]], [[regum]] [[fortissime]], [[tantum1|tantum]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Si]] [[totiens]] [[tu1|tu]] [[Waltharium]] [[pugnasse]] [[videres]]
|520
|{{Commentary|''Videres'' equiv. to ''vidisses''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[nova]] [[totiens]], [[quotiens]] [[ego]], [[caede]] [[furentem]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.499-500.: ''vidi ipse furentem/ caede Neoptolemum. '' ‘I myself saw Neoptolemus, mad with slaughter.’ 8.695: ''arva nova Neptunia caede rubescunt. ''Neptune’s fields redden with strange slaughter.’ 10.514-515.: ''te, Turne, superbum/ caede nova. . .'' ‘You, Turnus, still flushed with fresh slaughter. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Numquam]] [[tam]] [[facile]] [[spoliandum]] [[forte]] [[putares]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The Hunnish battle early in the poem, before Walther speaks with Hildegund about escape, places the reader or listener's sympathies firmly with Hagan, since we too have "seen" Walther fight. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vidi]] [[Pannonias1|Pannonias]] [[acies]], [[cum]] [[bella]] [[cierent]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.541: ''bella cient.'' ‘They stir up wars.’ Statius, ''Thebaid ''11.487: ''cum bella cieret. . .'' ‘When he made war. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[contra1|Contra]] [[Aquilonares]] [[sive]] [[Australes]] [[regiones]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Aquilonares equiv. to Aquilonias''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=contra Aquilonares; sive Australes}}
| {{Comment|Since the beginning of the poem is spent establishing that all of western Europe fears the Huns, Hagan's assertion that he is greater than them carries considerable weight. MCD}}
|-
|[[Illic]] [[Waltharius]] [[propria]] [[virtute]] [[coruscus]]
|525
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"coruscus": see note to l. 453. Once again the poet uses images of light; this time Walther's manliness shines for the whole world. The exact repetition of the adjective "coruscus" from the ferryman's description also calls back to mind the image of the perfect warrior which Gunther has conveniently forgotten in order to convince his men that Walther is "imbellus" (see l. 486). MCD}}
|-
|[[Hostibus]] [[invisus]], [[sociis1|sociis]] [[mirandus]] [[obibat]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 6.167:'' lituo pugnas insignis obibat et hasta. '' ‘He braved the fray, glorious for clarion and spear alike.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quisquis1|Quisquis]] [[ei]] [[congressus erat]], [[mox]] [[Tartara]] [[vidit1|vidit]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 6.134-135: ''bis nigra videre/ Tartara. . . '' ‘Twice to see black Tartarus. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|The Waltharius-poet uses a Virgilian formula here, which may be significant in the effort to place the poem's religious loyalties. Though little is known specifically of continental Germanic paganism, it is generally assumed to bear some similarity to Scandinavian cults, since related tribes colonized the areas during the period of migration following the fall of Rome. According to what is known of Scandinavian beliefs, a warrior who fell in battle might hope that his soul would fly to Valhalla, a feasting hall in the realm of the gods, where great warriors awaited the final battle, Ragnarok, at the end of the world. Those who passed away from sickness or accident traveled instead to Hel, in an underworld which resembles Roman Tartarus or Christian Hell much more closely than Valhalla. A warrior who perished in battle with Walther, according to such a belief system, was much more fortunate than one who died safe in his bed. Little trace of such an ethos is evident in Hagan's warning, however; he treats death as a fate to be avoided. In this sense, Gunther's later mockery of Hagan's caution perhaps is justified in terms of Germanic religion; that Gunther's world-view is clearly denigrated, however, suggests that the Waltharius-poet wishes to associate all death with the darkness of Hel, stripping it of any (pagan) glory. For a further discussion of Germanic religion, see Rudolf Simek's chapter in ''Early Germanic Literature and Culture,'' ed. Brian Murdoch and Malcolm Read (2004).}}
|-
|[[O]] [[rex1|rex]] [[et]] [[comites1|comites]], [[experto]] [[credite]], [[quantus]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeneid'' 11.283-284: ''experto credite quantus/ in clipeum adsurgat, quo turbine torqueat hastam. '' ‘Trust one who has experienced it, how huge he looms above his shield, with what whirlwind he hurls his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"comites": Hagan remembers his fellow warriors and vassals to Gunther. Together, they form [what Tacitus called JZ] a comitatus, a war-band with cohesion and standards of loyalty which also bind Hagan. A betrayal of Gunther for Hagan would also amount to a betrayal of his companions. Hagan's later attempt to abdicate the situation, though perhaps intended to avoid breaking either oath, still leaves them without his protection. Appealing to them, too, is another way to appeal to Gunther, though such an appeal might dangerously undermine his loyalty. MCD}}
|-
|[[In]] [[clipeum]] [[surgat]], [[quo]] [[turbine]] [[torqueat]] [[hastam]].'
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeneid'' 11.283-284: ''experto credite quantus/ in clipeum adsurgat, quo turbine torqueat hastam. '' ‘Trust one who has experienced it, how huge he looms above his shield, with what whirlwind he hurls his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|The poet's use of parallel structure emphasizes Walther's great skill as a balanced warrior: he has no weaknesses. MCD}}
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[dum]] [[Guntharius]] [[male]] [[sana]] [[mente]] [[gravatus]]
|530
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 4.8: ''male sana. . . '' ‘Much distraught. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Gunther is "weighed down with an unhealthy mind." The poet is probably not suggesting that Gunther is insane, but he certainly does behave irrationally and obsessively with regard to Walther and the treasure he carries, sacrificing all his best men in the attempt to defeat him. Avarice itself, in the poet's mind, might be a kind of insanity. This is connected to the Platonic idea that the man ruled by his passions is a slave, devoid of true power, excluded from the "kingship" of rationality, which would probably have been familiar to the Waltharius-poet through Boethius. MCD [A citation is needed, at least to Boethius, to justify the mention of Plato. JZ]

Perhaps this would be more akin to Stoicism rather than Platonism? [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Nequaquam]] [[flecti]] [[posset]], [[castris1|castris]] [[propriabant]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Propiabant'' equiv. to ''appropinquabant''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius489|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** '''Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)'''
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius532|next »]]
|[[Waltharius513English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius489

2009-12-17T15:12:05Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)===
{|
|-
|[[Interea]] [[vir]] [[magnanimus]] [[de]] [[flumine]] [[pergens]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir magnanimus'': Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"magnanimus": literally, great-souled, great-hearted. Beyond mere kindness or generosity, the word implies heroic greatness of spirit. In this vein, Dante frequently uses an Italian cognate of the word to describe figures who, while damned, retain inherent nobility, such as Virgil or Farinata degli Uberti. MCD [The adjective was a Latin calque upon the Greek megathumos and megalopsuchos, as Servius pointed out in his comment on Aeneid 1.260. Attested first in Ennius, it is a fixture in Latin poetry. JZ]}}
|-
|[[Venerat]] [[in]] [[saltum]] [[iam]] [[tum]] [[Vosagum]] [[vocitatum]].
|490
|{{Commentary|''Vosagum'': the name properly belongs not just to a ''saltus'' but to the region of the Vosges Mountains, now in north-eastern France.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|The area around Worms falls outside of the defined modern boundaries of the Vosges. Walther and Hildgund had most likely reached only the northernmost peaks of the mountain range, which are made of sandstone and rise to (comparatively) low heights around 2000 feet. Further south, the mountains become granite and rise much higher. Throughout, they would have been thickly forested, resembling the Black Forest in age and density. MCD}}
|-
|[[Nam]] [[nemus]] [[est]] [[ingens2|ingens]], [[spatiosum]], [[lustra]] [[ferarum]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.471: ''illic saltus ac lustra ferarum.'' ‘They have woodland glades and haunts of game.’ ''Aeneid'' 3.646-647.: ''vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum/ lustra domosque traho. '' ‘I began to drag out my life in the woods among the lonely lairs and haunts of wild beasts.’ 3.432: ''canibus resonantia saxa. . .'' ‘Rocks that echo with her hounds. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The Waltharius-poet creates an odd variant of the classical locus amoenus, in which a beautiful place is described. Indeed, the use of the word "nemus," often associated with sacred groves, would lead us to expect a peaceful or beautiful place. However, this nemus is "ingens," and home to wild beasts. As a place of apparent but deceptive refuge, it has more in common with Virgil's island of the Cyclops, which also is home to "lustra ferarum." MCD}}
|-
|[[Plurima]] [[habens]], [[suetum1|suetum]] [[canibus]] [[resonare]] [[tubisque]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Suetum canibus resonare tubisque'': i.e., a popular place for hunting.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.471: ''illic saltus ac lustra ferarum.'' ‘They have woodland glades and haunts of game.’ ''Aeneid'' 3.646-647.: ''vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum/ lustra domosque traho. '' ‘I began to drag out my life in the woods among the lonely lairs and haunts of wild beasts.’ 3.432: ''canibus resonantia saxa. . .'' ‘Rocks that echo with her hounds. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=plurima habens}}
|{{Comment|"suetum canibus resonare tubisque": echoes a Virgilian phrase describing Scylla. This is probably a mere echo of diction rather than any deeper, content-based parallel. [Why? Better explain JZ] This is a good example of the pervading influence of the poet's classical background, of the pages and pages memorized during his education, in his Latin versification. MCD}}
|-
|[[Sunt]] [[in]] [[secessu]] [[bini]] [[montesque]] [[propinqui]],
|
|{{Commentary|The precise locale being described has been exhaustively sought after (cf. Althof ad loc.), but is probably imaginary; the details given are largely taken from the ''Aeneid'' and are closely tailored to the series of one-on-one combats that will occur there.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.159-160.: ''est in secessu longo locus. . .hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur/ in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late Aequora tuta silent. . .huc. . .Aeneas. . .subit. '' ‘There in a deep inlet lies a spot. On either side loom heavenward huge cliffs and twin peaks, beneath whose crest far and wide is the stillness of sheltered water. HereAeneas takes shelter.’ 3.229:'' in secessu longo. . .'' ‘In a deep recess. . .’ 8.597-598.: ''est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem. . .undique colles/ inclusere cavi et nigra nemus abiete cingunt. '' ‘Near Caere’s cold stream there stands a vast grove; on all sides curving hills enclose it and girdle the woodland with dark fir trees.’ 11.522-523.: ''est curvo anfractu valles. . .quam densis frondibus atrum/ urget utrimque latus. '' ‘There is a valley with sweeping curve, hemmed in on either side by a wall black with dense foliage.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Inter]] [[quos]] [[licet]] [[angustum]] [[specus]] [[extat]] [[amoenum]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.159-160: ''est in secessu longo locus. . .hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur/ in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late Aequora tuta silent. . .huc. . .Aeneas. . .subit. '' ‘There in a deep inlet lies a spot. On either side loom heavenward huge cliffs and twin peaks, beneath whose crest far and wide is the stillness of sheltered water. HereAeneas takes shelter.’ 3.229:'' in secessu longo. . .'' ‘In a deep recess. . .’ 8.597-598: ''est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem. . .undique colles/ inclusere cavi et nigra nemus abiete cingunt. '' ‘Near Caere’s cold stream there stands a vast grove; on all sides curving hills enclose it and girdle the woodland with dark fir trees.’ 11.522-523: ''est curvo anfractu valles. . .quam densis frondibus atrum/ urget utrimque latus. '' ‘There is a valley with sweeping curve, hemmed in on either side by a wall black with dense foliage.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|Though the place is narrow and inhabited by wolves and bears, the poet insists that it is "amoenum," pleasant. Indeed, his depiction of the place is almost schizophrenic, as he continues in the next lines to state that it was created by falling rocks (hardly conducive to safe refuge) and that it was best suited for bloody thieves. Nevertheless, the slight vegetation and Walther's relief at the prospect of rest give the place an air of hope. Possibly this conflicted description emphasizes the sense of relief at the prospect of rest and refuge which he intends Walther and Hildegund to feel. MCD}}
|-
|[[Non]] [[tellure]] [[cava]] [[factum]], [[sed1|sed]] [[vertice]] [[rupum]]:
|495
|
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Apta]] [[quidem]] [[statio]] [[latronibus]] [[illa1|illa]] [[cruentis]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.522-523: ''accommoda fraudi/ armorumque dolis''. . . ‘Fit site for the stratagems and deceits of war. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Angulus]] [[hic]] [[virides]] [[ac]] [[vescas]] [[gesserat]] [[herbas]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.174-175.: ''non gramina tantum/ nec vescas salicum frondes. . .'' ‘Not grass alone or poor willow leaves. . .’ 4.131: ''vescumque papaver. . .'' ‘Fine-seeded poppy. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|The echoes in these lines of Virgilian formulae in the Georgics may serve to emphasize the barrenness of the land, by contrasting it with the arable fields from which Walther and Hildegund have fled.}}
|-
|'[[huc]]', [[mox]] [[ut1|ut]] [[vidit1|vidit]] [[iuvenis]], '[[huc]]' [[inquit]] '[[eamus]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.530: ''huc iuvenis nota fertur regione viarum. '' ‘Hither the warrior hastens by a well-known road.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Despite the obvious dangers of the place, the fallen rocks do offer some possibilities for defense and shelter. Throughout their journey, Walther and Hildegund have traveled through hidden places (see l. 420: "Atque die saltus arbustaque densa requirens"). MCD}}
|-
|[[his2|His]] [[iuvat]] [[in]] [[castris]] [[fessum]] [[componere]] [[corpus]].'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics ''4.438: '' defessa. . .componere membra. . .'' ‘To settle his weary limbs. . .’ 4.189: ''ubi iam thalamis se composuere. . . '' ‘When they have laid themselves to rest in their chambers. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[postquam]] [[fugiens]] [[Avarum1|Avarum]] [[discesserat]] [[oris]],
|500
|{{Commentary|''Avarum…oris'': i.e., Attila’s city
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Non]] [[aliter]] [[somni]] [[requiem]] [[gustaverat]] [[idem]]
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
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|[[Quam]] [[super1|super]] [[innixus]] [[clipeo]]; [[vix]] [[clauserat]] [[orbes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Orbes'' equiv. to ''oculos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Walther's larger-than-life heroism is momentarily humanized with the depiction of his exhaustion. The poet allows the reader or listener an impression of how hard Walther has been working to survive and to protect Hildegund. Walther then proceeds to doff his armor and thus his identity as a warrior, delegating power to Hildegund. In an epic poem it is surprising that Walther sleeps not to receive a prophetic utterance but to respond to human weaknesses. Although the scene could be interpreted as another instance of the poet's ironic view of Germanic heroism, it could instead convey tenderness and trust in the relationship between Walther and Hildegund. MCD}}
|-
|[[Bellica]] [[tum]] [[demum]] [[deponens]] [[pondera]] [[dixit]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Bellica…pondera'' equiv. to ''arma''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.496: ''rapiens immania pondera baltei. . .'' ‘Tearing away the belt’s huge weight. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Virginis]] [[in]] [[gremium]] [[fusus]]: '[[circumspice]] [[caute]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.406: ''coniugis'' ''infusus gremio. . . '' ‘Melting in his wife’s arms. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|"fusus": a challenging word to translate. Kratz translates the phrase, "while resting the virgin's lap," which preserves English idioms admirably. However, the phrase seems to imply more movement, using the word "fundo" (literally, "to pour") and the accusative of place to which ("in gremium"). Moreover, later in the poem (667, 951, 977, 1018, 1052) variants of the word "fundo" describe the pouring out of brains or innards from stabbed warriors. Lewis & Short suggest that one translation of "fundo" might be "stretch out" or "scatter." The poet may mean to indicate that Walther has lain down with his head in Hildegund's lap. The most idiomatic translation might be "having relaxed into the virgin's lap." MCD}}
|-
|[[Hiltgunt1|Hiltgunt]], [[et]] [[nebulam]] [[si]] [[tolli]] [[videris1|videris]] [[atram]],
|505
|{{Commentary|''Nebulam'': i.e., of dust from an approaching army
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.355-356.: ''lupi ceu/ raptores atra in nebula. . . '' ‘Like ravening wolves in a black mist. . .’ 8.258: ''nebulaque ingens specus aestuat atra. '' ‘Through the mighty cave the mist surges black.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Attactu]] [[blando]] [[me1|me]] [[surgere]] [[commonitato]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[licet]] [[ingentem]] [[conspexeris]] [[ire]] [[catervam]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[excutias]] [[somno]] [[subito1|subito]], [[mi3|mi]] [[cara]], [[caveto]],
|
|{{Commentary|Hiltgunt should not wake Waltharius suddenly and thus startle him; since her eyes (''acies'', line 509) are good, she will be able to see an enemy from far away (and thus still give Waltharius plenty of time to react).
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.302: ''excutior somno.''’I shake myself from sleep.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|elision=ne excutias}}
|{{Comment|"caveto:" Walther may be concerned that if he is woken too suddenly, he will react violently. Such vigilance is a commonplace in action films, proof that "a hero never sleeps."

'''Walther aptly uses the future imperative as in 506 ("commonitato") because he is referring to a conditional event in the future (cf. the future perfect "videris" in 505) - as opposed to "circumspice" in 504, which Hiltgunt is supposed to do right way. [JJTY]'''}}
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[procul]] [[hinc]] [[acies]] [[potis es]] [[transmittere]] [[puras]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instanter]] [[cunctam]] [[circa]] [[explora]] [[regionem]].'
|510
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=circa explora}}
| {{Comment|Walther entrusts Hildegund with the duties of a guard and trusts to her prudence about whether he should be woken. Though Hildegund spends much of the poem in the background, even this small role is unusual for a woman in a heroic poem, and it affirms her value as an agent in the poem, not merely another treasure carried off from the Huns. Ironically, she is the true "gemma" (see note to l. 462), but as such she is not to be classed with the treasure as an object. The Franks will demand "the treasure and the girl," (l. 602) but they, as usual, are in error. For a further discussion, see Ward, in Roman Epic, ed. Boyle, 1993.}}
|-
|[[haec2|Haec]] [[ait1|ait]] [[atque]] [[oculos]] [[concluserat]] [[ipse]] [[nitentes]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.297: ''haec ait et. . .'' ‘He speaks these words, and. . .’ 1.228: ''oculos. . .nitentis. . . '' ‘Her bright eyes. . .’ ''Liber Hester'' 15.8: ''nitentibus oculis. . . '' ‘With shining eyes. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS|elision=atque oculos}}
|{{Comment|"oculos nitentes": See note to l. 453.
See also Matthew 6:22-24: "The light of thy body is thy eye. If thy eye be single, thy whole body shall be lightsome. But if thy eye be evil thy whole body shall be darksome. If then the light that is in thee, be darkness: the darkness itself how great shall it be! No man can serve two masters. For either he will hate the one, and love the other: or he will sustain the one, and despise the other. You cannot serve God and mammon" (Douay-Rheims translation. In Latin, the verses are: "lucerna corporis est oculus si fuerit oculus tuus simplex totum corpus tuum lucidum erit / si autem oculus tuus nequam fuerit totum corpus tuum tenebrosum erit si ergo lumen quod in te est tenebrae sunt tenebrae quantae erunt / nemo potest duobus dominis servire aut enim unum odio habebit et alterum diliget aut unum sustinebit et alterum contemnet non potestis Deo servire et mamonae") Walther's eyes shine, as indeed his "great soul" does. He is contrasted to Gunther's greed. MCD}}
|-
|[[Iamque]] [[diu]] [[satis]] [[optata]] [[fruitur]] [[requiete]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 4.619: ''optata luce fruatur.'' ‘May he enjoy the life he longs for.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius436|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** '''Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)'''
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius513|next »]]
|[[Waltharius489English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-17T14:08:02Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him.
Note the regular DSDSDS scansion, again mimicking the regular marching of the travelers and perhaps also the structured tale retold "ex ordine." MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court. One possibility is that he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. Another is that the fish, as an unfamiliar species, would constitute a "wonder" which the king would want to see. (For further insight into the motif of marvels in medieval literature, see Ziolkowki, Fairy Tales Before Fairy Tales (2007), pp. 184-186.) Either way, the outcome of the ferry-man's conscientiousness is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD Filmmaker Alfred Hitchcock was famous for his introduction of the term 'MacGuffin,' essentially an arbitrary vehicle through which to set off the action of his films. Perhaps who the ferryman is or why he heads to Gunther's court is less important than the fact that Walther and his treasure is drawn to Gunther's attention. [AP].}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On the one hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king MCD}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
||{{Comment|Gunther's urgent need to know who brought the fish is difficult to account for apart from the poet's need to bring the king and Walther into collision. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
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|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan's and Gunther's reactions to the news of Walther's presence near Worms. Since Walther needs to return home to found his own successful dynasty, the comparison is apt. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The ferryman's account takes on the qualities of a vision, especially since his description primarily creates an image rather than a narrative of Walther and Hildegund. The poet is creating the poetic equivalent of a film flashback. MCD}}
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
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|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
||{{Comment|The poet emphasizes again Walther's formidable appearance in his armor. In the lines that follow, he enumerates again the items of armor Walther has worn from Pannonia, though this has already been described at ll. 333-340. The reiteration emphasizes Walther's identity as a warrior and the impressive appearance he makes to all who see him. He is the type of a classical or Germanic hero, physically recognizable as greater than other men, and his identity is fused with his warrior spirit. On a more naturalistic level, the reiteration of his armor prepares the reader for Walther's fatigue when he and Hildegund arrive in the Vosges, since he has enacted the warrior role for the entirety of their forty-day journey. MCD}}
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"coruscat": The poet is fond of words that denote shining, sparkling, or flashing. In this case, the sparkle is literally applied to the reflection of the brandished spear. In other cases, however, it denotes fame, beauty, or worth. Thus, Worms is described as "nitentem" (l. 433) and Walther as "coruscus" (l. 525). MCD}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|To render Walther similar "to a strong man," the poet alters a Virgilian formula in which Aeneas resembles a god What this allusion lacks in rhetorical force, it makes up in historical interest. The poet apparently is trying to create a hero who preserves the classic heroic features while divorcing him from a divine background and placing him firmly in the Christian universe subordinate to the monotheistic God. MCD}}
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|"Nitore": See note above.
This description of Hildegund echoes the poet's original depiction of her in her father's home. There, she was "stemmate formae"; here, "decorata formae." The use of the word "formae" implies symmetry and perfection above mere attraction. Hildegund is the ideal woman, and as such, it is appropriate to "crown" her prematurely in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|A somewhat problematic line to translate. Kratz writes that Hildegund "matched him stride for stride." This is a good but loose rendering. Literally, the line reads "the girl bruises heel with heel." This translation suggests Hildegund's loyalty and closeness to Walther. Another possibility: "the girl wipes out footprint with footprint." The phrasing imitates Virgil's Aeneid (V.324). R. Deryk Williams (Aeneid I-VI, 2006) acknowledges the difficulty of the phrase there too, suggesting that it based on Homer's formulation in the Iliad (23.763, in which Odysseus "is treading in Ajax's footsteps before the dust had settled" (420). MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
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|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|sonipes: like cornipes, another word for the horse, Lion. This time the word emphasizes the noise its hooves make. These euphemisms for the horse echo a feature of Germanic and Norse poetic language, the kenning, which describes a well-known noun circuitously. Thus, an Old English word for "ocean" is "hronrad," or "whale-road." Likewise, in Old Norse, gold is called "Otter's Ransom" and "Freya's Tears," among numerous other titles. "Sonipes" could be translated as "sounding-foot" and "cornipes" as "horn-foot." (The words also work metonymically, substituting the part of a horse --- the hoof --- to signify the whole.) Likewise, the description at line 1059 of a wound as a necklace ("torquem") suggests that the poet is remembering the style of German kennings. MCD}}
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The picture of the perfect hero with the perfect woman is completed by the perfect, sprited horse. The poet creates a strong image. MCD}}
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"gemmis": When she is first introduced, Hildegund is described as the "gemma parentum," the jewel of her parents (l. 74). Ward suggests that Hildegund is the true treasure in this scenario, although the vivid and tempting picture the ferryman paints here makes it easy to understand why Gunther misses this moral. MCD}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
||{{Comment|"quippe": emphasizes that Hagan is one of Gunther's closest allies and associates. Wherever the king sits, Hagan sits also. This will increase the gravity of Hagan's dilemma later in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
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|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|Hagan recognizes his childhood friend immediately by his description. MCD}}
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation comes as a shock that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Despite being unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, Gunther does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. He is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure because he resents the tribute his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him.
"cunctipotens": all-powerful one, presumably God. The singular invocation suggests that Gunther might be Christian, although in general throughout the poem he represents the older, Germanic warrior ethos in all its problematic glory. MCD [Good point: so far as I can remember, the adjective is used solely of the Christian God. The epithet might be useful in dating the poem: check the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae and the Mittellateinisches Worterbuch sub voce. JZ]}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Gunther has placed Hagan in an almost unbearable position in which he will be forced to betray one of his vows unless he can dissuade the king. Ward argues that for breaking his vow Hagan in punished with the loss of his eye and his teeth (Roman Epic, ed. Boyle, 1993). It is difficult to see, however, what Hagan could have done differently. The Waltharius-poet may be attempting to show the limitations of the Germanic warrior-ethos, which in his view limits ethical behavior. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeneid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeneid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Squamosus": literally, "scaly." This image not only captures the appearance of closely-woven Germanic corslets but also brings interesting reptilian associations to Hagan and his men. Dragons, traditional symbols of greed, are often described in terms of their impenetrable scales (as in Beowulf, ll. 2574-2680). By putting on scales, Gunther and his men become less than men, half-beasts transformed by greed. Indeed, in medieval literature dragons are occasionally imagined as demonic versions of men. In the late medieval English romance Bevis of Hampton, two greedy and warring lords are transformed by the Devil into dragons and terrorize Germany and Italy.}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|{{Comment|"imbellum": literally, "unwarlike." Despite the ferryman's description of the bellicose passenger, Gunther and his men imagine that Walther will be easy to overcome. The disjunction emphasizes further Gunther's overweening pride and greed. This is an instance of dramatic irony on the part of the Waltharius-poet (see Green, Irony in the Medieval Romance, 1979). MCD}}
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
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|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|Kratz translates "infelix" as "ill-starred," a somewhat figurative rendering. Literally, the word can denote infertility, as in Virgil's Georgics, 2.237-239 ("intereunt segetes, subit aspera silva, / lappaeque tribolique, interque nitentia culta /infelix lolium et steriles dominantur avena.") It also comes to carry the meaning of unhappiness, even denoting someone who causes unhappiness. This last definition might best describe the troublemaker Gunther, though the word's connotations of infertility also ominously foreshadow Gunther's fate. MCD}}
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-15T06:21:53Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
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|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him.
Note the regular DSDSDS scansion, again mimicking the regular marching of the travelers and perhaps also the structured tale retold "ex ordine." MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
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|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD [This is an interesting tack. A possible explanation is that subjects were expected to bring marvels of nature to their rulers. This concept is evident in the twelfth-century Rapularius, with which I deal in _Fairy Tales from Before Fairy Tales_: an impoverished knight-turned-farmer happens to grow a gigantic turnip, which he presents to the king. JZ]}}
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|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
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|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
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|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
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|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
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|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
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|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On the one hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king MCD}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
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|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
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|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
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|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
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|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
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|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
||{{Comment|Gunther's urgent need to know who brought the fish is difficult to account for apart from the poet's need to bring the king and Walther into collision. MCD}}
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|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
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|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
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|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
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|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan's and Gunther's reactions to the news of Walther's presence near Worms. Since Walther needs to return home to found his own successful dynasty, the comparison is apt. MCD}}
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|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
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|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The ferryman's account takes on the qualities of a vision, especially since his description primarily creates an image rather than a narrative of Walther and Hildegund. The poet is creating the poetic equivalent of a film flashback. MCD}}
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|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
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|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
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|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
||{{Comment|The poet emphasizes again Walther's formidable appearance in his armor. In the lines that follow, he enumerates again the items of armor Walther has worn from Pannonia, though this has already been described at ll. 333-340. The reiteration emphasizes Walther's identity as a warrior and the impressive appearance he makes to all who see him. He is the type of a classical or Germanic hero, physically recognizable as greater than other men, and his identity is fused with his warrior spirit. On a more naturalistic level, the reiteration of his armor prepares the reader for Walther's fatigue when he and Hildegund arrive in the Vosges, since he has enacted the warrior role for the entirety of their forty-day journey. MCD}}
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|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
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|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"coruscat": The poet is fond of words that denote shining, sparkling, or flashing. In this case, the sparkle is literally applied to the reflection of the brandished spear. In other cases, however, it denotes fame, beauty, or worth. Thus, Worms is described as "nitentem" (l. 433) and Walther as "coruscus" (l. 525). MCD}}
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|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|To render Walther similar "to a strong man," the poet alters a Virgilian formula in which Aeneas resembles a god What this allusion lacks in rhetorical force, it makes up in historical interest. The poet apparently is trying to create a hero who preserves the classic heroic features while divorcing him from a divine background and placing him firmly in the Christian universe subordinate to the monotheistic God. MCD}}
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|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
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|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
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|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|"Nitore": See note above.
This description of Hildegund echoes the poet's original depiction of her in her father's home. There, she was "stemmate formae"; here, "decorata formae." The use of the word "formae" implies symmetry and perfection above mere attraction. Hildegund is the ideal woman, and as such, it is appropriate to "crown" her prematurely in the poem. MCD}}
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|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
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|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|A somewhat problematic line to translate. Kratz writes that Hildegund "matched him stride for stride." This is a good but loose rendering. Literally, the line reads "the girl bruises heel with heel." This translation suggests Hildegund's loyalty and closeness to Walther. Another possibility: "the girl wipes out footprint with footprint." MCD [It would be a good idea to look at a commentary on Aeneid 5 to see how line 324 is construed. JZ]}}
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|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
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|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
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|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
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|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|sonipes: like cornipes, another word for the horse, Lion. This time the word emphasizes the noise its hooves make. These euphemisms for the horse echo a feature of Germanic and Norse poetic language, the kenning, which describes a well-known noun circuitously. Thus, an Old English word for "ocean" is "hronrad," or "whale-road." Likewise, in Old Norse, gold is called "Otter's Ransom" and "Freya's Tears," among numerous other titles. MCD [The description of a slit neck as being like a necklace seems to me closer to a kenning than these two words, which come closer to metonymy or synecdoche. JZ]}}
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|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
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|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The picture of the perfect hero with the perfect woman is completed by the perfect, sprited horse. The poet creates a strong image. MCD}}
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|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
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|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"gemmis": When she is first introduced, Hildegund is described as the "gemma parentum," the jewel of her parents (l. 74). Ward suggests that Hildegund is the true treasure in this scenario, although the vivid and tempting picture the ferryman paints here makes it easy to understand why Gunther misses this moral. MCD}}
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|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
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|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
||{{Comment|"quippe": emphasizes that Hagan is one of Gunther's closest allies and associates. Wherever the king sits, Hagan sits also. This will increase the gravity of Hagan's dilemma later in the poem. MCD}}
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|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
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|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
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|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
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|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|Hagan recognizes his childhood friend immediately by his description. MCD}}
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|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
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|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
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|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. MCD}}
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|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
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|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
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|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
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|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him.
"cunctipotens": all-powerful one, presumably God. The singular invocation suggests that Gunther might be Christian, although in general throughout the poem he represents the older, Germanic warrior ethos in all its problematic glory. MCD}}
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|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Gunther has placed Hagan in an almost unbearable position in which he will be forced to betray one of his vows unless he can dissuade the king. Ward argues that Hagan in punished for breaking his vow with the loss of his eye and his teeth (Roman Epic, ed. Boyle, 1993). It is difficult to see, however, what Hagan could have done differently. The Waltharius-poet may be attempting to show the limitations of the Germanic warrior-ethos, which in his eyes limits ethical behavior. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Squamosus": literally, scaly. It is a powerful image which captures the appearance of closely-woven Germanic corslets, but it also brings interesting reptilian associations to Hagan and his men. Dragons, traditional symbols of greed, are often described in terms of their impenetrable scales (as in Beowulf, ll. 2574-2680). By putting on scales, Gunther and his men become less than men, half-beasts transformed by greed. Indeed, in medieval literature dragons are occasionally imagined as demonic versions of men. In the late medieval English romance Bevis of Hampton, two greedy and warring lords are transformed by the Devil into dragons and terrorize Germany and Italy.}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|{{Comment|"imbellum": literally, "unwarlike one." Despite the ferryman's undeniably bellicose description, Gunther and his men imagine Walther will be easy to overcome. I suspect this is not meant to sound at all logical, in order to emphasize further Gunther's overweening pride and greed. This is an instance of dramatic irony on the part of the Waltharius-poet (see Green, Irony in the Medieval Romance, 1979). MCD}}
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|Kratz translates "infelix" as "ill-starred," a somewhat figurative rendering. Literally, the word denotes infertility, as in Virgil's Georgics, 2.237-239 ("intereunt segetes, subit aspera silva, / lappaeque tribolique, interque nitentia culta /infelix lolium et steriles dominantur avena.") It also comes to carry the meaning of unhappiness, even denoting someone who causes unhappiness. This last definition might best describe the troublemaker Gunther, though the word's connotations of infertility also ominously foreshadow Gunther's fate. MCD}}
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius419

2009-12-15T05:29:31Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)===
{|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[fugiens1|fugiens]], [[ut]] [[dixi]], [[noctibus]] [[ivit]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[die]] [[saltus]] [[arbustaque]] [[densa]] [[requirens]]
|420
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Arte]] [[accersitas]] [[pariter]] [[capit]] [[arte]] [[volucres]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS|elision=arte accersitas}}
| {{Comment|Walther may seem remarkably well-versed in wilderness survival techniques, knowing two forms of catching birds and fishing. Later medieval heroes, such as the knights of romance, rely more heavily on hospitality at strange castles, and even when readers are told that a knight has spent months in the wilderness, his hunting and fishing techniques are rarely narrated. By contrast, tales of the Norse gods and heroes do depict hunting and fishing. Thor demonstrates his prowess as a fisherman against the world-serpent itself, while Loki and Odin catch and kill and otter for sport, with disastrous consequences. This contrast emphasizes the changing nature of medieval society. By the time of the French and German romances, the Frankish homeland was largely "tamed," made arable and brought under the rule of castles, manors, or towns. Walther seems to be walking instead through a truly wild land, and his heroism relies in part on his ability to draw sustenance from that land. MCD.}}
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[fallens]] [[visco]], [[nunc]] [[fisso]] [[denique]] [[ligno]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Fisso…ligno'': a kind of trap for birds, consisting of a piece of green wood split down the middle with the two halves held apart at one end, such that when a bird arrives, attracted by bait scattered in the middle, the two halves will snap together and break its legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics ''1.139-140.: ''tum laqueis captare feras et fallere visco/ inventum. '' ‘Then was discovered how to catch game with traps and to snare birds with lime.’ ''Aeineid'' 9.413-414.: ''hasta. . .fisso transit praecordia ligno. '' ‘The spear pierces the midriff with the broken wood.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Birdlime ("viscum") was made of mistletoe berries, and indeed, the word in classical Latin refers primarily to mistletoe. The word is uncommon in later Latin, attested neither in the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae nor Mediae Latinitatis Lexikon Minus. [Well, the TLL has not come class to the letter V yet and the MLLM focuses upon words that depart from Classical Latin. A better way to check would be to search for visc* or whatever the wildcard sign is in the Patrologia Latina database or the CLCLT database. But you may be right in the substance of your point! JZ] What might seem to be an allusion to contemporary practice is thus more likely to refer to textual precedents in Virgil and Cicero. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ast]] [[ubi]] [[pervenit]], [[qua]] [[flumina]] [[curva]] [[fluebant]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.11-12.: ''camposque et flumina late/ curva tenent.'' ‘Far and wide they claim the plains and winding rivers.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|"flumina...curva": most likely, tributaries of the Rhine and Danube, though at times the geography of the poem seems less literal than topical. In the course of the poem, we see mountains, battle-fields, river-areas, and even a brief glimpse of the ocean, where the Huns' empire supposedly reaches, though in reality, Hunnish hordes never reached the Atlantic. The poem's journeys throughout Europe render it a form of "world tour," so the diverse settings are appropriate. MCD}}
|-
|[[Immittens]] [[hamum]] [[rapuit]] [[sub]] [[gurgite]] [[praedam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics ''4.395:'' sub gurgite. . .'' ‘Beneath the wave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[famis]] [[pestem]] [[pepulit]] [[tolerando]] [[laborem]].
|425
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
| {{Comment|"famis pestem": an unusual use of "pestem" (pestis, pestis, feminine) which usually refers to a literal plague or disease. In classical Latin, "pestis" can be used metonymically to signify "death," which is probably what the Waltharius-poet intends here, as in "death by hunger." However, the specific phrase is without precedent. MCD [Take a look at Abbo of St. Germain, De bello Parisiaco 1, ed. Migne, PL 132.727B.]}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[fugae]] [[toto]] [[se1|se]] [[tempore]] [[virginis]] [[usu]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Virginis usu'': The poet praises Waltharius for abstaining from sexual intercourse.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Walther refrains from "use" of Hildegund, which suggests that she carries a different status from the rest of the treasure. As earlier, the poet takes pains to depict a companionate relationship between the two exiles, emphasizing Hildegund's personal, feminine value above mere chattel. See John O. Ward, "After Rome: Medieval Epic," in Roman Epic, ed. A.J. Boyle (Routledge, 1993). MCD [It is worth pointing out along with the other observations you make that Hildegund's virginity has by this moment in the poem been emphasized repeatedly: this is the tenth time the poet has used the word virgo, I think! Just for thoroughness' sake, I should point out that Edoardo D'Angelo took "usus" to refer not to "sexual enjoyment" but to "use" or "work." This interpretation has the attraction of following logically from the preceding lines: namque makes sense as a connective. JZ]}}
|-
|[[Continuit]] [[vir]] [[Waltharius]] [[laudabilis]] [[heros]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|Ward makes much of Walther’s abstention from sex with Hildegund in the wilderness. Instead of treating her as spoils of war, he shows respect for her noble status and her potential to become a wife and mother of heirs. Such heirs would need to be incontestable, not sullied by the shadow of extramarital sex. Though the term “chivalry” is anachronistic in this context, Walther’s careful respect for Hildegund as a marriageable woman (and thus, a stabilizer of culture) and his avoidance of the sin of lust make him a prototype for the later “domesticated” heroes of romance. For Ward, the poem represents the efforts of the Carolingian church to craft just such religious and domestic values. MCD

Perhaps Walther's abstinence is also connected with the other associations with Lent? [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Ecce]] [[quater]] [[denos]] [[sol]] [[circumflexerat]] [[orbes]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Quater denos'': the length of time is perhaps of biblical inspiration.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.131: ''circumflectere cursus. . .'' ‘To double round the courses. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Walther and Hildegund wander in the wilderness between the land of the Huns and the territory of Worms for forty days, a period which echoes the wandering of the Jews prior to their entrance into the Promised Land (cf. Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy), [the number of days and nights that Moses spends on the mountaintop, JZ] the period of Christ’s temptation in the desert (cf. Matthew 4:1-11; Mark 1:13-14; Luke 4:1-15), and the length of Lent. The specification of forty days is no accident, but as usual in the poem, the function of such a religious reference is unclear.
It may imply a spiritual significance to Walter’s ordeal, fulfilled in the “justice” meted out by the poem’s peculiar ending. Similarly, if Walter and Hildegund’s journey functions as a kind of Lent, then Walther’s bloody battle might constitute an analogue to Good Friday or other older and more indigenous tales of human sacrifice and rebirth. Indeed, after passing through the carnage and loss of Walther’s single combat, order, friendship, and loyalty are reborn and restored in a kind of resurrection.
The time specification may also emphasize that the Waltharius is a tale preliminary to Walter’s illustrious rule, much as the wanderings of Christ or the Israelites in the desert forms a prelude to a well-known, public career.
Alternatively, the specification of forty days may simply function as yet another religious “ghost” in the poem, like the references to fauns (ll. 761-763) or Wieland (ll. 965-966)[except that here the dead religion would be Christianity? JZ] MCD}}
|-
|[[Ex]] [[quo1|quo]] [[Pannonica]] [[fuerat]] [[digressus]] [[ab]] [[urbe]].
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ipso]] [[qui3|qui]]ppe [[die]], [[numerum]] [[qui3|qui]] [[clauserat]] [[istum]],
|430
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Venerat]] [[ad]] [[fluvium]] [[iam]] [[vespere]] [[tum]] [[mediante]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Vespere…mediante equiv. to medio vespere''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Secundum Iohannem ''7.14: ''iam autem die festo mediante. . .'' ‘Now about the midst of the feast. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scilicet]] [[ad]] [[Rhenum]], [[qua]] [[cursus]] [[tendit]] [[ad]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Rhenum'': the Rhine River.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.834: ''cursum contendere iussi.'' ‘They are bidden to shape their course.’ 12.909: ''nequiquam avidos extendere cursus/ velle videmur.'' ‘We seem to strive in vain to press on our eager course.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nomine]] [[Wormatiam]] [[regali]] [[sede]] [[nitentem]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Wormatiam'': Worms, a city on the Rhine in present-day Germany, here the capital (''regali sede'') of the Franks, now ruled by Gunther. The route that Waltharius is taking home is a very circuitous one.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Line-52-(Chalons)-or-433-(Worms).png
File:Waltharius-Line-433.png
File:Europe500.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Worms has existed at least since the time of Julius Caesar. In the fifth century, it became the Burgundian capital, not the Frankish seat, though it remained an important state center when the Franks came to occupy the Rhineland in later centuries. It features in another German epic, the 12th-century Nibelungenlied, when Gunther and Hagan appear again, this time as Burgundians. The Nibelungenlied, though written during the High Middle Ages, would seem to have roots in earlier myth, like the Waltharius, since versions of the story appear in Scandinavian fragments. Indeed, some echoes of the story might be present in the poem itself. Grimm suggested [CITATION NEEDED JZ] that line 555's "Franci nebulones" might be corrected as "Franci nivilones," though this theory has not met with great favor.}}
|-
|[[Illic]] [[pro]] [[naulo]] [[pisces]] [[dedit]] [[antea]] [[captos]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Naulo'': “fare” for being ferried across the river.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Iona Propheta'' 1.3: ''et invenit navem euntem in Tharsis et dedit naulum eius. '' ‘And he found a ship going to Tharsis: and he paid the fare thereof.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[mox]] [[transpositus]] [[graditur]] [[properanter]] [[anhelus]].
|435
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|The heavily dactylic line imitates the swift movement of Walther and Hildegund's journey. MCD}}
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius380|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** '''Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)'''
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius436|next »]]
|[[Waltharius419English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius324

2009-12-15T04:37:29Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)===
{|
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|[[Tandem]] [[dilectam]] [[vocat1|vocat]] [[ad]] [[semet]] [[mulierem]],
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
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|[[Praecipiens]] [[causas]] [[citius2|citius]] [[deferre]] [[paratas]].
|325
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
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|[[Ipseque]] [[de]] [[stabulis]] [[victorem]] [[duxit]] [[equorum]],
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.656: ''victoresque ostentat equos. '' ‘He displays his victorious steeds.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
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|[[Ob]] [[virtutem]] [[quem1|quem]] [[vocitaverat]] [[ille3|ille]] [[Leonem]].
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS}}
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|[[Stat]] [[sonipes]] [[ac]] [[frena]] [[ferox]] [[spumantia]] [[mandit]].
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 4.134-135.: ''ostroque insignis et auro/ stat sonipes ac frena ferox spumantia mandit.'' ‘Her prancing steed stands brilliant in purple and gold, and proudly champs the foaming bit.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|This line is taken verbatim from Aeneid 4.135 where it describes Dido’s horse. For consideration of the significance of classical borrowings that alter the gender of the person being discussed, see Dronke 1971. SB.}}
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[postquam]] [[faleris]] [[solito]] [[circumdedit]], [[ecce]]
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|{{Commentary|''Solito'': sc. ''more''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.310: ''equum phaleris insignem. . . '' ‘A horse splendid with trappings. . .’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
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|[[Scrinia]] [[plena]] [[gazae]] [[lateri]] [[suspendit]] [[utrique]].
|330
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
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|[[Atque]] [[iteri]] [[longo1|longo]] [[modicella]] [[cibaria]] [[ponit]]
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|{{Commentary|''Iteri equiv. to itineri''. The different stem is in fact found in archaic Latin, and Lucretius has the ablative ''itere ''(5.653). ''Modicella'' equiv. to ''modica''
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=atque iteri}}
|{{Comment|'''modicella cibaria''' The moderation in eating and the planning for a fish-based diet suggest, compared especially to the large feast, a Lenten fast, which would keep with the forty-day length of the journey. Juxtaposed to the scenes of luxuria and ebrietas immediately preceding, one is faced inescapably with strong overtones of the Lenten liturgy. SB}}
|-
|[[Loraque]] [[virgineae]] [[mandat]] [[fluitantia]] [[dextrae]].
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|{{Parallel|Ovid, ''Ars Amatoria ''433-434.: ''modo det fluitantia rector/ lora. '' ‘The driver now lets the reins float loose.’ ''Aeneid'' 5.146: ''undantia lora. . .'' ‘The waving reins. . .’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
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|[[ipseque2|Ipseque]] [[lorica]] [[vestitus]] [[more]] [[gigantis]]
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|{{Commentary|Althof points out how the how the armor is described “in a Homeric manner,” i.e., through a portrayal of the act of arming rather than by a static description.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.487-488.: ''iamque adeo rutilum thoraca indutus aenis/ horrebat squamis surasque incluserat auro,/ tempora nudus adhuc, laterique accinxerat ensem. '' ‘And now he had donned his flashing breastplate and bristled with bronze scales; his legs he had sheathed in gold, though his temples were yet bare, and he had buckled his sword to his side.’ 12.87-88.: ''ipse dehinc auro squalentem alboque orichalco/ circumdate loricam umeris, simul aptat habendo/ ensemque clipeumque et rubrae cornua cristae.'' ‘Next he binds upon his shoulders a corslet stiff with gold and pale mountain bronze; at the same time he fits on sword and shield and the horns of his ruddy crest.’
 ''Liber I Macchabeorum ''3.3: ''induit se loricam sicut gigans et succinxit se arma bellica sua in proeliis.'' ‘He put on a breastplate as a giant, and girt his warlike armour about him in battles.’
}}
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="120px" heights="80px" perrow="3">
File:Waltharius-Lines-333–339.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-333–339_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-333–339_2.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-333–339_3.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-333–339_4.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|'''more gigantis''' for giants in the Bible, see Genesis 6.4, Numbers 13.34, Deuteronomy 2.11, but it is possible that the strength of Goliath is imagined (1 Samuel 17). SB [Remember too the passage from Maccabees cited above. JZ]}}
|-
|[[Imposuit]] [[capiti]] [[rubras]] [[cum2|cum]] [[casside]] [[cristas]]
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.487-488.: ''iamque adeo rutilum thoraca indutus aenis/ horrebat squamis surasque incluserat auro,/ tempora nudus adhuc, laterique accinxerat ensem. '' ‘And now he had donned his flashing breastplate and bristled with bronze scales; his legs he had sheathed in gold, though his temples were yet bare, and he had buckled his sword to his side.’ 12.87-88.: ''ipse dehinc auro squalentem alboque orichalco/ circumdate loricam umeris, simul aptat habendo/ ensemque clipeumque et rubrae cornua cristae.'' ‘Next he binds upon his shoulders a corslet stiff with gold and pale mountain bronze; at the same time he fits on sword and shield and the horns of his ruddy crest.’
 ''Aeneid'' 9.50: ''cristaque tegit galea aurea rubra.'' ‘A golden helmet with crimson crest guards his head.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|{{Comment|'''334-339''' Here we have a fuller depiction of Walter’s arms and armor than at 263-5 when he is merely asking Hildegund for the king’s armor. The descriptions of the different pieces of Walter’s panoply (crested helmet, greaves of gold, two-edge sword, second one-edged sword, spear, shield) are taken from earlier poetry, but may be linked to the early medieval weaponry that we know from written and archaeological sources. See Ziolkowski 2008. SB.}}
|-
|[[Ingentesque]] [[ocreis]] [[suras]] [[complectitur]] [[aureis]]
|335
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.488: ''surasque incluserat auro''. ‘His legs he had sheathed in gold.’ 12.430: ''suras incluserat auro.''
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=ingentesque ocreis|false quantities=aureis}}
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|[[Et]] [[laevum]] [[femur]] [[ancipiti]] [[praecinxerat]] [[ense]]
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|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Peristephanon'' 2.502: ''non ense praecinxit latus.'' ‘He did not gird a sword on his side.’ ''Aeneid'' 7.525: ''ferro ancipiti decernunt.'' ‘With two-edged steel they try the issue.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Note the attention with which the poet treats the side on which the sword is girded. SB}}
|-
|[[Atque]] [[alio]] [[dextrum2|dextrum]] [[pro]] [[ritu]] [[Pannoniarum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pro ritu Pannoniarum'': the custom of wearing two swords, the main one being on the left and a smaller one on the right, is in fact Germanic, as archaeological finds and literary sources, including ''Beowulf'', show. (The Romans often also wore two swords, but with the sides reversed.)
}}
|{{Parallel|''Liber Iudicum'' 3.15-16.: ''qui utraque manu utebatur pro dextera. . .qui fecit sibi gladium ancipitem. . .et accinctus est eo subter sagum in dextro femore.'' ‘[He] who used the left hand as well as the right. . . he made himself a two-edged sword. . .and was girded therewith under his garment on the right thigh.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}{{Pictures|<gallery widths="120px" heights="80px" perrow="3">
File:Waltharius-Lines-333–339.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-333–339_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-333–339_2.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-333–339_3.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-333–339_4.png
File:Europe500.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=atque alio}}
|{{Comment|in a famous letter from Charlemagne to Offa, Anglo-Saxon king of Mercia, (probably written by Alcuin) Charlemagne mentions a Hunnish sword that he sends to Offa among other gifts. If the Waltharius is dated to the early ninth century, the ethnographic interest may reflect current events. MGH Epp. IV, no. 100, p. 146: "unum gladium Huniscum." See Story, Carolingian Connections: Anglo-Saxon England and Carolingian Francia, c. 750-870 (Aldershot, 2003). SB.}}
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|[[is2|Is]] [[tamen]] [[ex]] [[una]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[dat]] [[vulnera]] [[parte]].
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|{{Commentary|''Is'': the second sword.
}}
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|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
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|[[Tunc]] [[hastam]] [[dextra2|dextra]] [[rapiens]] [[clipeumque]] [[sinistra1|sinistra]]
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|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS}}
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|[[Coeperat]] [[invisa]] [[trepidus]] [[decedere]] [[terra]].
|340
|{{Commentary|The pair make their way on foot in the interests of secrecy while in hostile territory (''invisa terra'').
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 3.616: ''trepidi crudelia limina linquunt''. ‘They ran away from the grim gateway.’ 4.306: ''tacitusque mea decedere terra. . .'' ‘To steal away from my land in silence. . .’ 3.60: ''scelerata excedere terra. . .'' ‘To quit the guilty land. . .’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
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|[[Femina]] [[duxit]] [[equum]] [[nonnulla]] [[talenta]] [[gerentem]],
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
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|[[In]] [[manibusque]] [[simul]] [[virgam]] [[tenet]] [[ipsa1|ipsa]] [[colurnam]],
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|{{Commentary|''Colurnam equiv. to corylum'', “a hazel switch.”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.396: ''in veribus torrebimus exta colurnis.'' ‘The rich flesh we will roast on spits of hazel.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|'''virgam…colurnam''' early medieval queens were sometimes given a virga among their insignia of rule. Schramm et al., Herrschaftszeichen und Staatssymbolik: Beiträge zu ihrer Geschichte vom dritten bis zum sechzehnten Jahrhundert (Munich, 1978). SB.}}
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|[[In]] [[qua2|qua]] [[piscator]] [[hamum]] [[transponit]] [[in]] [[undam]],
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The fishing imagery, evocative of Christianity generally and fasting specifically, seems significant especially in contrast to the drunkenness of the feast immediately preceding. Note the biblical exhortation quoted by the Regula Benedicti in the section dedicated to the diet of monks (40): “Make sure that your hearts are not weighed down by over-indulgence” (Luke 21.34). Whether these Lenten allusions speak to the holiness of Walter and Hildegund, or (more likely) to their need for penitence, it is difficult to say for certain. SB}}
|-
|[[ut1|Ut]] [[cupiens]] [[pastum]] [[piscis]] [[deglutiat]] [[hamum]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Deglutiat'': “might swallow”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Iona Propheta'' 2.1: ''et praeparavit Dominus piscem grandem ut degluttiret Ionam. '' ‘Now the Lord prepared a great fish to swallow up Jonas.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
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|[[Namque]] [[gravatus erat]] [[vir]] [[maximus]] [[undique]] [[telis]]
|345
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.520: ''raptis concurrunt undique telis.'' ‘They snatch up their weapons and gather from all sides.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|'''gravatus erat…undique telis''' could there be a note of criticism in this description of Walter as gravatus? In the context of the feast at Attila’s court, the passage from Luke quoted by the Regula Benedicti above (40) speaks to ebrietas directly: Luke 21:34: “And take heed to yourselves, lest perhaps your hearts be overcharged with surfeiting and drunkenness and the cares of this life: and that day come upon you suddenly” (“adtendite autem vobis ne forte graventur corda vestra in crapula et ebrietate et curis huius vitae et superveniat in vos repentina dies illa”). SB}}
|-
|[[Suspectamque]] [[habuit]] [[cuncto]] [[sibi1|sibi]] [[tempore]] [[pugnam]].
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 4.97: ''suspectas habuisse domos karthaginis altae.'' ‘You have held in suspicion the homes of high Carthage.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS|elision=H-ELISION: suspectamque habuit}}
|{{Comment|'''suspectamque…pugnam suspectus''' often used in this sense by the poet: anticipated with fear. SB}}
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|[[Omni]] [[nocte]] [[quidem]] [[properabant]] [[currere]], [[sed1|sed]] [[cum1|cum]]
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.725-726.: ''pone subit coniunx. ferimur per opaca locorum,/ et me, quem dudum non ulla iniecta movebant/ tela neque adverso glomerati examine Grai,/ nunc omnes terrent aurae, sonus excitat omnis/ suspensum et pariter comitique onerique timentem. '' ‘Behind comes my wife. We pass on amid the shadows; and I, whom of late no shower of missles could move nor any Greeks thronging in opposing mass, now am affrighted by every breeze and startled by every sound, tremulous as I am and fearing alike for my companion and my burden.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
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|[[Prima]] [[rubens]] [[terris1|terris]] [[ostendit]] [[lumina]] [[Phoebus]],
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.725-726.: ''pone subit coniunx. ferimur per opaca locorum,/ et me, quem dudum non ulla iniecta movebant/ tela neque adverso glomerati examine Grai,/ nunc omnes terrent aurae, sonus excitat omnis/ suspensum et pariter comitique onerique timentem. '' ‘Behind comes my wife. We pass on amid the shadows; and I, whom of late no shower of missles could move nor any Greeks thronging in opposing mass, now am affrighted by every breeze and startled by every sound, tremulous as I am and fearing alike for my companion and my burden.’
 ''Georgics ''4.544: ''ubi nona suos Aurora ostenderit ortus. . .'' ‘When the ninth Dawn displays her rising beams. . .’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
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|[[In]] [[silvis]] [[latitare]] [[student]] [[et]] [[opaca]] [[requirunt]],
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|{{Parallel|''Liber Regum I'' 23.19: '' David latitat. . .in locis tutissimis silvae. '' ‘David hides in the safest regions of the forest.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
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|[[Sollicitatque]] [[metus]] [[vel]] [[per]] [[loca1|loca]] [[tuta]] [[fatigans]].
|350
|{{Commentary|''Fatigans equiv. to prosequens''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Liber Regum I'' 23.19: '' David latitat. . .in locis tutissimis silvae. '' ‘David hides in the safest regions of the forest.’
 ''Aeneid'' 4.379-380.: ''ea cura quietos/ sollicitat.'' ‘This is care to vex their peace.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
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|[[In]] [[tantumque]] [[timor]] [[muliebria]] [[pectora]] [[pulsat]],
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|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.105-106.: ''exsultantiaque haurit/ corda pavor pulsans''. . . ‘Throbbing fear drains each bounding heart.’ ''Aeneid'' 5.137-138.: ''exsultantiaque haurit/ corda pavor pulsans''. Lucan, '' De Bello Civili'' 7.128-129.: ''animique truces sua pectora pulsant/ ictibus incertis.'' ‘Fierce hearts beat with irregular throbbing against the breasts that contain them.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fearfulness may be more than a stereotypical depiction of female tendency; perhaps it may refer to the travelers' guilty fear of capture, or, in light of a Lenten/penitential interpretation of this flight, one could as well think of the exhortation of Psalm 2: servite domino in timore. SB}}
|-
|[[Horreat]] [[ut1|ut]] [[cunctos]] [[aurae]] [[ventique]] [[susurros]],
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
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|[[Formidans]] [[volucres]] [[collisos]] [[sive]] [[racemos]].
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|{{Commentary|''Racemos equiv. to ramos ''(here)
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
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|[[Hinc]] [[odium]] [[exilii1|exilii]] [[patriaeque]] [[amor]] [[incubat]] [[inde]].
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS|elision=odium exilii; patriaeque amor}}
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|[[Vicis]] [[diffugiunt]], [[speciosa]] [[novalia]] [[linquunt]],
|355
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|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.149-150.: ''tota exterrita silvis/ diffugiunt armenta. '' ‘Whole herds scatter in terror through the woods.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
|{{Comment|On a basic level, the couple’s avoidance of human habitations (towns, fields, etc.) is simply the result of their fear of discovery, as the poet explains. But allegorically, their behavior might be pressed for its similarities to monastic or cenobitic abstinence from normal human activities, including eating habits: “Everyone, apart from those who are very weak, should abstain completely from eating the meat of four-footed animals” (Regula Benedicti 40). SB}}
|-
|[[Montibus]] [[intonsis]] [[cursus]] [[ambage]] [[recurvos]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Intonsis'': i.e., forested
}}
|{{Parallel|Virgil, ''Eclogue ''5.63: ''intonsi montes. . .'' ‘The mountains, with woods unshorn. . .’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
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|[[Sectantes]] [[tremulos]] [[variant]] [[per]] [[devia]] [[gressus]].
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.164: '' discurrunt variantque vices.'' ‘Back and forth they rush, and take their turns on watch.’ Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 1.676: ''per devia rura. . .'' ‘Through the sequestered country paths. . .’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
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|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius287|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** '''Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)'''
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
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|[[Waltharius358|next »]]
|[[Waltharius324English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius287

2009-12-15T04:28:01Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)===
{|
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|[[Virgo]] [[memor]] [[praecepta]] [[viri]] [[complevit]]. [[et]] [[ecce]]
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|'''288-323''' The opening scene of the book of Esther is an important parallel to this feast scene. Here King Xerxes arranges a great feast in Susa “that he might show the riches of the glory of his kingdom, and the greatness, and boasting of his power” (1.4), but his overdrinking leads him to shame himself when his beautiful wife Vashti refuses his drunken command that she parade in front of the court. This refusal leads him to depose his queen and hunt for another, who will be Esther. SB.}}
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|[[Praefinita]] [[dies]] [[epularum]] [[venit2|venit]], [[et]] [[ipse]]
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
 ''Aeneid'' 5.104: ''Exspectata dies aderat.'' ‘The looked-for day had come.’ ''Hiezecihel Propheta'' 21.25: ''cuius venit dies in tempore iniquitatis praefinita. '' ‘Whose day is come that hath been appointed in the time of iniquity.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
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|[[Waltharius]] [[magnis1|magnis]] [[instruxit]] [[sumptibus]] [[escas]].
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
 ''Aeneid'' 3.231: ''instruimus mensas''. ‘We spread the tables.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
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|[[Luxuria]] [[in|in ]][[media]] [[residebat]] [[denique]] [[mensa]],
|290
|{{Commentary|''Luxuria'': personified
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
 ''Aeneid'' 1.637-638.: ''at domus interior regali splendida luxu/ instruitur, mediisque parant convivia tectis''. ‘But the palace within is laid out with the splendour of princely pomp, and amid the halls they prepare a banquet.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=luxuria in}}
|{{Comment|'''Luxuria in media residebat denique mensa''' “and then Luxury settled in the middle of the table”; contrast with 315 where another vice, Drunkenness (Ebrietas), rules the hall. We progress from one vice to another. Both terms are associated in early Christian sources with sexual impropriety, and specifically sodomy. Ambrose of Milan, De Abraham 1.3.14: “Sodoma enim luxuria atque lasciuia est” (C. Schenkl, ed., CSEL 32.1, Prague1897, 512). Jerome, Commentary on Ezekiel 5.16.552-3: “Sodoma uocatur et Samaria, quarum altera gentilem uitam luxuriam que significat, altera haereticorum decipulas” (F. Glorie, ed. CCSL 75, Turnhout 1964, 202). John Cassian (c. 360 – 435), De institutis coenobiorum et de octo principalium uitiorum remediis libri XII 5.6: “Sodomitis causa subuersionis atque luxuriae non uini crapula, sed saturitas extitit panis” (M. Petschenig, ed., CSEL 17, Vienna 1888, 86). See M. D. Jordan, “Homosexuality, luxuria, and textual abuse,” Constructing medieval sexuality, ed. K. Lochrie, P. McCracken, and J. A. Schultz (Minneapolis 1997), pp. 24-39. SB.

This personification of Luxuria in connection with Drunkenness is also redolent of Prudentius, Psychomachia 378-388. It is interesting that Luxuria is there described as "coming from the East" ("378-9: Venerat occiduis mundi de finibus hostis / Luxuria), just as in the Waltharius a scene is painted of eastern decadence. [JJTY] [An early installment of what Edward Said would call "orientalism" (JZ)?}}
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|[[Ingrediturque]] [[aulam]] [[velis]] [[rex]] [[undique]] [[septam]].
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|{{Commentary|''Septam'' equiv. to ''saeptam'', here “hung with” tapestries (''velis''), although a certain double-entendre in reference to the trap that is about to “enclose” Attila and his court may be intended.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
 ''Aeneid'' 1.637-638.: ''at domus interior regali splendida luxu/ instruitur, mediisque parant convivia tectis''. ‘But the palace within is laid out with the splendour of princely pomp, and amid the halls they prepare a banquet.’
 ''Aeneid'' 9.783: ''undique saeptus. . . '' ‘Hemmed in on every side. . .’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=ingrediturque aulam}}
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|[[Heros]] [[magnanimus]] [[solito]] [[quem1|quem]] [[more]] [[salutans]]
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
 ''Aeneid'' 6.649: ''magnanimi heroes. . .'' ‘High-souled heroes. . .’ 7.357: ''solito. . .de more. . . '' ‘According to the accustomed manner. . .’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
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|[[Duxerat]] [[ad]] [[solium]], [[quod]] [[bissus]] [[compsit]] [[et]] [[ostrum]].
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|{{Commentary|''Bissus'': “fine linen”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
 ''Aeneid'' 8.178: ''Aenean solioque invitat acerno.'' ‘He invites Aeneas to a maple throne.’ ''Secundum Lucam'' 16.19: ''induebatur purpura et bysso. ‘''He was clothed in purple and fine linen.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|{{Comment|'''bissus comspit et ostrum''' Compare the description of the king’s hall in Esther 1.6: “And there were hung up on every side sky coloured, and green, and violet hangings, fastened with cords of silk, and of purple, which were put into rings of ivory, and were held up with marble pillars. The beds also were of gold and silver, placed in order upon a floor paved with porphyry and white marble: which was embellished with painting of wonderful variety” (“et pendebant ex omni parte tentoria aerii coloris et carpasini et hyacinthini sustentata funibus byssinis atque purpureis qui eburneis circulis inserti erant et columnis marmoreis fulciebantur lectuli quoque aurei et argentei super pavimentum zmaragdino et pario stratum lapide dispositi erant quod mira varietate pictura decorabat”). Luxurious, foreign elements seem to dominate. SB.}}
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|[[Consedit]] [[laterique]] [[duces]] [[hinc]] [[indeque]] [[binos]]
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
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|[[Assedisse]] [[iubet]]; [[reliquos2|reliquos]] [[locat]] [[ipse]] [[minister]].
|295
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
 ''Aeneid'' 8.176: ''viros locat ipse sedili.'' ‘With his own hand he ranges the guests on the grassy seat.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
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|[[Centenos]] [[simul]] [[accubitus]] [[iniere]] [[sodales1|sodales]],
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|{{Commentary|''Centenos equiv. to centum'' ''Accubitus'': the word implies the ancient practice of reclining on couches while eating, but the poet probably simply means “seat.”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
 Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 713: ''centenos simul accubitus iniere sodales.'' ‘Like bosom friends they have joined in a hundred parties.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
|{{Comment|'''accubitus''' presumably these are not meant to be reclining seats as used by the Romans, but perhaps benches. On the other hand, in keeping with the depiction of the Hunnish court as exotic and luxurious, it is possible that the original valence is intended. SB}}
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|[[Diversasque]] [[dapes]] [[libans]] [[conviva]] [[resudat]].
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|{{Commentary|''Resudat'': The parallel in Prudentius suggests that this “sweating out” is a sign of over-indulgence, not pleasure. Singular for plural.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
 ''Aeneid'' 5.92: ''libavitque dapes.'' ‘He tasted the viands.’ Prudentius, ''Apotheosis ''719-720.: ''crudus conviva resudat/ congeriem ventris.'' ‘The cloyed guest is exuding the mass in his belly.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|{{Comment|'''resudat''' possibly from the spiciness of the food. But the parallels in Prudentius remind us that this whole passage serves as a warning against drunkenness and luxury, with Esther as the source of the moral: King Xerxes humiliates himself because he has had too much to drink. exquisitum fervebat migma per aurum Compare the silverware in Esther 1.7: “And they that were invited, drank in golden cups, and the meats were brought in divers vessels one after another. Wine also in abundance and of the best was presented, as was worthy of a king's magnificence.” (“bibebant autem qui invitati erant aureis poculis et aliis atque aliis vasis cibi inferebantur vinum quoque ut magnificentia regia dignum erat abundans et praecipuum ponebatur”). SB.}}
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|[[his3|His]] [[et]] [[sublatis]] [[aliae]] [[referuntur]] [[edendae]],
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS}}
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|[[Atque]] [[exquisitum]] [[fervebat]] [[migma]] [[per]] [[aurum]]
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|{{Commentary|''Migma'': “mixture,” probably some sort of warm drink, e.g. mulled wine (not mead, as this was drunk cold).
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
}}
|{{Pictures|[[image:Waltharius-Lines-299–300.png|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=atque exquisitum}}
|{{Comment|'''exquisitum fervebat migma per aurum''' Compare the silverware in Esther 1.7: “And they that were invited, drank in golden cups, and the meats were brought in divers vessels one after another. Wine also in abundance and of the best was presented, as was worthy of a king's magnificence.” (“bibebant autem qui invitati erant aureis poculis et aliis atque aliis vasis cibi inferebantur vinum quoque ut magnificentia regia dignum erat abundans et praecipuum ponebatur”). SB.[migma has occasioned a bit of perplexity, being construed most often as mixed wine but sometimes as food: see Novum Glossarium, ed. Blatt, col. 472. JZ]}}
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|[[Aurea]] [[bissina]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[stant]] [[gausape]] [[vasa]] --
|300
|{{Commentary|''Bissina…gausape'': “linen tablecloth.” The noun is not feminine in Classical authors.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
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|[[Et]] [[pigmentatus]] [[crateres]] [[Bachus]] [[adornat]].
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|{{Commentary|''Pigmentatus…Bachus'': usually interpreted as “spiced wine;” German wine of the period was sour and had to be sweetened or flavored. But a miniature ecphrasic description of the appearance of the painted ''crateres'' (“mixing bowls,” here perhaps “cups”) also seems possible, given the emphasis on the material and visual (''aurea'', ''bissina'', ''adornat'', ''species'') in this context.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|'''pigmentatus''' the idea seems to be that the contents were spicy [or aromatic: JZ], not that the vessel was painted. Either interpretation, however, would contribute to the louche imagery of this type-scene. SB}}
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|[[Illicit]] [[ad]] [[haustum]] [[species1|species]] [[dulcedoque]] [[potus]].
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|for a vivid picture of a Germanic drinking bout, as opposed to a classical or biblical bout, see Beowulf lines 491-498. It is perhaps best not to assume that this drinking bout is exclusively Germanic, Classical, or Biblical. SB.}}
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|[[Waltharius]] [[cunctos1|cunctos]] [[ad]] [[vinum]] [[hortatur]] [[et]] [[escam]].
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=vinum hortatur}}
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|[[Postquam]] [[epulis]] [[depulsa]] [[fames]] [[sublataque]] [[mensa1|mensa]],
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|{{Commentary|''Sublata mensa'': once again it is unclear whether this is merely figurative language for “at the end of the meal,” picking up Virgil’s ''mensae remotae'', or whether the poet envisions the tables being carried out. Althof emphasizes that the use of the singular does not establish that the guests necessarily feasted at one common table.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
 ''Aeneid'' 1.216: ''postquam exempta fames epulis mensaeque remotae. . . '' ‘When hunger was banished by the feats and the board was cleared. . .’ 1.723: ''Postquam prima quies epulis mensaeque remotae. . .'' ‘When first there came a lull in the feasting, and the boards were cleared. . .’ 8.184: ''postquam exempta fames et amor compressus edendi''. . . ‘When hunger was banished and the desire of food was stayed. . .’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|elision=postquam epulis}}
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|[[Heros]] [[iam]] [[dictus]] [[dominum]] [[laetanter]] [[adorsus]]
|305
|{{Commentary|''Iam dictus'': “the aforementioned,” i.e., Waltharius, a metrical crutch.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
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|[[In]]quit: '[[in]] [[hoc2|hoc]], [[rogito]], [[clarescat]] [[gratia]] [[vestra]],
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
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|[[ut1|Ut]] [[vos1|vos]] [[inprimis]], [[reliquos2|reliquos]] [[tunc]] [[laetificetis]].'
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
 ''Psalmi'' 103.15: ''. . .vinum laetificat cor hominis.'' ‘. . .That wine may cheer the heart of man.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
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|[[Et]] [[simul]] [[in]] [[verbo]] [[nappam]] [[dedit]] [[arte]] [[peractam]]
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|{{Commentary|''Nappam equiv. to poculum'', cf. German ''Napf''.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
 ''Aeneid'' 1.640-641.: ''ingens argentum mensis, caelataque in auro/ fortia facta patrum, series longissima rerum.'' ‘On the tables is massive silver plate, and in gold are graven the doughty deeds of her sires, a long, long course of exploits.’ ''Liber Regum III'' 7.24: '' duo ordines scalpturarum histriatarum erant fusiles. '' ‘There were two rows cast of chamfered sculptures.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[image:Waltharius-Lines-308–309-or-43–49.png|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|Cf. Esther 1.6-7. SB}}
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|[[Ordine]] [[sculpturae]] [[referentem]] [[gesta]] [[priorum]],
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
 ''Aeneid'' 1.640-641.: ''ingens argentum mensis, caelataque in auro/ fortia facta patrum, series longissima rerum.'' ‘On the tables is massive silver plate, and in gold are graven the doughty deeds of her sires, a long, long course of exploits.’ ''Liber Regum III'' 7.24: '' duo ordines scalpturarum histriatarum erant fusiles. '' ‘There were two rows cast of chamfered sculptures.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
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|[[quam2|Quam]] [[rex]] [[accipiens]] [[haustu]] [[vacuaverat]] [[uno]],
|310
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
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|[[Confestimque]] [[iubet]] [[reliquos]] [[imitarier]] [[omnes1|omnes]].
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
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|[[Ocius]] [[accurrunt]] [[pincernae]] [[moxque]] [[recurrunt]],
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|{{Commentary|''Pincernae'': “cup-bearers,” among the Germans usually noble youths.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
}}
|{{Pictures|[[image:Waltharius-Lines-312–318.png|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
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|[[Pocula]] [[plena]] [[dabant]] [[et]] [[inania]] [[suscipiebant]].
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|{{Comment|Cf. 228, where Walter hands Hildegund an empty cup after drinking. It is worth noting that in Esther 1.8 the king does not, in contradistinction to Walter’s own drinking bout, compel the unwilling to drink (Esther 1.8: nec erat qui nolentes cogeret ad bibendum). SB}}
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|[[Hospitis]] [[ac]] [[regis]] [[certant]] [[hortatibus]] [[omnes4|omnes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Hospitis'': i.e., Waltharius, the host of the banquet.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
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|[[Ebrietas]] [[fervens]] [[tota]] [[dominatur]] [[in]] [[aula]],
|315
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|'''Ebrietas''' contrast with line 290. Where luxuria formerly reigned, now ebrietas holds sway. The parallels with the story in the book of Esther are striking, for it is in the context of heavy drinking (cum rex esset hilarior et post nimiam potionem) that the king orders his wife Vashti to parade in front of the whole court to show off her beauty, a request that she fatefully refuses. The term is used in a Carolingian capitulum that bemoans the practice of sodomy in monastic communities (A. Boretius, ed., MGH Capitularia regum Francorum 1, Capitulare Missorum Generale (802), c. 17). SB.}}
|-
|[[Balbutit]] [[madido]] [[facundia]] [[fusa]] [[palato1|palato]],
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
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|[[Heroas]] [[validos]] [[plantis]] [[titubare]] [[videres]].
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Taliter]] [[in]] [[seram]] [[produxit]] [[bachica]] [[noctem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Produxit bachica…munera'': “prolonged the drinking”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
 Boethius'', Philosophiae Consolationis'' 2.5.6: ''Bacchica munera''. . . ‘The gifts of Bacchus. . .’ Virgil, ''Georgics'' 3.526-527.: ''Bacchi/ munera. ''
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Munera]] [[Waltharius]] [[retrahitque]] [[redire]] [[volentes]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[donec1|Donec]] [[vi]] [[potus]] [[pressi]] [[somnoque]] [[gravati]]
|320
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
 ''Aeneid'' 6.520: ''somnoque gravatum. . .'' ‘Sunk in slumber. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Passim]] [[porticibus]] [[sternuntur]] [[humotenus]] [[omnes2|omnes]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
 ''Aeneid'' 9.316-317.: ''passim somno vinoque per herbam/ corpora fusa vident.'' ‘Everywhere they see bodies stretched along the grass in drunken sleep.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|'''humotenus''' “groundwards” a word that the Waltharius poet likes, and which is either a neologism or exceedingly rare (it is absent from the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae and from several other Latin dictionaries), though its meaning is clear enough. SB [The word could be construed equally well as being two: humo + tenus, a preposition that is usually placed postpositively. Thus humotenus is comparable to mecum or tecum, which could be written separately--as honoris causa is. JZ]}}
|-
|[[Et]] [[licet]] [[ignicremis]] [[vellet]] [[dare]] [[moenia]] [[flammis]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Licet…remansit equiv. to etiamsi voluisset dare…nullus remansisset'' ''Ignicremis'' equiv. to ''igne cremantibus'' – a rare word, but not coined by this poet.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.637-642; 1.697-708; 8.175-183. Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 712-713. ''Liber Hester'' chapter 1.
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|{{Comment| Cf. the prediction of the destruction of Heorot in Beowulf, trans. Seamus Heaney, p. 7, lines 81-64: "The hall towered, / its gables wide and high and awaiting / a barbarous burning. That doom abided, / but in time it would come" SB}}
|-
|[[nullus2|Nullus]], [[qui3|qui]] [[causam]] [[potuisset]] [[scire]], [[remansit]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Causam equiv. to rem'' (cf. line 325 below and note on line 147).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius256|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** '''Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)'''
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius324|next »]]
|[[Waltharius287English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius256

2009-12-15T04:12:52Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)===
{|
|-
|[[Addidit]] [[has]] [[imo]] [[virguncula]] [[corde]] [[loquelas]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Virguncula'': the diminutive seems to be used merely ''metri causa''.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.842: ''funditque has ore loquelas.'' ‘He pours these accents from his lips.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vestrum]] [[velle]] [[meum]], [[solis1|solis]] [[his]] [[aestuo]] [[rebus]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Velle'' equiv. to ''voluntas'', cf. Persius 5.53.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Praecipiat]] [[dominus]], [[seu]] [[prospera1|prospera]] [[sive]] [[sinistra]]
|
|
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[eius2|Eius]] [[amore]] [[pati]] [[toto1|toto]] [[sum]] [[pectore]] [[praesto]].'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.356: ''animus toto percepit pectore flammam.'' ‘And her soul has not yet caught the flame throughout her breast.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[tandem]] [[sic]] [[virginis]] [[inquit]] [[in]] [[aurem]]:
|260
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.547: ''fidam sic fatur ad aurem. '' ‘Thus he speaks into his faithful ear.’
}}
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="120px" heights="80px" perrow="3">
File:Waltharius-Lines-260–274.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-260-274-1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-260-274-2.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-260-274-3.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-260–274-and-passim.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-260-274-and-passim_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-260-274-and-passim_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|'''inquit in aurem''' i.e. “whisper”; cf. Horace, Sermo 1.9.9-10: “in aurem /
dicere nescio quid puero” (“to whisper I know not what to the boy”). SB}}
|-
|[[publica1|Publica]] [[custodem]] [[rebus]] [[te2|te]] [[nempe]] [[potestas]]
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fecerat]], [[idcirco]] [[memor2|memor]] [[haec]] [[mea1|mea]] [[verba]] [[notato]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 14.813: ''nam memoro memori animo pia verba notavi.'' ‘For I treasured up thy gracious words in retentive mind, and now recall them to thee.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Primis]] [[galeam]] [[regis]] [[tunicamque]], [[trilicem]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 3.467: ''loricam consertam hamis auroque trilicem.'' ‘A breatplate triple-woven with hooks of gold.’ 5.259: ''levibus huic hamis consertam auroque trilicem.'' ‘A coat of mail, linked with polished hooks of triple gold.’ 7.639-640.: ''clipeumque auroque trilicem/ loricam induitur. '' ‘He dons his shield and coat of mail, triple-linked with gold.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|'''263-65''' Cf. 334-339, where Walter’s actual arms and armor are described in greater detail: “Imposuit capiti rubras cum casside cristas / Ingentesque ocreis suras complectitur aureis / Et laevum femur ancipiti praecinxerat ense / Atque alio dextrum pro ritu Pannoniarum: / Is tamen ex una tantum dat vulnera parte. Tunc hastam dextra rapiens clipeumque sinistra” (“Then places on his head a crimson-crested helmet / And wraps his massive calves in greaves of gold; he girds / A two-edged sword on his left thigh; and following / The manner of the Huns, another on his right: / This one, however, will wound only from one edge. / His right hand grasps a spear; his left hand grasps a shield.” Kratz). Here, by contrast, Walter asks only for armor from Hildegund, i.e. defensive gear, not offensive weapons. This may be of significance, as his departure is presented by Ospirin, at 376-377, as the ruin of what upheld and defended the Huns: “En hodie imperii vestri cecidisse column / Noscitur en robur procul ivit et inclitsa virtus” (“Behold, today, the column of your empire is known from afair to have fallen; behold its bulwark and its famous courage have gone.” Not Kratz). It is especially significant, and symbolic, that Walter is asking for the king’s own armor. The gear requested is the king’s galea, “helmet,” and tunica, “byrnie,” which is described as a trilix lorica, “three-fold cuirass” that “bears the mark of smiths.” See Althof for the significance of smith-work in so-called Germanic culture. Ziolkowski 2008 discusses the physical nature of some of these arms in an early medieval context. SB}}
|
|-
|[[Assero]] [[loricam]] [[fabrorum]] [[insigne]] [[ferentem]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Assero'': “I mean” (specifying the ''tunica'' as the ''lorica'')
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=fabrorum insigne}}
|{{Comment|'''assero''' perhaps simply “I mean” as the Kratz 1984 translation suggests, i.e. clarifying which tunica exactly ought to be taken (“I mean the three-fold cuirass…”), but assero may have a more symbolic meaning here. It was originally a technical term for the liberation of a slave, but it came to mean an act of appropriation or a claim of ownership (Thesaurus Linguae Latinae). In line with the fact that Walter is taking the king’s own armor, this technical or juridical sense of the verb may be significant, i.e. he is "asserting" his right to the king’s personal defense, since he himself is that defense. This assertion undergirds Ospirin’s fears that Walter’s departure means the loss of the Hunnish bulwark (376-77). SB}}
|
|-
|[[Diripe]], [[bina1|bina]] [[dehinc]] [[mediocria]] [[scrinia|scrinia ]][[tolle]].
|265
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|{{Comment| '''scrinia''' these are presumably large casks. In medieval Latin scrinium often described the cases in which books or papers were held, and by extension, "archives" and later government "offices" (Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, Niermeyer; though also "reliquaries"). Our ability to visualize these carrying cases is assisted somewhat by 269, where one is described as a vas, “vessel” but also “pack,” “kit,” and 330 where Walter attaches them, in the manner of panniers, to the horse: “Scrinia plena gazae lateri suspendit utrique” (“On either side he hangs the coffers filled with treasure.” Kratz). Whether the poet imagines these to be bags, boxes, or circular casks, however, is hard to say. We know they must be relatively large (despite mediocria), since Walter commands Hildegund to fill them till she can scarcely lift them: "His armillarum tantum da Pannonicarum / Donec vix unum releves ad pectoris imum" ("fill these with so many arm-rings of the Huns / That you can scarcely lift one just up to your breast," 266-267, Kratz). But their shape and appearance remain mysterious. Inconveniently, although Isidore of Seville (d. 636) does include "scrinium" in Etymologies 20.ix (De vasis repositoriis, on storage containers), this is one of those words (like "stuprum" and "texere") that Isidore never got around to etymologizing. It appears between coffer (mozicia) and bag (saccus), but all that is said is the word "scrinium." Modern etymologists concur that the earliest form of the word referred specifically to a container for papers or books (M. de Vaan, Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden, 2008, 547; A Ernout et Antoine Meillet, Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine, 4th edn, Paris, 1959, 605). It would be interesting to pursue the notion that the poet is implying that the "riches" are allegorical for some sort of books (or some sort of literature - pagan? Germanic?), but since "scrinium" can be a container of any sort perhaps this is unlikely. SB.}}
|-
|[[his6|His]] [[armillarum]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[da ]][[Pannonicarum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Armillarum'': “arm-rings” of gold or silver, such as were worn by Germanic warriors. Here they are a valuable treasure with an important role in the plot.
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
{{Pictures|<gallery widths="120px" heights="80px" perrow="3">
File:Waltharius-Lines-260–274.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-260-274-1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-260-274-2.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-260-274-3.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-260–274-and-passim.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-260-274-and-passim_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-260-274-and-passim_2.png
File:Europe500.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|'''armillarum''' “arm bands”; rings of precious metal were a common currency for the remuneration of warriors in early medieval kingship. See J. R. Maddicott “Power and Prosperity in the Age of Bede and Beowulf,” Proceedings of the British Academy 117 (2002), 49-71 for some of the intricacies of supporting Germanic kingship on a material level. Compare also Alfred the Great’s translation of Boethius (late ninth century): “In the case of the king, the resources and tools with which to rule are that he must have his land fully manned: he must have praying men, fighting men, and working men. You know also that without these tools no king may make his ability known…[and] he must have the means of support for his tools, the three classes of men. These, then, are their means of support: land to live on, gifts, weapons, food, ale, clothing, and whatever else is necessary…” in Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge, Asser’s Life of King Alfred and other contemporary sources (London, 1983), 132. See Ziolkowski 2008 for discussion of the arm bands within this matrix of early medieval kingship. On a more literary level, the strife that these arm bands will cause is foreshadowed by the heavy spondaic feel of both this line and the preceding line (SSSSDS), in the same way that Aen. 4.124 "speluncam Dido dux et Troianus eandem" foreshadows the fateful consequences of the flight of Dido and Aeneas to the cave in which they consummate their union. SB}}
|-
|[[donec1|Donec]] [[vix]] [[unum1|unum]] [[releves]] [[ad]] [[pectoris]] [[imum1|imum]].
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[de]] [[quater]] [[binum]] [[mihi]] [[fac]] [[de]] [[more]] [[coturnum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Quater binum…coturnum'': i.e., “four pairs of shoes.”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.318: '' de more''. . . ‘According to custom. . .’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|'''coturnum''' the word coturnus or cothurnus is originally the name of a high boot or buskin used to increase the height of a tragic actor in ancient Greek drama, and consequently the word can also refer to a tragic actor himself (Thesaurus Linguae Latinae). Presumably such shoes are not what the poet has in mind. It is possible that tragic or heroic undertones are being summoned here, but unlikely. What sort of shoes these are envisioned as by the poet is probably lost to us, and it is hard to say whether de more refers to a common way of making shoes or whether it is being suggested that Hildegund often makes shoes (a fact of some anthropological interest if the poet is also suggesting that shoe-making is a gendered activity). SB.}}
|
|-
|[[Tantundemque]] [[tibi]] [[patrans]] [[imponito]] [[vasis]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Patrans'': perfect in meaning ''Vasis'' equiv. to ''scriniis''
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Sic]] [[fors]] [[ad]] [[summum1|summum]] [[complentur]] [[scrinia1|scrinia]] [[labrum]].
|270
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|note the heavy, spondaic meter. Perhaps the poet means to emphasize the fateful nature of greed. SB.}}
|-
|[[super]] [[a]] [[fabris]] [[hamos]] [[clam]] [[posce]] [[retortos]]:
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[nostra2|Nostra]] [[viatica]] [[sint]] [[pisces1|pisces]] [[simul]] [[atque]] [[volucres1|volucres]],
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ipse]] [[ego]] [[piscator]], [[sed1|sed]] [[et]] [[auceps]] [[esse]] [[coartor]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Coartor'' equiv. to ''cogar''
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|elision=ipse ego}}
|{{Comment|Again, Walter does not ask for any weapons in his instructions to Hildegund, not even for proper hunting. Instead, he requests fishing gear. Fishing in the middle ages carries a strong Christian resonance. Important apostles were of course fishermen to begin with. Christ summons his apostles Simon Peter and Andrew (both fishermen) to become “fishers of men” (Mark 1.17, Matthew 4.18). Nor is this the only section of the bible in which Christ and fishing are linked (see also Luke 9.13-16, Matthew 14.16-21, Matthew 15.34-38, John 21.5-6, and Luke 5.5-6, inter alia). Cassiodorus recommended fishing to his monks at Vivarium. In the later middle ages, canonical writers deemed it proper for a cleric or monk to fish, but improper for one to hunt. Any straightforward Christian messages here are complicated by auceps, however. SB}}
|
|-
|[[haec2|Haec]] [[intra]] [[ebdomadam]] [[caute]] [[per]] [[singula]] [[comple]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Ebdomadam'': “week”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 8.618: ''oculos per singula volvit.'' ‘He moves his eyes from piece to piece.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=intra ebdomadam}}
|
|-
|[[Audistis]], [[quid6|quid]] [[habere]] [[vianti]] [[forte]] [[necesse1|necesse]] [[est]].
|275
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS|elision=necesse est}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[quo]] [[more]] [[fugam]] [[valeamus]] [[inire]], [[recludo]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 4.115-116.: ''nunc qua ratione quod instat/ confiere possit. . .'' ‘Now in what way the present purpose can be achieved. . .’ 8.49: ''nunc qua ratione quod instat/ expedias victor. . .'' ‘Now in what way you can make your way triumphant. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
|{{Comment|the "flight" is mirrored by a quick, dactyl-filled meter. SB.}}
|-
|[[Postquam]] [[septenos]] [[Phoebus]] [[remeaverit]] [[orbes]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.64-65.:'' si nona diem mortalibus almum/ Aurora extulerit. . .''''Teucris ponam certamina classis.'' ‘Should the ninth Dawn lift her kindly light for mortals. . .I will ordain contests for the Trojans.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[ac]] [[regi1|regi]]nae [[satrapis1|satrapis]] [[ducibus]] [[famulisque]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester'' 1.3: ''fecit grande convivium cunctis principibus et pueris suis fortissimis Persarum et Medorum inclitis et praefectis provinciarum coram se. '' ‘He made a great feast for all the princes, and for his servants, for the most mighty of the Persians, and the nobles of the Medes, and the governors of the provinces in his sight.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS|elision=regi ac}}
|{{Comment|'''satrapis''' here evidently referring to high nobility. The poet occasionally uses it to describe a king as well. The term is used to describe royal officials in the Book of Esther (3.12), an important parallel for this section of the poem. SB.

'''I felt satrape has a coherent meaning in the Waltharius, such as vassal, or noble man who is below the king, who is noble but dependent. But you might disagree. BK'''}}
|-
|[[Sumptu]] [[permagno]] [[convivia]] [[laeta]] [[parabo]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni1|omni]] [[ingenio]] [[potu]] [[sepelire]] [[studebo]],
|280
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.265: ''invadunt urbem somno vinoque sepultam.'' ‘They storm the city, buried in sleep and wine.’ 3.630: ''vinoque sepultus''. . . ‘Drowned in wine. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS|elision=atque omni; omni ingenio}}
|{{Comment|'''omni ingenio''' cf. Isidore, Synonyma 1.24: "Omni ope, omni vi, '''omni ingenio''', omni virtute, omni arte, omni ratione, omni consilio, omni instantia sume luctamen contra corporales molestias" ("With all your effort, all your strength, '''all your wit''', all your art, all your reason, all your counsel, all your concentration take up the struggle against bodily troubles"). SB. FYI, this text was indeed very influential in early medieval Germanic cultures or at least in Anglo-Saxon England, partly because of its utility in helping non-Romance-speakers to acquire Latin vocabulary. See Claudia Di Sciacca, Finding the right words: Isidore's Synonyma in Anglo-Saxon England (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008.) JZ}}
|-
|[[Donec]] [[nullus1|nullus]] [[erit]], [[qui3|qui]] [[sentiat]] [[hoc4|hoc]], [[quod1|quod]] [[agendum]] [[est]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS|apheresis=agendum est
}}
|
|-
|[[Tu]] [[tamen]] [[interea1|interea]] [[mediocriter]] [[utere]] [[vino]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.422: ''tu tamen interea''. . . ‘You, meanwhile. . .’ 1 Timothy 5.23: "vino modico utere."
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[sitim]] [[vix]] [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[restinguere]] [[cura2|cura]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Ad mensam'': “at table,” i.e., during the meal.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Eclogue'' 5.47: ''sitim restinguere rivo. . .'' ‘The slaking of thirst in a rill. . .’ ''Aeneid'' 2.686: ''restinguere fontibus ignis . . . '' ‘To quench with water the fires. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cum]] [[reliqui1|reliqui]] [[surgant]], [[ad]] [[opuscula]] [[nota1|nota]] [[recurre]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ast]] [[ubi]] [[iam]] [[cunctos1|cunctos]] [[superat]] [[violentia]] [[potus]],
|285
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|'''violentia potus''' violentia as opposed to vis underscores the moral irresponsibility of the king’s court in its drunkenness. Cf. the “excessive drink” which prompts Xerxes to act irresponsibly in Esther 1.10. SB.}}
|-
|[[Tum]] [[simul]] [[occiduas]] [[properemus]] [[quaerere]] [[partes]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|'''occiduas…partes''' occiduus is a common adjective for such scenes in Statius (Thebaid 1.200, 3.33, 4.283, 5.477, 5.538, and 10.84) and in early medieval authors (e.g. the Gesta Berengarii) who admired him. SB}}
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius215|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** '''Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)'''
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius287|next »]]
|[[Waltharius256English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius256

2009-12-15T04:10:44Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)===
{|
|-
|[[Addidit]] [[has]] [[imo]] [[virguncula]] [[corde]] [[loquelas]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Virguncula'': the diminutive seems to be used merely ''metri causa''.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.842: ''funditque has ore loquelas.'' ‘He pours these accents from his lips.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vestrum]] [[velle]] [[meum]], [[solis1|solis]] [[his]] [[aestuo]] [[rebus]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Velle'' equiv. to ''voluntas'', cf. Persius 5.53.
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Praecipiat]] [[dominus]], [[seu]] [[prospera1|prospera]] [[sive]] [[sinistra]]
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[eius2|Eius]] [[amore]] [[pati]] [[toto1|toto]] [[sum]] [[pectore]] [[praesto]].'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.356: ''animus toto percepit pectore flammam.'' ‘And her soul has not yet caught the flame throughout her breast.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[tandem]] [[sic]] [[virginis]] [[inquit]] [[in]] [[aurem]]:
|260
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.547: ''fidam sic fatur ad aurem. '' ‘Thus he speaks into his faithful ear.’
}}
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="120px" heights="80px" perrow="3">
File:Waltharius-Lines-260–274.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-260-274-1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-260-274-2.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-260-274-3.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-260–274-and-passim.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-260-274-and-passim_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-260-274-and-passim_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|'''inquit in aurem''' i.e. “whisper”; cf. Horace, Sermo 1.9.9-10: “in aurem /
dicere nescio quid puero” (“to whisper I know not what to the boy”). SB}}
|-
|[[publica1|Publica]] [[custodem]] [[rebus]] [[te2|te]] [[nempe]] [[potestas]]
|
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|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fecerat]], [[idcirco]] [[memor2|memor]] [[haec]] [[mea1|mea]] [[verba]] [[notato]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 14.813: ''nam memoro memori animo pia verba notavi.'' ‘For I treasured up thy gracious words in retentive mind, and now recall them to thee.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Primis]] [[galeam]] [[regis]] [[tunicamque]], [[trilicem]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 3.467: ''loricam consertam hamis auroque trilicem.'' ‘A breatplate triple-woven with hooks of gold.’ 5.259: ''levibus huic hamis consertam auroque trilicem.'' ‘A coat of mail, linked with polished hooks of triple gold.’ 7.639-640.: ''clipeumque auroque trilicem/ loricam induitur. '' ‘He dons his shield and coat of mail, triple-linked with gold.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|'''263-65''' Cf. 334-339, where Walter’s actual arms and armor are described in greater detail: “Imposuit capiti rubras cum casside cristas / Ingentesque ocreis suras complectitur aureis / Et laevum femur ancipiti praecinxerat ense / Atque alio dextrum pro ritu Pannoniarum: / Is tamen ex una tantum dat vulnera parte. Tunc hastam dextra rapiens clipeumque sinistra” (“Then places on his head a crimson-crested helmet / And wraps his massive calves in greaves of gold; he girds / A two-edged sword on his left thigh; and following / The manner of the Huns, another on his right: / This one, however, will wound only from one edge. / His right hand grasps a spear; his left hand grasps a shield.” Kratz). Here, by contrast, Walter asks only for armor from Hildegund, i.e. defensive gear, not offensive weapons. This may be of significance, as his departure is presented by Ospirin, at 376-377, as the ruin of what upheld and defended the Huns: “En hodie imperii vestri cecidisse column / Noscitur en robur procul ivit et inclitsa virtus” (“Behold, today, the column of your empire is known from afair to have fallen; behold its bulwark and its famous courage have gone.” Not Kratz). It is especially significant, and symbolic, that Walter is asking for the king’s own armor. The gear requested is the king’s galea, “helmet,” and tunica, “byrnie,” which is described as a trilix lorica, “three-fold cuirass” that “bears the mark of smiths.” See Althof for the significance of smith-work in so-called Germanic culture. Ziolkowski 2008 discusses the physical nature of some of these arms in an early medieval context. SB}}
|
|-
|[[Assero]] [[loricam]] [[fabrorum]] [[insigne]] [[ferentem]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Assero'': “I mean” (specifying the ''tunica'' as the ''lorica'')
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=fabrorum insigne}}
|{{Comment|'''assero''' perhaps simply “I mean” as the Kratz 1984 translation suggests, i.e. clarifying which tunica exactly ought to be taken (“I mean the three-fold cuirass…”), but assero may have a more symbolic meaning here. It was originally a technical term for the liberation of a slave, but it came to mean an act of appropriation or a claim of ownership (Thesaurus Linguae Latinae). In line with the fact that Walter is taking the king’s own armor, this technical or juridical sense of the verb may be significant, i.e. he is "asserting" his right to the king’s personal defense, since he himself is that defense. This assertion undergirds Ospirin’s fears that Walter’s departure means the loss of the Hunnish bulwark (376-77). SB}}
|
|-
|[[Diripe]], [[bina1|bina]] [[dehinc]] [[mediocria]] [[scrinia|scrinia ]][[tolle]].
|265
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|{{Comment| '''scrinia''' these are presumably large casks. In medieval Latin scrinium often described the cases in which books or papers were held, and by extension, "archives" and later government "offices" (Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, Niermeyer; though also "reliquaries"). Our ability to visualize these carrying cases is assisted somewhat by 269, where one is described as a vas, “vessel” but also “pack,” “kit,” and 330 where Walter attaches them, in the manner of panniers, to the horse: “Scrinia plena gazae lateri suspendit utrique” (“On either side he hangs the coffers filled with treasure.” Kratz). Whether the poet imagines these to be bags, boxes, or circular casks, however, is hard to say. We know they must be relatively large (despite mediocria), since Walter commands Hildegund to fill them till she can scarcely lift them: "His armillarum tantum da Pannonicarum / Donec vix unum releves ad pectoris imum" ("fill these with so many arm-rings of the Huns / That you can scarcely lift one just up to your breast," 266-267, Kratz). But their shape and appearance remain mysterious. Inconveniently, although Isidore of Seville (d. 636) does include "scrinium" in Etymologies 20.ix (De vasis repositoriis, on storage containers), this is one of those words (like "stuprum" and "texere") that Isidore never got around to etymologizing. It appears between coffer (mozicia) and bag (saccus), but all that is said is the word "scrinium." Modern etymologists concur that the earliest form of the word referred specifically to a container for papers or books (M. de Vaan, Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden, 2008, 547; A Ernout et Antoine Meillet, Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine, 4th edn, Paris, 1959, 605). It would be interesting to pursue the notion that the poet is implying that the "riches" are allegorical for some sort of books (or some sort of literature - pagan? Germanic?), but since "scrinium" can be a container of any sort perhaps this is unlikely. SB.}}
|-
|[[his6|His]] [[armillarum]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[da ]][[Pannonicarum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Armillarum'': “arm-rings” of gold or silver, such as were worn by Germanic warriors. Here they are a valuable treasure with an important role in the plot.
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
{{Pictures|<gallery widths="120px" heights="80px" perrow="3">
File:Waltharius-Lines-260–274.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-260-274-1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-260-274-2.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-260-274-3.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-260–274-and-passim.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-260-274-and-passim_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-260-274-and-passim_2.png
File:Europe500.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|'''armillarum''' “arm bands”; rings of precious metal were a common currency for the remuneration of warriors in early medieval kingship. See J. R. Maddicott “Power and Prosperity in the Age of Bede and Beowulf,” Proceedings of the British Academy 117 (2002), 49-71 for some of the intricacies of supporting Germanic kingship on a material level. Compare also Alfred the Great’s translation of Boethius (late ninth century): “In the case of the king, the resources and tools with which to rule are that he must have his land fully manned: he must have praying men, fighting men, and working men. You know also that without these tools no king may make his ability known…[and] he must have the means of support for his tools, the three classes of men. These, then, are their means of support: land to live on, gifts, weapons, food, ale, clothing, and whatever else is necessary…” in Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge, Asser’s Life of King Alfred and other contemporary sources (London, 1983), 132. See Ziolkowski 2008 for discussion of the arm bands within this matrix of early medieval kingship. On a more literary level, the strife that these arm bands will cause is foreshadowed by the heavy spondaic feel of both this line and the preceding line (SSSSDS), in the same way that Aen. 4.124 "speluncam Dido dux et Troianus eandem" foreshadows the fateful consequences of the flight of Dido and Aeneas to the cave in which they consummate their union. SB}}
|-
|[[donec1|Donec]] [[vix]] [[unum1|unum]] [[releves]] [[ad]] [[pectoris]] [[imum1|imum]].
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[de]] [[quater]] [[binum]] [[mihi]] [[fac]] [[de]] [[more]] [[coturnum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Quater binum…coturnum'': i.e., “four pairs of shoes.”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.318: '' de more''. . . ‘According to custom. . .’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|'''coturnum''' the word coturnus or cothurnus is originally the name of a high boot or buskin used to increase the height of a tragic actor in ancient Greek drama, and consequently the word can also refer to a tragic actor himself (Thesaurus Linguae Latinae). Presumably such shoes are not what the poet has in mind. It is possible that tragic or heroic undertones are being summoned here, but unlikely. What sort of shoes these are envisioned as by the poet is probably lost to us, and it is hard to say whether de more refers to a common way of making shoes or whether it is being suggested that Hildegund often makes shoes (a fact of some anthropological interest if the poet is also suggesting that shoe-making is a gendered activity). SB.}}
|
|-
|[[Tantundemque]] [[tibi]] [[patrans]] [[imponito]] [[vasis]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Patrans'': perfect in meaning ''Vasis'' equiv. to ''scriniis''
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Sic]] [[fors]] [[ad]] [[summum1|summum]] [[complentur]] [[scrinia1|scrinia]] [[labrum]].
|270
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|note the heavy, spondaic meter. Perhaps the poet means to emphasize the fateful nature of greed. SB.}}
|-
|[[super]] [[a]] [[fabris]] [[hamos]] [[clam]] [[posce]] [[retortos]]:
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[nostra2|Nostra]] [[viatica]] [[sint]] [[pisces1|pisces]] [[simul]] [[atque]] [[volucres1|volucres]],
|
|
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|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ipse]] [[ego]] [[piscator]], [[sed1|sed]] [[et]] [[auceps]] [[esse]] [[coartor]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Coartor'' equiv. to ''cogar''
}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|elision=ipse ego}}
|{{Comment|Again, Walter does not ask for any weapons in his instructions to Hildegund, not even for proper hunting. Instead, he requests fishing gear. Fishing in the middle ages carries a strong Christian resonance. Important apostles were of course fishermen to begin with. Christ summons his apostles Simon Peter and Andrew (both fishermen) to become “fishers of men” (Mark 1.17, Matthew 4.18). Nor is this the only section of the bible in which Christ and fishing are linked (see also Luke 9.13-16, Matthew 14.16-21, Matthew 15.34-38, John 21.5-6, and Luke 5.5-6, inter alia). Cassiodorus recommended fishing to his monks at Vivarium. In the later middle ages, canonical writers deemed it proper for a cleric or monk to fish, but improper for one to hunt. Any straightforward Christian messages here are complicated by auceps, however. SB}}
|
|-
|[[haec2|Haec]] [[intra]] [[ebdomadam]] [[caute]] [[per]] [[singula]] [[comple]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Ebdomadam'': “week”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 8.618: ''oculos per singula volvit.'' ‘He moves his eyes from piece to piece.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=intra ebdomadam}}
|
|-
|[[Audistis]], [[quid6|quid]] [[habere]] [[vianti]] [[forte]] [[necesse1|necesse]] [[est]].
|275
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS|elision=necesse est}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[quo]] [[more]] [[fugam]] [[valeamus]] [[inire]], [[recludo]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 4.115-116.: ''nunc qua ratione quod instat/ confiere possit. . .'' ‘Now in what way the present purpose can be achieved. . .’ 8.49: ''nunc qua ratione quod instat/ expedias victor. . .'' ‘Now in what way you can make your way triumphant. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
|{{Comment|the "flight" is mirrored by a quick, dactyl-filled meter. SB.}}
|-
|[[Postquam]] [[septenos]] [[Phoebus]] [[remeaverit]] [[orbes]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.64-65.:'' si nona diem mortalibus almum/ Aurora extulerit. . .''''Teucris ponam certamina classis.'' ‘Should the ninth Dawn lift her kindly light for mortals. . .I will ordain contests for the Trojans.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[ac]] [[regi1|regi]]nae [[satrapis1|satrapis]] [[ducibus]] [[famulisque]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester'' 1.3: ''fecit grande convivium cunctis principibus et pueris suis fortissimis Persarum et Medorum inclitis et praefectis provinciarum coram se. '' ‘He made a great feast for all the princes, and for his servants, for the most mighty of the Persians, and the nobles of the Medes, and the governors of the provinces in his sight.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS|elision=regi ac}}
|{{Comment|'''satrapis''' here evidently referring to high nobility. The poet occasionally uses it to describe a king as well. The term is used to describe royal officials in the Book of Esther (3.12), an important parallel for this section of the poem. SB.

'''I felt satrape has a coherent meaning in the Waltharius, such as vassal, or noble man who is below the king, who is noble but dependent. But you might disagree. BK'''}}
|-
|[[Sumptu]] [[permagno]] [[convivia]] [[laeta]] [[parabo]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni1|omni]] [[ingenio]] [[potu]] [[sepelire]] [[studebo]],
|280
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.265: ''invadunt urbem somno vinoque sepultam.'' ‘They storm the city, buried in sleep and wine.’ 3.630: ''vinoque sepultus''. . . ‘Drowned in wine. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS|elision=atque omni; omni ingenio}}
|{{Comment|'''omni ingenio''' cf. Isidore, Synonyma 1.24: "Omni ope, omni vi, '''omni ingenio''', omni virtute, omni arte, omni ratione, omni consilio, omni instantia sume luctamen contra corporales molestias" ("With all your effort, all your strength, '''all your wit''', all your art, all your reason, all your counsel, all your concentration take up the struggle against bodily troubles"). SB. FYI, this text was indeed very influential in early medieval Germanic cultures or at least in Anglo-Saxon England, partly because of its utility in helping non-Romance-speakers to acquire Latin vocabulary. See Claudia Di Sciacca, Finding the right words: Isidore's Synonyma in Anglo-Saxon England (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008.)}}
|-
|[[Donec]] [[nullus1|nullus]] [[erit]], [[qui3|qui]] [[sentiat]] [[hoc4|hoc]], [[quod1|quod]] [[agendum]] [[est]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS|apheresis=agendum est
}}
|
|-
|[[Tu]] [[tamen]] [[interea1|interea]] [[mediocriter]] [[utere]] [[vino]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.422: ''tu tamen interea''. . . ‘You, meanwhile. . .’ 1 Timothy 5.23: "vino modico utere."
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[sitim]] [[vix]] [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[restinguere]] [[cura2|cura]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Ad mensam'': “at table,” i.e., during the meal.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Eclogue'' 5.47: ''sitim restinguere rivo. . .'' ‘The slaking of thirst in a rill. . .’ ''Aeneid'' 2.686: ''restinguere fontibus ignis . . . '' ‘To quench with water the fires. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cum]] [[reliqui1|reliqui]] [[surgant]], [[ad]] [[opuscula]] [[nota1|nota]] [[recurre]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ast]] [[ubi]] [[iam]] [[cunctos1|cunctos]] [[superat]] [[violentia]] [[potus]],
|285
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|'''violentia potus''' violentia as opposed to vis underscores the moral irresponsibility of the king’s court in its drunkenness. Cf. the “excessive drink” which prompts Xerxes to act irresponsibly in Esther 1.10. SB.}}
|-
|[[Tum]] [[simul]] [[occiduas]] [[properemus]] [[quaerere]] [[partes]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|'''occiduas…partes''' occiduus is a common adjective for such scenes in Statius (Thebaid 1.200, 3.33, 4.283, 5.477, 5.538, and 10.84) and in early medieval authors (e.g. the Gesta Berengarii) who admired him. SB}}
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius215|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** '''Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)'''
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius287|next »]]
|[[Waltharius256English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius215

2009-12-15T03:01:00Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)===
{|
|-
|[[Ecce]] [[palatini]] [[decurrunt]] [[arce]] [[ministri]]
|215
|{{Commentary|''Palatini'': “palace servants”
}}
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Apotheosis'' 481: ''ecce Palatinus. . .minister. . . '' ‘See the servant of the palace. . .’ ''Aeneid'' 2.41: ''Laocoon ardens summa decurrit ab arce''. ‘Laocoon in hot haste runs down from the citadel’s height.’ 11.490: ''fulgebatque alta decurrens aureus arce.'' ‘He shone with gold as he ran down from the fortress height.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Illius]] [[aspectu]] [[hilares]] [[equitemque]] [[tenebant]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Illius'' equiv. to ''Waltharii'', objective genitive. ''Equitem'' equiv. to ''equum''
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|hiatus=aspectu hilares|falsequantities=illius}}
|
|-
|[[donec1|Donec]] [[vir]] [[sella]] [[descenderet]] [[inclitus]] [[alta]].
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Si]] [[bene]] [[res]] [[vergant]], [[tum]] [[demum]] [[forte]] [[requirunt]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Si…vergant'': indirect question
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[ille3|Ille]] [[aliquid]] [[modicum]] [[narrans]] [[intraverat]] [[aulam]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester'' 4.2: ''non enim erat licitum indutum sacco aulam regis intrare.'' ‘For no one clothed with sackcloth might enter the king’s court.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ille aliquid}}
|
|-
|[[lassus]] [[enim1|enim]] [[fuerat]]), [[regisque]] [[cubile]] [[petebat]].
|220
|{{Commentary|''Cubile equiv. to cubiculum''
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Illic]] [[Hiltgundem]] [[solam]] [[offendit]] [[residentem]].
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=solam offendit}}
|
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|[[Cui]] [[post]] [[amplexus]] [[atque]] [[oscula]] [[dulcia]] [[dixit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.687: ''cum dabit amplexus atque oscula dulcia figet. . .'' ‘When she takes you to her bosom, embraces you and imprints sweet kisses. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS|elision=atque oscula}}
|
|-
|[[ocius]] [[huc]] [[potum]] [[ferto]], [[quia]] [[fessus]] [[anhelo]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Ocius'': as often in the ''Waltharius'', an adverb’s comparative form is used without any real comparative sense.
}}
|{{Parallel|Statius ''Thebaid'' 11.7-8.: ''Phlegrae ceu fessus anhelet/ proelia. . . '' ‘As though he were breathless and weary after Phlegra’s fight. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[illa2|Illa]] [[mero]] [[tallum]] [[complevit]] [[mox]] [[pretiosum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Tallum'': “cup, goblet” – a Germanism.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.729: ''implevitque mero pateram''. ‘She filled the cup with wine.’ ''Liber II Macchabeorum'' 14.4: ''. . .offerens ei. . .tallos qui templi esse videbantur.'' ‘. . .Offering to him. . .boughs which seemed to belong to the temple.’
}}
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Line-224.png
File:Waltharius-Line-224_1.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The trope of a woman offering drink or other reward for military service to the hero is common to both Classical and Germanic traditions. In Aeneid 1.729, Dido offers Aeneas wine. The word used there is implevit, echoed in the Waltharius by complevit. This theme is also present in the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf. After killing Grendel, Beowulf receives a necklace and a byrnie from Wealtheow, Hrothgar’s wife (l. 1215-1220). Before the contest with Grendel, Wealtheow offers Beowulf drink (l. 623-625), on his homecoming, Queen Hygd, the wife of Hygelac, also distributes mead (l. 1980-1983), and Beowulf also talks of Freawaru, Hrothgar’s daughter, distributing mead. Coincidently, Freawaru marries Ingeld, of whom Alcuin wrote to a bishop named Speratus, scolding him for listening to songs and stories of pagan heros, writing “What has Ingeld to do with Christ?” [AE]}}
|-
|[[Porrexitque]] [[viro]], [[qui3|qui]] [[signans]] [[accipiebat]]
|225
|{{Commentary|''Signans'': “making the sign of the Cross” before partaking of the drink.
}}
|{{Parallel|Lucan 9.503: ''porrexitque duci.'' ''Aeneid'' 8.274: ''pocula porgite dextris.'' ‘Stretch forth the cup in your hands.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|{{Comment|It seems that "signans" must be translated as Kratz does: “…gave it to the man, who, as he took it, crossed / himself, and pressed the maiden’s hand with his….” This translation is overtly Christian, but it is difficult to make sense of the passage otherwise. One way this could look would be that Hildegund offered Walther the filled cup, and he held it and her hand, while blessing the cup with his other hand. Du Cange’s Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis gives the Christian definition as the most common one and traces its use back to Tertullian, so it would likely have carried that connotation to a ninth- or tenth- century author or audience, especially if that audience were monastic. [AE]}}
|-
|[[Virgineamque]] [[manum]] [[propria1|propria]] [[constrinxit]]. [[at]] [[illa2|illa]]
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|It would be interesting if the last two words of this line ("at illa") were intended as a pun on Attila’s name. However, this seems unlikely for several reasons. If the line were translated with "Attila" instead of "at illa," it would leave Attila to “stand there, silent, staring at [his] master’s face,” which does not make sense, even in a joking way. The phrase also appears later in the poem once Attila is gone (l. [[Waltharius640|673]]). [AE]}}
|-
|[[Astitit]] [[et]] [[vultum]] r[[et]]icens [[intendit]] [[herilem]],
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
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|[[Walthariusque]] [[bibens]] [[vacuum]] [[vas]] [[porrigit]] [[olli]]
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.254: ''olli subridens. . . '' ‘Smiling on her. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[ambo1|Ambo]] [[etenim]] [[norant]] [[de]] [[se2|se]] [[sponsalia]] [[facta1|facta]] --
|
|
|{{Parallel|Juvencus 1.2143: ''sponsalia pacta."}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=ambo etenim}}
|{{Comment|This is one of the few hints given to the chronology of the first part of the poem. We know that when the hostages were taken, Gunther was too young to leave his mother, and we know that the three children are essentially adults by the time they leave (Hildegund is old enough to serve as quartermistress, and the boys have become warriors), and here we learn that Hildegund and Walther were both old enough when they were taken that they remember they are betrothed. Of course, it is also possible that Hagen or another captive knew of the betrothal and told them. [AE]}}
|-
|[[Provocat]] [[et]] [[tali1|tali]] [[caram]] [[sermone]] [[puellam]]:
|230
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[exilium]] [[pariter]] [[patimur]] [[iam]] [[tempore]] [[tanto1|tanto]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.638: ''exsiliumque pati. . .'' ‘to suffer exile. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The theme of exile is also common to both Classical and Germanic poems. In Anglo-Saxon, the elegies The Wanderer, The Seafarer, and The Wife’s Lament each recount sad stories of exile. In the Aeneid, the phrase exsilium pati appears, describing what Aeneas’s father will not do (l. 2.638). Ovid also wrote exile poems. Additionally, as Walther and Hildegund go into exile for the sake of their earthly fathers, and Hagen does so for the sake of his earthly lord, religious figures of their period underwent exile or wandering for the sake of God. [AE]

You may also want to mention that exile is central to the Old Testament (e.g. Ezekiel, Esther). [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Non]] [[ignorantes]], [[quid5|quid]] [[nostri1|nostri]] [[forte]] [[parentes]]
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
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|[[Inter]] [[se4|se]] [[nostra]] [[de]] [[re]] [[fecere]] [[futura]].
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
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|[[Quamne]] [[diu]] [[tacito]] [[premimus]] [[haec2|haec]] [[ipsa]] [[palato]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.103: ''non ipse suo premit ore Latinus.'' ‘Latinus keeps not shut within his own lips.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Virgo]] [[per]] [[hyroniam]] [[meditans]] [[hoc4|hoc]] [[dicere]] [[sponsum]]
|235
|{{Commentary|''Per hyroniam'': “ironically,” i.e., insincerely, to tease her.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|This passage, particularly the word hyroniam in line 235, forms the heart of many scholars’ arguments about irony in the poem. It is clear from this passage that the poet understands the phenomenon of irony, and that he uses it for humorous effect, at least in this instance. However, it is not clear from this passage whether the poet meant anything more than entertainment, let alone the Christian conversion message which Parkes argues that the irony encodes (“Irony in Waltharius”). This passage is ironic because Walther says the opposite of what Hildegund expects, and it might be funny because the betrothed misunderstand each other, but in this key example, the poet does not attack pagan values. Indeed, Walther himself is not even being ironic. Hildegund only thinks he is. Another interpretation is that Walther is joking with Hildegund, and she plays along. However, their relationship does not involve this kind of joking elsewhere in the poem. For further investigation of irony in the Waltharius, see Dennis Green, Ford B. Parkes, Alain Renoir, and David Townsend. [AE]}}
|-
|[[Paulum]] [[conticuit]], [[sed1|sed]] [[postea]] [[talia2|talia]] [[reddit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.323; 10.530: ''talia reddit. '' ‘He answers thus.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
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|[[quid5|Quid]] [[lingua]] [[simulas]], [[quod]] [[ab]] [[imo]] [[pectore]] [[damnas]],
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.371: ''imoque trahens a pectore.'' 6.55: ''pectore ab imo.'' . . ‘From his inmost heart. . .’ 11.840: ''imo pectore.''
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Oreque]] [[persuades]], [[toto1|toto]] [[quod]] [[corde]] [[refutas]],
|
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
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|[[Sit]] [[veluti]] [[talem]] [[pudor]] [[ingens1|ingens]] [[ducere]] [[nuptam]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Sit veluti…pudor'': “As if it were a disgrace to…!”
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vir]] [[sapiens]] [[contra1|contra]] [[respondit]] [[et]] [[intulit]] [[ista3|ista]]:
|240
|
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
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|[[absit]] [[quod]] [[memoras]]! [[dextrorsum]] [[porrige1|porrige]] [[sensum]]!
|
|{{Commentary|''Porrige'' equiv. to ''dirige'' ''Dextrorsum'': i.e., to what is favorable/correct.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 4.109: ''quod memoras''. . . ‘What you say. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Noris]] [[me1|me]] [[nihilum]] [[simulata]] [[me1|me]]nte [[locutum]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 4.105: ''sensit enim simulata mente locutam.'' ‘For she knew that with feigned purpose she had spoken.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|This line closely parallels line 4.105 of the Aeneid ("sensit enim simulata mente locutam"), but in the Aeneid, Venus has actually been fraudulent, whereas Walther here pleads that he was not. [AE]}}
|-
|[[Nec]] [[quicquam]] [[nebulae]] [[vel]] [[falsi]] [[interfore]] [[crede]].
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=falsi interfore}}
|
|-
|[[nullus2|Nullus]] [[adest]] [[nobis]] [[exceptis]] [[namque]] [[duobus]]:
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
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|[[Si]] [[nossem]] [[temet]] [[mihi]] [[promptam]] [[impendere]] [[mentem]]
|245
|
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=promptam impendere}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[fidem]] [[votis]] [[servare]] [[per]] [[omnia]] [[cautis]],
|
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
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|[[Pandere]] [[cuncta]] [[tibi]] [[cordis]] [[mysteria]] [[vellem]].'
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
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|[[Tandem]] [[virgo]] [[viri]] [[genibus]] [[curvata]] [[profatur1|profatur]]:
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
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|[[ad]] [[quaecumque]] [[vocas]], [[mi]] [[domne]], [[sequar]] [[studiose]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Domne equiv. to Domine''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 4.114: ''perge, sequar.'' ‘Go on; I will follow.’ ''Eclogue ''3.49:'' veniam quocumque vocaris.'' ‘Wherever you challenge me, I’ll be there.’ ''Aeneid'' 5.22-23.: ''sequamur,/ quoque vocat, vertamus iter.'' ‘Let us follow, and turn our course whither she calls.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nec]] [[quicquam]] [[placitis]] [[malim]] [[praeponere]] [[iussis]].'
|250
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
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|[[ille1|Ille]] [[dehinc]]: '[[piget]] [[exilii]] [[me1|me]] [[denique]] [[nostri]]
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
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|[[Et]] [[patriae]] [[fines]] [[reminiscor]] [[saepe]] [[relictos]]
|
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|{{Parallel|''Eclogue'' 1.3: ''nos patriae finis et dulcia linquimus arva.'' ‘We are leaving our country’s bounds and sweet fields.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
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|[[Idcircoque]] [[fugam]] [[cupio]] [[celerare]] [[latentem]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.357: ''tum celerare fugam patriaque excedere suadet.'' ‘Then he bids her take speedy flight.’ 3.666:'' nos procul inde fugam. . .celerare.'' ‘We speed our flight far from there.’ 9.378: ''celerare fugam.''
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Quod]] [[iam]] [[prae]] [[multis1|multis]] [[potuissem]] [[forte]] [[diebus]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Prae multis…diebus'': “many days ago.” Classical authors use ''prae'' + abl. to mean “before” only in a spatial sense.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.342: ''forte diebus''. . .'' '' ‘In those days, as it chanced. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Si]] [[non]] [[Hiltgundem]] [[solam]] [[remanere]] [[dolerem]].'
|255
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius170|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** '''Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)'''
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius256|next »]]
|[[Waltharius215English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius170

2009-12-15T02:49:36Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)===
{|
|-
|[[Venerat]] [[interea1|interea]] [[satrapae]] [[certissima]] [[fama]]
|170
|{{Commentary|''Satrapae'' equiv. to ''Attilae''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Quandam]], [[quae4|quae]] [[nuper]] [[superata]], [[resistere]] [[gentem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Quandam…gentem'': since the sudden rebellion is merely a crude plot device, the precise identity of the people is unimportant.
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[bellum]] [[Hunis1|Hunis]] [[confestim]] [[inferre]] [[paratam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid 3.248'': "bellumne inferre paratis"
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=confestim inferre|hiatus=bellum Hunis}}
|
|-
|[[Tunc]] [[ad]] [[Waltharium]] [[convertitur]] [[actio]] [[rerum]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Actio rerum'': “the leadership of the expedition”
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[mox]] [[militiam]] [[percensuit]] [[ordine]] [[totam]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
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|[[Et]] [[bellatorum]] [[confortat]] [[corda]] [[suorum]],
|175
|{{Commentary|''Confortat'' equiv. to ''confirmat''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Liber Regum II'' 11.25: ''conforta bellatores.'' ‘Encourage thy warriors.’ ''Liber Genesis'' 18.5: ''confortate cor vestrum.'' ‘Strengthen ye your heart.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The language here recalls passages from Genesis ("confortate cor vestrum," 18:5) and II Kings ("conforta bellatores," 11.25). In the Genesis passage, Abraham is speaking to visiting angels. In the passage from II Kings King David is sending a message to his nephew Joab after the death of Uriah the Hittite. [AE]}}
|-
|[[Hortans]] [[praeteritos]] [[semper]] [[memorare]] [[triumphos]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
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|[[Promittensque]] [[istos]] [[solita]] [[virtute]] [[tyrannos]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Tyrannos'' equiv. to ''rebelles'' (here)
}}
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 155-156.: '' ‘vicimus,’ inquit,/ ‘exultans Vitium solita virtute.’ '' ‘ “We have overcome,” he said, “a proud Vice with our wonted virtue.” ’ ''Aeneid'' 11.415: ''quamquam o si solitae quicquam virtutis adesset! '' ‘If only we had any of our wonted valour!’'' ''
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=promittensque istos}}
|
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|[[Sternere]] [[et]] [[externis]] [[terrorem]] [[imponere]] [[terris]].
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=sternere et; terrorem imponere}}
|
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|[[Nec]] [[mora]], [[consurgit]] [[sequiturque]] [[exercitus]] [[omnis1|omnis]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.597-598.: ''At manus interea muris Troiana propinquat,/ Etruscique duces equitumque exercitus omnis/ compositi numero in turmas''. ‘But meanwhile the Trojan band draws near the walls, with the Etruscan chiefs and all their mounted array, marshalled by number into squadrons.’
 ''Liber Iosue'' 8.3: ''surrexit Iosue et omnis exercitus bellatorum cum eo''. ‘And Josue arose, and all the army of the fighting men with him.’ ''Aeneid'' 2.415: ''exercitus omnis. . .'' ‘The whole host. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|elision=sequiturque exercitus}}
|
|-
|[[Ecce]] [[locum]] [[pugnae]] [[conspexerat]] [[et]] [[numeratam]]
|180
|{{Commentary|The description of the battle that follows reworks a scene from the ''Aeneid'' (11.597 ff.) while attempting some limited level of verisimilitude in its depiction of medieval warfare. The warriors fight on horseback (a practice adopted by the Franks in Carolingian times), first with arrows and javelins from afar (the practice of the Hungarian Avars), and then in hand-to-hand combat with swords (not found in the scene from the ''Aeneid'').
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.597-598.: ''At manus interea muris Troiana propinquat,/ Etruscique duces equitumque exercitus omnis/ compositi numero in turmas''. ‘But meanwhile the Trojan band draws near the walls, with the Etruscan chiefs and all their mounted array, marshalled by number into squadrons.’
 ''Aeneid'' 11.599: ''compositi numero in turmas''. . . ‘Marshalled by number into squadrons. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|Abram Ring suggests that the frequent use of “ecce” and “en,” which would be unusual in Classical Latin, may betray the influence of Prudentius. Alternatively, he writes, it might translate an interjection from the Germanic tradition, similar to the Anglo-Saxon “hwæt.” [AE]
The battle here is reminiscent of the battles in the Aeneid (like that at 11.597), but some features distinguish it as medieval. For instance, they fight on horseback, which is a Carolingian innovation. [AE]}}
|-
|[[Per]] [[latos]] [[aciem]] [[campos]] [[digessit]] [[et]] [[agros]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.599: ''compositi numero in turmas''. . . ‘Marshalled by number into squadrons. . .’
 ''Aeneid'' 10.407-408.: ''extenditur una/ horrida per latos acies Volcania campos''. ‘Vulcan’s bristling battleline spreads unbroken over the broad fields.’ 11.601-602.: ''tum late ferreus hastis/ horret ager campique armis sublimibus ardent.'' ‘Far and wide the field bristles with the steel of spears, and the plains are ablaze with raised weapons.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
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|[[Iamque]] [[infra]] [[iactum]] [[teli]] [[congressus]] [[uterque]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.608-609.: ''iamque intra iactum teli progressus uterque/ substiterat: subito erumpunt clamore.'' ‘And now in its advance each army had halted within a spear cast of the other; with a sudden shout they dash forth.’
}}
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-182-206.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-182-206_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-182-206_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=iamque in}}
|
|-
|[[Constiterat]] [[cuneus]]: [[tunc]] [[undique]] [[clamor]] [[ad]] [[auras]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.608-609.: ''iamque intra iactum teli progressus uterque/ substiterat: subito erumpunt clamore.'' ‘And now in its advance each army had halted within a spear cast of the other; with a sudden shout they dash forth.’
 ''Aeneid'' 9.566-567. ''undique clamor/ tollitur''. ‘On all sides a shout goes up.’ 2.699: ''se tollit ad auras. '' ‘He raises himself to the airs.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
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|[[Tollitur]], [[horrendam]] [[confundunt]] [[classica]] [[vocem]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.566-567. ''undique clamor/ tollitur''. ‘On all sides a shout goes up.’ 2.699: ''se tollit ad auras. '' ‘He raises himself to the airs.’
 ''Aeneid'' 7.637: ''classica iamque sonant''. ‘And now the clarion sounds.’ 9.731-732.: ''arma/ horrendum sonuere.'' ‘His armour rang terribly.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
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|[[Continuoque]] [[hastae]] [[volitant]] [[hinc]] [[indeque1|indeque]] [[densae]].
|185
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.612-613.: ''continuo''. . . ‘At once. . .’ 11.610-611.: ''fundunt simul undique tela/ crebra nivis ritu''. ‘Together from all sides they shower weapons as thick as snowflakes.’ 12.408-409.: ''spicula castris/ densa cadunt mediis''. ‘Shafts fall thick in the middle of the camp.’ ''Georgics'' 2.142: ''galeis densisque virum seges horruit hastis''. ‘The fields bristled with the helms and serried lances of warriors.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|elision=H-ELISION: continuoque hastae}}
|
|-
|[[Fraxinus]] [[et]] [[cornus]] [[ludum]] [[miscebat]] [[in]] [[unum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Fraxinus et cornus'': by metonymy, the wooden spears.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.698: ''volat Itala cornus''. ‘The Italian cornel shaft flies.’ 12.267: ''sonitum dat stridula cornus''. ‘The whistling cornel shaft sings.’ 12.714: ''fors et virtus miscentur in unum.'' ‘Chance and valour blend in one.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
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|[[Fulminis]] [[inque]] [[modum]] [[cuspis]] [[vibrata]] [[micabat]].
|
|{{Commentary|''In modum'' equiv. to ''instar''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.615-616.: ''excussus Aconteus/ fulminis in morem''. . .''praecipitat longe''. ‘Flung off like a thunderbolt, Aconteus is hurled headlong far away.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
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|[[Ac]] [[veluti]] [[boreae]] [[sub]] [[tempore]] [[nix]] [[glomerata]]
|
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|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The metaphor here assumes that both the poet and his expected audience were familiar with snow. Indeed, it suggests that they had not simply seen snow on faraway mountaintops but actually experienced snowstorms. In contrast, snow appears in the Aeneid only in line 4.238. Mercury is flying to Carthage, and on the way there he sees Atlas, whose shoulders are snow-covered. [AE]}}
|-
|[[Spargitur]], [[haud]] [[aliter]] [[saevas]] [[iecere]] [[sagittas]].
|
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|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
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|[[postremum1|Postremum]] [[cunctis1|cunctis]] [[utroque]] [[ex]] [[agmine]] [[pilis]]
|190
|
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|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=utroque ex}}
|
|-
|[[absumptis1|Absumptis]] [[manus]] [[ad]] [[mucronem]] [[vertitur]] [[omnis]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|Prudentius'' Psychomachia'' 137: ''vertitur ad capulum manus''. ‘Her ruthless hand turned to her sword-hilt.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
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|[[Fulmineos]] [[promunt]] [[enses]] [[clipeosque]] [[revolvunt]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Clipeosque revolvunt'': variously explained. The warriors are either throwing back their shields or taking them up again having already done so, in preparation for combat (cf. ''restaurant'' in the following line).
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 4.579-580.: ''vaginaque eripit ensem/ fulmineum''. ‘He snatches his flashing sword from its sheath.’ 9.441-442.: ''instat non setius ac rotat ensem/ fulmineum''. ‘Onward none the less he presses, whirling his lightning blade.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
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|[[Concurrunt]] [[acies1|acies]] [[demum]] [[pugnamque]] [[restaurant]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.612-613.: ''adversis Tyrrhenus et acer Aconteus/ conixi incurrunt hastis primique ruinam/ dant sonitu ingenti perfractaque quadripedantum/ pectora pectoribus rumpunt; excussus Aconteus fulminis in morem. . .praecipitat longe''. ‘At once Tyrrhenus and fierce Aconteus charge each other full force with spears, and are first to go down with a mighty crash, breaking and shattering their horses as they collide breast to breast. Flung off like a thunderbolt, Aconteus is hurled headlong far away.’ 10.360-361.: ''aciesque Latinae/ concurrunt''. ‘The ranks of Latium clash.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
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|[[Pectoribus]] [[partim]] [[rumpuntur]] [[pectora1|pectora]] [[equorum]],
|
|{{Commentary|The thought of this line parallels that of the next: some of both the horses and the men were killed merely by being crushed against one another while armed in the stampede of battle.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.612-613.: ''adversis Tyrrhenus et acer Aconteus/ conixi incurrunt hastis primique ruinam/ dant sonitu ingenti perfractaque quadripedantum/ pectora pectoribus rumpunt; excussus Aconteus fulminis in morem. . .praecipitat longe''. ‘At once Tyrrhenus and fierce Aconteus charge each other full force with spears, and are first to go down with a mighty crash, breaking and shattering their horses as they collide breast to breast. Flung off like a thunderbolt, Aconteus is hurled headlong far away.’ 10.360-361.: ''aciesque Latinae/ concurrunt''. ‘The ranks of Latium clash.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=pectora equorum}}
|
|-
|[[Sternitur]] [[et]] [[quaedam]] [[pars]] [[duro]] [[umbone]] [[virorum]].
|195
|
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 255-256.: ''hostem humilem cupiens inpulsu umbonis equini/ sternere. . .'' ‘Eager to upset her lowly enemy with the shock of her horse-hide shield. . .’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=duro umbone}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[tamen]] [[in]] [[medio1|medio]] [[furit]] [[agmine]] [[bello]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 11.762: ''qua se cumque furens medio tulit agmine virgo''. . . ‘Wherever the maiden rides among the ranks in her fury. . .’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Line-196.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-182-206.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-182-206_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-182-206_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Obvia]] [[quaeque1|quaeque]] [[metens]] [[armis]] [[ac]] [[limite]] [[pergens]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 11.762: ''qua se cumque furens medio tulit agmine virgo''. . . ‘Wherever the maiden rides among the ranks in her fury. . .’
 ''Aeneid'' 10.513-514.: ''proxima quaeque metit gladio latumque per agmen/ ardens limitem agit ferro''. . . ‘With the sword he mows down all the nearest ranks, and fiercely drives a broad path through the host with the steel. . .’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
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|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[ubi]] [[conspiciunt]] [[hostes1|hostes]] [[tantas]] [[dare]] [[strages]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.783-784.: ''unus homo et vestris, o cives, undique saeptus/ aggeribus tantas strages. . .ediderit? '' ‘My countrymen, shall one man, hemmed in on every side by your ramparts, deal such carnage?’ ''Georgics ''3.246-247.: ''nec funera vulgo/ tam multa informes ursi stragemque dedere''. ‘Never does the shapeless bear spread death and havoc so widely.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ac]] [[si]] [[praesentem]] [[metuebant]] [[cernere]] [[mortem]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Ac si'': qualifying ''praesentem'', not beginning a clause.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.91: ''praesentemque viris intentant omnia mortem.'' ‘All forebodes the sailors’ instant death.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[quemcunque]] [[locum]], [[seu]] [[dextram]] [[sive]] [[sinistram]],
|200
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 3.563: ''laevam cuncta cohors. . .petivit''. ‘Leftward all our force plied.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
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|[[Waltharius]] [[peteret]], [[cuncti1|cuncti]] [[mox]] [[terga]] [[dederunt]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 3.563: ''laevam cuncta cohors. . .petivit''. ‘Leftward all our force plied.’
 ''Aeneid'' 9.686: ''agminibus totis qut versi terga dedere.'' ‘With all their columns [they] are routed and turn to flight.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[versis]] [[scutis]] [[laxisque]] [[feruntur]] [[habenis]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Versis scutis'': they put their shields on their backs to protect them as they flee.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.686: ''agminibus totis qut versi terga dedere.'' ‘With all their columns [they] are routed and turn to flight.’
 ''Aeneid'' 11.618-619.:'' versique Latini/ reiciunt parmas''. ‘The routed Latins cast their shields behind them.’ 11.623: ''hi fugiunt penitusque datis referuntur habenis'' ‘The others flee, and retreat far off with loosened rein.’ ''Georgics'' 2.364: ''palmes agit laxis per purum immisus habenis. . .'' ‘The shoot, speeding through the void with loosened reins. . .’ ''Aeneid'' 1.62-63.: ''qui foedere certo/ et premere et laxas sciret dare iussus habenas.'' ‘Who, under fixed covenant, should be skilled to tighten and loosen the reins at command.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
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|[[Tunc]] [[imitata]] [[ducem]] [[gens]] [[maxima]] [[Pannoniarum]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.758-759.: '' ducis exemplum eventumque secuti/ Maeonidae incurrunt. '' ‘Following their chief’s example and success, Maeonia’s sons attack.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Line-196.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-182-206.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-182-206_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-182-206_2.png
File:Europe500.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
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|[[Saevior]] [[insurgit]] [[caedemque]] [[audacior]] [[auget]],
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.902: ''altior insurgens.'' . . ‘Rising to his height. . .’ Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 31: ''altior insurgens.''
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=caedemque audacior}}
|
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|[[Deicit]] [[obstantes]], [[fugientes]] [[proterit]] [[usque]],
|205
|
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' Praefatio 28: ''pellit fugatos, sauciatos proterit. '' ‘[He] drives off in flight those proud kings. . .or cuts them down.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
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|[[dum1|Dum]] [[caperet]] [[plenum]] [[belli]] [[sub]] [[sorte]] [[triumphum]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Belli sub sorte'': “in the outcome of the battle”
}}
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 474: ''belli sub sorte''. . . ‘By the luck of war. . .’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
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|[[Tum]] [[super1|super]] [[occisos]] [[ruit]] [[et]] [[spoliaverat]] [[omnes1|omnes]].
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
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|[[Et]] [[tandem]] [[ductor]] [[recavo]] [[vocat]] [[agmina]] [[cornu]]
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|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.513-514.: ''cornuque recurvo/ Tartaream intendit vocem. '' ‘On the twisted horn [she] strains her hellish voice.’ 3.239: '' dat signum specula Misenus ab alta/ aere cavo. '' ‘Misenus on his hollow brass gave the signal from his watch aloft.’ Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 422: ''recavo misceret labra palato''. ‘[She] beats the lips into the arched mouth.’ ''Aeneid'' 7.508: ''vocat agmina Tyrrhus''. ‘Tyrrhus summons his bands.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS}}
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|[[Ac]] [[primus1|primus]] [[frontem]] [[festa]] [[cum2|cum]] [[fronde]] [[revinxit]],
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.71-72.: '' ‘. . .cingite tempora ramis.’/ Sic fatus velat materna tempora myrto./ hoc Helymus facit, hoc aevi maturus Acestes/ hoc puer Ascanius, sequitur quos cetera pubes. '' ‘ “. . .Weathe your brows with leaves.” So speaking, he crowns his brows with his mother’s myrtle. Thus does Helymus, thus Acestes, ripe of years, thus the boy Ascanius, the rest of the youth following.’ 7.614: ''sequitur tum cetera pubes''. ‘Then the rest of the warriors take up the cry.’ 4.459: ''velleribus niveis et festa fronde revinctum. . .'' ‘Wreathing it with snowy fleeces and festal foliage. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
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|[[Victrici]] [[lauro]] [[cingens]] [[sua1|sua]] [[timpora]] [[vulgo]],
|210
|{{Commentary|''Timpora'' equiv. to ''tempora''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.71-72.: '' ‘. . .cingite tempora ramis.’/ Sic fatus velat materna tempora myrto./ hoc Helymus facit, hoc aevi maturus Acestes/ hoc puer Ascanius, sequitur quos cetera pubes. '' ‘ “. . .Weathe your brows with leaves.” So speaking, he crowns his brows with his mother’s myrtle. Thus does Helymus, thus Acestes, ripe of years, thus the boy Ascanius, the rest of the youth following.’ 7.614: ''sequitur tum cetera pubes''. ‘Then the rest of the warriors take up the cry.’ 4.459: ''velleribus niveis et festa fronde revinctum. . .'' ‘Wreathing it with snowy fleeces and festal foliage. . .’
 ''Aeneid'' 5.539: ''cingit viridanti tempora lauro.'' ‘He binds his brows with green laurel.’ Virgil, ''Eclogue'' 8.12-13.: ''hanc sine tempora circum/ inter victricis hederam tibi serpere lauros.'' ‘Grant that, amid the conqueror’s laurels, this ivy may creep about your brows.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The laurels mentioned here are likely meant to be taken as a Classical reference, rather than as a literal description of the homecoming. The bay laurel, from which laurel wreaths are typically made, is a Mediterranean plant, and it would have a hard time surviving in northern Europe. Even then, the plant would have had to be imported, because it is not native. It is more likely that the poet refers to laurels but means a more cold-hearty plant. [AE]}}
|-
|[[post1|Post]] [[hunc2|hunc]] [[signiferi]], [[sequitur]] [[quos]] [[cetera]] [[pubes]].
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
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|[[Iamque]] [[triumphali]] [[redierunt]] [[stemmate1|stemmate]] [[compti]]
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
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|[[Et]] [[patriam]] [[ingressi]] [[propria]] [[se5|se]] [[quisque1|quisque]] [[locavit]]
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|elision=patriam ingressi}}
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|[[sed1|Sed]]e, [[sed1|sed]] [[ad]] [[solium1|solium]] [[mox]] [[Waltharius]] [[properavit]].
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
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<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius142|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** '''Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)'''
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius215|next »]]
|[[Waltharius170English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius170

2009-12-15T02:42:11Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)===
{|
|-
|[[Venerat]] [[interea1|interea]] [[satrapae]] [[certissima]] [[fama]]
|170
|{{Commentary|''Satrapae'' equiv. to ''Attilae''
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
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|[[Quandam]], [[quae4|quae]] [[nuper]] [[superata]], [[resistere]] [[gentem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Quandam…gentem'': since the sudden rebellion is merely a crude plot device, the precise identity of the people is unimportant.
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS}}
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|[[bellum]] [[Hunis1|Hunis]] [[confestim]] [[inferre]] [[paratam]].
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid 3.248'': "bellumne inferre paratis"
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=confestim inferre|hiatus=bellum Hunis}}
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|[[Tunc]] [[ad]] [[Waltharium]] [[convertitur]] [[actio]] [[rerum]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Actio rerum'': “the leadership of the expedition”
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
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|[[qui3|Qui]] [[mox]] [[militiam]] [[percensuit]] [[ordine]] [[totam]]
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
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|[[Et]] [[bellatorum]] [[confortat]] [[corda]] [[suorum]],
|175
|{{Commentary|''Confortat'' equiv. to ''confirmat''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Liber Regum II'' 11.25: ''conforta bellatores.'' ‘Encourage thy warriors.’ ''Liber Genesis'' 18.5: ''confortate cor vestrum.'' ‘Strengthen ye your heart.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The language here recalls passages from Genesis ("confortate cor vestrum," 18:5) and II Kings ("conforta bellatores," 11.25). In the Genesis passage, Abraham is speaking to visiting angels. The passage from II Kings is King David sending a message to his nephew Joab after the death of Uriah the Hittite. [AE]}}
|-
|[[Hortans]] [[praeteritos]] [[semper]] [[memorare]] [[triumphos]]
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
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|[[Promittensque]] [[istos]] [[solita]] [[virtute]] [[tyrannos]]
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|{{Commentary|''Tyrannos'' equiv. to ''rebelles'' (here)
}}
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 155-156.: '' ‘vicimus,’ inquit,/ ‘exultans Vitium solita virtute.’ '' ‘ “We have overcome,” he said, “a proud Vice with our wonted virtue.” ’ ''Aeneid'' 11.415: ''quamquam o si solitae quicquam virtutis adesset! '' ‘If only we had any of our wonted valour!’'' ''
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=promittensque istos}}
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|[[Sternere]] [[et]] [[externis]] [[terrorem]] [[imponere]] [[terris]].
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=sternere et; terrorem imponere}}
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|[[Nec]] [[mora]], [[consurgit]] [[sequiturque]] [[exercitus]] [[omnis1|omnis]].
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.597-598.: ''At manus interea muris Troiana propinquat,/ Etruscique duces equitumque exercitus omnis/ compositi numero in turmas''. ‘But meanwhile the Trojan band draws near the walls, with the Etruscan chiefs and all their mounted array, marshalled by number into squadrons.’
 ''Liber Iosue'' 8.3: ''surrexit Iosue et omnis exercitus bellatorum cum eo''. ‘And Josue arose, and all the army of the fighting men with him.’ ''Aeineid'' 2.415: ''exercitus omnis. . .'' ‘The whole host. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|elision=sequiturque exercitus}}
|
|-
|[[Ecce]] [[locum]] [[pugnae]] [[conspexerat]] [[et]] [[numeratam]]
|180
|{{Commentary|The description of the battle that follows reworks a scene from the ''Aeneid'' (11.597 ff.) while attempting some limited level of verisimilitude in its depiction of medieval warfare. The warriors fight on horseback (a practice adopted by the Franks in Carolingian times), first with arrows and javelins from afar (the practice of the Hungarian Avars), and then in hand-to-hand combat with swords (not found in the scene from the ''Aeneid'').
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.597-598.: ''At manus interea muris Troiana propinquat,/ Etruscique duces equitumque exercitus omnis/ compositi numero in turmas''. ‘But meanwhile the Trojan band draws near the walls, with the Etruscan chiefs and all their mounted array, marshalled by number into squadrons.’
 ''Aeneid'' 11.599: ''compositi numero in turmas''. . . ‘Marshalled by number into squadrons. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|Abram Ring suggests that the frequent use of “ecce” and “en,” which would be unusual in Classical Latin, may be the influence of Prudentius. Alternately, he writes, it might translate an interjection from the Germanic tradition, similar to the Anglo-Saxon “hwæt.” [AE]
The battle here is reminiscent of the battles in the Aeneid (like that at 11.597), but some features distinguish it as medieval. For instance, they fight on horseback, which is a Carolingian innovation. [AE]}}
|-
|[[Per]] [[latos]] [[aciem]] [[campos]] [[digessit]] [[et]] [[agros]].
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.599: ''compositi numero in turmas''. . . ‘Marshalled by number into squadrons. . .’
 ''Aeneid'' 10.407-408.: ''extenditur una/ horrida per latos acies Volcania campos''. ‘Vulcan’s bristling battleline spreads unbroken over the broad fields.’ 11.601-602.: ''tum late ferreus hastis/ horret ager campique armis sublimibus ardent.'' ‘Far and wide the field bristles with the steel of spears, and the plains are ablaze with raised weapons.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
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|[[Iamque]] [[infra]] [[iactum]] [[teli]] [[congressus]] [[uterque]]
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.608-609.: ''iamque intra iactum teli progressus uterque/ substiterat: subito erumpunt clamore.'' ‘And now in its advance each army had halted within a spear cast of the other; with a sudden shout they dash forth.’
}}
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-182-206.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-182-206_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-182-206_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=iamque in}}
|
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|[[Constiterat]] [[cuneus]]: [[tunc]] [[undique]] [[clamor]] [[ad]] [[auras]]
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.608-609.: ''iamque intra iactum teli progressus uterque/ substiterat: subito erumpunt clamore.'' ‘And now in its advance each army had halted within a spear cast of the other; with a sudden shout they dash forth.’
 ''Aeneid'' 9.566-567. ''undique clamor/ tollitur''. ‘On all sides a shout goes up.’ 2.699: ''se tollit ad auras. '' ‘He raises himself to the airs.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
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|[[Tollitur]], [[horrendam]] [[confundunt]] [[classica]] [[vocem]],
|
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.566-567. ''undique clamor/ tollitur''. ‘On all sides a shout goes up.’ 2.699: ''se tollit ad auras. '' ‘He raises himself to the airs.’
 ''Aeneid'' 7.637: ''classica iamque sonant''. ‘And now the clarion sounds.’ 9.731-732.: ''arma/ horrendum sonuere.'' ‘His armour rang terribly.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
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|[[Continuoque]] [[hastae]] [[volitant]] [[hinc]] [[indeque1|indeque]] [[densae]].
|185
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.612-613.: ''continuo''. . . ‘At once. . .’ 11.610-611.: ''fundunt simul undique tela/ crebra nivis ritu''. ‘Together from all sides they shower weapons as thick as snowflakes.’ 12.408-409.: ''spicula castris/ densa cadunt mediis''. ‘Shafts fall thick in the middle of the camp.’ ''Georgics'' 2.142: ''galeis densisque virum seges horruit hastis''. ‘The fields bristled with the helms and serried lances of warriors.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|elision=H-ELISION: continuoque hastae}}
|
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|[[Fraxinus]] [[et]] [[cornus]] [[ludum]] [[miscebat]] [[in]] [[unum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Fraxinus et cornus'': by metonymy, the wooden spears.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.698: ''volat Itala cornus''. ‘The Italian cornel shaft flies.’ 12.267: ''sonitum dat stridula cornus''. ‘The whistling cornel shaft sings.’ 12.714: ''fors et virtus miscentur in unum.'' ‘Chance and valour blend in one.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
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|[[Fulminis]] [[inque]] [[modum]] [[cuspis]] [[vibrata]] [[micabat]].
|
|{{Commentary|''In modum'' equiv. to ''instar''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.615-616.: ''excussus Aconteus/ fulminis in morem''. . .''praecipitat longe''. ‘Flung off like a thunderbolt, Aconteus is hurled headlong far away.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
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|[[Ac]] [[veluti]] [[boreae]] [[sub]] [[tempore]] [[nix]] [[glomerata]]
|
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|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The metaphor here suggests that both the poet and his expected audience were familiar with snow. Indeed, it suggests that they had experienced snowstorms, not simply seen snow on faraway mountaintops. In contrast, the only appearance of snow in the Aeneid is in line 4.238. Mercury is flying to Carthage, and on the way there he sees Atlas, whose shoulders are snow-covered. [AE]}}
|-
|[[Spargitur]], [[haud]] [[aliter]] [[saevas]] [[iecere]] [[sagittas]].
|
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|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
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|[[postremum1|Postremum]] [[cunctis1|cunctis]] [[utroque]] [[ex]] [[agmine]] [[pilis]]
|190
|
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|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=utroque ex}}
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|[[absumptis1|Absumptis]] [[manus]] [[ad]] [[mucronem]] [[vertitur]] [[omnis]]:
|
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|{{Parallel|Prudentius'' Psychomachia'' 137: ''vertitur ad capulum manus''. ‘Her ruthless hand turned to her sword-hilt.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
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|[[Fulmineos]] [[promunt]] [[enses]] [[clipeosque]] [[revolvunt]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Clipeosque revolvunt'': variously explained. The warriors are either throwing back their shields or taking them up again having already done so, in preparation for combat (cf. ''restaurant'' in the following line).
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 4.579-580.: ''vaginaque eripit ensem/ fulmineum''. ‘He snatches his flashing sword from its sheath.’ 9.441-442.: ''instat non setius ac rotat ensem/ fulmineum''. ‘Onward none the less he presses, whirling his lightning blade.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
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|[[Concurrunt]] [[acies1|acies]] [[demum]] [[pugnamque]] [[restaurant]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.612-613.: ''adversis Tyrrhenus et acer Aconteus/ conixi incurrunt hastis primique ruinam/ dant sonitu ingenti perfractaque quadripedantum/ pectora pectoribus rumpunt; excussus Aconteus fulminis in morem. . .praecipitat longe''. ‘At once Tyrrhenus and fierce Aconteus charge each other full force with spears, and are first to go down with a mighty crash, breaking and shattering their horses as they collide breast to breast. Flung off like a thunderbolt, Aconteus is hurled headlong far away.’ 10.360-361.: ''aciesque Latinae/ concurrunt''. ‘The ranks of Latium clash.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
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|[[Pectoribus]] [[partim]] [[rumpuntur]] [[pectora1|pectora]] [[equorum]],
|
|{{Commentary|The thought of this line parallels that of the next: some of both the horses and the men were killed merely by being crushed against one another while armed in the stampede of battle.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.612-613.: ''adversis Tyrrhenus et acer Aconteus/ conixi incurrunt hastis primique ruinam/ dant sonitu ingenti perfractaque quadripedantum/ pectora pectoribus rumpunt; excussus Aconteus fulminis in morem. . .praecipitat longe''. ‘At once Tyrrhenus and fierce Aconteus charge each other full force with spears, and are first to go down with a mighty crash, breaking and shattering their horses as they collide breast to breast. Flung off like a thunderbolt, Aconteus is hurled headlong far away.’ 10.360-361.: ''aciesque Latinae/ concurrunt''. ‘The ranks of Latium clash.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=pectora equorum}}
|
|-
|[[Sternitur]] [[et]] [[quaedam]] [[pars]] [[duro]] [[umbone]] [[virorum]].
|195
|
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 255-256.: ''hostem humilem cupiens inpulsu umbonis equini/ sternere. . .'' ‘Eager to upset her lowly enemy with the shock of her horse-hide shield. . .’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=duro umbone}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[tamen]] [[in]] [[medio1|medio]] [[furit]] [[agmine]] [[bello]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 11.762: ''qua se cumque furens medio tulit agmine virgo''. . . ‘Wherever the maiden rides among the ranks in her fury. . .’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Line-196.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-182-206.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-182-206_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-182-206_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Obvia]] [[quaeque1|quaeque]] [[metens]] [[armis]] [[ac]] [[limite]] [[pergens]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 11.762: ''qua se cumque furens medio tulit agmine virgo''. . . ‘Wherever the maiden rides among the ranks in her fury. . .’
 ''Aeneid'' 10.513-514.: ''proxima quaeque metit gladio latumque per agmen/ ardens limitem agit ferro''. . . ‘With the sword he mows down all the nearest ranks, and fiercely drives a broad path through the host with the steel. . .’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[ubi]] [[conspiciunt]] [[hostes1|hostes]] [[tantas]] [[dare]] [[strages]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.783-784.: ''unus homo et vestris, o cives, undique saeptus/ aggeribus tantas strages. . .ediderit? '' ‘My countrymen, shall one man, hemmed in on every side by your ramparts, deal such carnage?’ ''Georgics ''3.246-247.: ''nec funera vulgo/ tam multa informes ursi stragemque dedere''. ‘Never does the shapeless bear spread death and havoc so widely.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ac]] [[si]] [[praesentem]] [[metuebant]] [[cernere]] [[mortem]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Ac si'': qualifying ''praesentem'', not beginning a clause.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.91: ''praesentemque viris intentant omnia mortem.'' ‘All forebodes the sailors’ instant death.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[quemcunque]] [[locum]], [[seu]] [[dextram]] [[sive]] [[sinistram]],
|200
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 3.563: ''laevam cuncta cohors. . .petivit''. ‘Leftward all our force plied.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[peteret]], [[cuncti1|cuncti]] [[mox]] [[terga]] [[dederunt]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 3.563: ''laevam cuncta cohors. . .petivit''. ‘Leftward all our force plied.’
 ''Aeneid'' 9.686: ''agminibus totis qut versi terga dedere.'' ‘With all their columns [they] are routed and turn to flight.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[versis]] [[scutis]] [[laxisque]] [[feruntur]] [[habenis]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Versis scutis'': they put their shields on their backs to protect them as they flee.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.686: ''agminibus totis qut versi terga dedere.'' ‘With all their columns [they] are routed and turn to flight.’
 ''Aeneid'' 11.618-619.:'' versique Latini/ reiciunt parmas''. ‘The routed Latins cast their shields behind them.’ 11.623: ''hi fugiunt penitusque datis referuntur habenis'' ‘The others flee, and retreat far off with loosened rein.’ ''Georgics'' 2.364: ''palmes agit laxis per purum immisus habenis. . .'' ‘The shoot, speeding through the void with loosened reins. . .’ ''Aeneid'' 1.62-63.: ''qui foedere certo/ et premere et laxas sciret dare iussus habenas.'' ‘Who, under fixed covenant, should be skilled to tighten and loosen the reins at command.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Tunc]] [[imitata]] [[ducem]] [[gens]] [[maxima]] [[Pannoniarum]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.758-759.: '' ducis exemplum eventumque secuti/ Maeonidae incurrunt. '' ‘Following their chief’s example and success, Maeonia’s sons attack.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Line-196.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-182-206.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-182-206_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-182-206_2.png
File:Europe500.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Saevior]] [[insurgit]] [[caedemque]] [[audacior]] [[auget]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.902: ''altior insurgens.'' . . ‘Rising to his height. . .’ Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 31: ''altior insurgens.''
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=caedemque audacior}}
|
|-
|[[Deicit]] [[obstantes]], [[fugientes]] [[proterit]] [[usque]],
|205
|
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' Praefatio 28: ''pellit fugatos, sauciatos proterit. '' ‘[He] drives off in flight those proud kings. . .or cuts them down.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[dum1|Dum]] [[caperet]] [[plenum]] [[belli]] [[sub]] [[sorte]] [[triumphum]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Belli sub sorte'': “in the outcome of the battle”
}}
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 474: ''belli sub sorte''. . . ‘By the luck of war. . .’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Tum]] [[super1|super]] [[occisos]] [[ruit]] [[et]] [[spoliaverat]] [[omnes1|omnes]].
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
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|[[Et]] [[tandem]] [[ductor]] [[recavo]] [[vocat]] [[agmina]] [[cornu]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.513-514.: ''cornuque recurvo/ Tartaream intendit vocem. '' ‘On the twisted horn [she] strains her hellish voice.’ 3.239: '' dat signum specula Misenus ab alta/ aere cavo. '' ‘Misenus on his hollow brass gave the signal from his watch aloft.’ Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 422: ''recavo misceret labra palato''. ‘[She] beats the lips into the arched mouth.’ ''Aeneid'' 7.508: ''vocat agmina Tyrrhus''. ‘Tyrrhus summons his bands.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ac]] [[primus1|primus]] [[frontem]] [[festa]] [[cum2|cum]] [[fronde]] [[revinxit]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.71-72.: '' ‘. . .cingite tempora ramis.’/ Sic fatus velat materna tempora myrto./ hoc Helymus facit, hoc aevi maturus Acestes/ hoc puer Ascanius, sequitur quos cetera pubes. '' ‘ “. . .Weathe your brows with leaves.” So speaking, he crowns his brows with his mother’s myrtle. Thus does Helymus, thus Acestes, ripe of years, thus the boy Ascanius, the rest of the youth following.’ 7.614: ''sequitur tum cetera pubes''. ‘Then the rest of the warriors take up the cry.’ 4.459: ''velleribus niveis et festa fronde revinctum. . .'' ‘Wreathing it with snowy fleeces and festal foliage. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Victrici]] [[lauro]] [[cingens]] [[sua1|sua]] [[timpora]] [[vulgo]],
|210
|{{Commentary|''Timpora'' equiv. to ''tempora''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.71-72.: '' ‘. . .cingite tempora ramis.’/ Sic fatus velat materna tempora myrto./ hoc Helymus facit, hoc aevi maturus Acestes/ hoc puer Ascanius, sequitur quos cetera pubes. '' ‘ “. . .Weathe your brows with leaves.” So speaking, he crowns his brows with his mother’s myrtle. Thus does Helymus, thus Acestes, ripe of years, thus the boy Ascanius, the rest of the youth following.’ 7.614: ''sequitur tum cetera pubes''. ‘Then the rest of the warriors take up the cry.’ 4.459: ''velleribus niveis et festa fronde revinctum. . .'' ‘Wreathing it with snowy fleeces and festal foliage. . .’
 ''Aeneid'' 5.539: ''cingit viridanti tempora lauro.'' ‘He binds his brows with green laurel.’ Virgil, ''Eclogue'' 8.12-13.: ''hanc sine tempora circum/ inter victricis hederam tibi serpere lauros.'' ‘Grant that, amid the conqueror’s laurels, this ivy may creep about your brows.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The laurels mentioned here are likely meant to be taken as a Classical reference, rather than as a literal description of the homecoming. The bay laurel, from which laurel wreaths are typically made, is a Mediterranean plant, and it would have a hard time surviving in northern Europe. Even then, the plant would have had to be imported, because it is not native. It is more likely that the poet refers to laurels but means a more cold-hearty plant. [AE]}}
|-
|[[post1|Post]] [[hunc2|hunc]] [[signiferi]], [[sequitur]] [[quos]] [[cetera]] [[pubes]].
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
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|[[Iamque]] [[triumphali]] [[redierunt]] [[stemmate1|stemmate]] [[compti]]
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
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|[[Et]] [[patriam]] [[ingressi]] [[propria]] [[se5|se]] [[quisque1|quisque]] [[locavit]]
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|elision=patriam ingressi}}
|
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|[[sed1|Sed]]e, [[sed1|sed]] [[ad]] [[solium1|solium]] [[mox]] [[Waltharius]] [[properavit]].
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
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|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius142|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** '''Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)'''
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius215|next »]]
|[[Waltharius170English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius142

2009-12-15T02:33:26Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)===
{|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[venit]], [[cui1|cui]] [[princeps]] [[talia2|talia]] [[pandit]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': Waltharius, who begins speaking in line 146. (Attila’s repetition of his wife’s speech is elided.)
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 3.179: ''remque ordine pando''. ‘I reveal all in order.’ 6.723: ''suscipit Anchises atque ordine singula pandit. '' ‘Anchises replies, and reveals each truth in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Uxorem]] [[suadens1|suadens]] [[sibi1|sibi]] [[ducere]]; [[sed1|sed]] [[tamen]] [[ipse]]
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS}}
|
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|[[Iam]] [[tum]] [[praemeditans]], [[quod]] [[post]] [[compleverat]] [[actis1|actis]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Quod'': obj. of ''praemeditans''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Secundum Lucam'' 21.14: ''non praemeditari quemadmodum respondeatis''. ‘Do not meditate before how you should answer.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his1|His]] [[instiganti]] [[suggestibus]] [[obvius]] [[infit1|infit]]:
|145
|{{Commentary|''Suggestibus'' equiv. to ''consiliis''
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
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|[[Vestra]] [[quidem]] [[pietas]] [[est]], [[quod3|quod]] [[modici]] [[famulatus]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Modici famulatus'': genitive of description with ''causa'', meaning “of little importance” or “that has provided some small service.”
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Causam]] [[conspicitis]]. [[sed1|sed]] [[quod3|quod]] [[mea1|mea]] [[segnia]] [[mentis]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Causam'': here, as often in the ''Waltharius'', this word is practically the equivalent of ''res'' – well on its way to becoming French ''chose'', Italian/Spanish ''cosa'', “thing.” ''Mea segnia'': i.e., Waltharius’s delay in making a decision regarding marriage.
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|"Causa" is used here in a sense, meaning "thing," which arose in Later Latin and which survives to this day in the Romance languages, as in French "chose" and Italian "cosa." Du Cange’s Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis cites this meaning of "causa" in the laws of the Lombards and in the laws of Charlemagne. [AE]}}
|-
|[[Intuitu]] [[fertis]], [[numquam]] [[meruisse]] [[valerem]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Mentis intuitu fertis'' equiv. to ''attenditis''
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
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|[[sed1|Sed]] [[precor]], [[ut1|ut]] [[servi]] [[capiatis]] [[verba]] [[fidelis]]:
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
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|[[Si]] [[nuptam]] [[accipiam]] [[domini]] [[praecepta]] [[secundum1|secundum]],
|150
|{{Commentary|''Secundum'': the post-positive preposition
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS|elision=nuptam accipiam}}
|
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|[[Vinciar]] [[in]] [[primis]] [[curis]] [[et]] [[amore]] [[puellae]]
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
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|[[A]]tque [[a]] [[servitio]] [[regis]] [[plerumque]] [[retardor]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Retardor'': Like ''cogor'' and ''moratur'' below, with a future sense.
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=atque a}}
|
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|[[Aedificare]] [[domos]] [[cultumque]] [[intendere]] [[ruris]]
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=cultumque intendere}}
|
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|[[Cogor]], [[et]] [[hoc2|hoc]] [[oculis]] [[senioris]] [[adesse]] [[moratur]]
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
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|[[Et]] [[solitam]] [[regno]] [[Hunorum]] [[impendere]] [[curam]].
|155
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.433: ''et dubitant homines serere atque impendere curam?'' ‘And can men be slow to plant and bestow care?’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hunorum impendere|hiatus=regno Hunorum}}
|
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|[[Namque]] [[voluptatem]] [[quisquis]] [[gustaverit]], [[exin]]
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
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|[[Intolerabilius]] [[consuevit]] [[ferre]] [[labores]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Intolerabilius'': here active in sense, “with less tolerance.”
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
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|[[nil2|Nil]] [[tam]] [[dulce]] [[mihi]], [[quam]] [[semper]] [[inesse]] [[fideli]]
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|This line manifests with particular acuteness one aspect of the Germanic warrior ethos, namely, love for the lord above all else. However, since the audience knows Walther is promised to Hildegund, and we will soon see the two plot together against Attila, it has the ring of irony. [AE]
Hagan will later honor his love for his lord above his personal loyalties, and one interpretation of the poem's end is that he is punished for his desertion of Walther. Walther's defection here is thus preferable to abandoning Hildegund. Alternatively, Walther too might be punished for the breach of loyalty to his lord with the loss of his hand, just as Hagan is punished for his breach of loyalty to a friend with the loss of his eye. [MCD]}}
|-
|[[Obsequio]] [[domini]]; [[quare]] [[precor1|precor]] [[absque]] [[iugali]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Malachim IV ''5.2: ''Quae erat in obsequio uxoris Naaman.'' ‘She waited upon Naaman’s wife.’ ''Aeneid 4.16:'' ''ne cui me vinclo vellem sociare iugali. . .'' ‘To ally myself with none in bond of wedlock. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The language here echoes Aeneid 4.16, which reads, “ne cui me vinclo vellem sociare iugali….” Dido uses these words when talking to her sister Anna about how she might be susceptible to Aeneas, if only she had not decided to avoid “nuptial chains.” Dido goes on to fall for Aeneas, just as Walther, despite what he says, will go on to marry Hildegund. The other parallel, which will return later in the poem, is between Attila and Dido, who are the ones the hero leaves behind. [AE]}}
|-
|[[me1|Me]] [[vinclo]] [[permitte]] [[me1|me]]am [[iam]] [[ducere]] [[vitam]].
|160
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Malachim IV ''5.2: ''Quae erat in obsequio uxoris Naaman.'' ‘She waited upon Naaman’s wife.’ ''Aeneid 4.16:'' ''ne cui me vinclo vellem sociare iugali. . .'' ‘To ally myself with none in bond of wedlock. . .’
 ''Aeneid'' 3.315: ''vitamque extrema per omnia duco''. ‘I drag on my life through all extremes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Si]] [[sero]] [[aut]] [[medio1|medio]] [[noctis]] [[mihi]] [[tempore]] [[mandas]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Secundum Marcum'' 13.35: ''sero an media nocte''. . . ‘At evening or at midnight. . .’'' Aeneid'' 8.407: ''medio noctis.'' . . ‘In the middle of the night. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS|elision=sero aut}}
|{{Comment|The phrase "sero aut medio noctis" also appears in the Gospel of Mark 13.35, when Christ tells the parable of the faithful servant, who keeps watch because he does not know at what hour his lord will return. This parable is a metaphor for the return of Christ. In using this language, the Waltharius poet reminds his readers that Walther is a Christian, just as he does in lines [[Waltharius215|225]], when Walther blesses the goblet, and in [[Waltharius1130|1161]], when Walther prays to his Creator. [AE]}}
|-
|[[Ad]] [[quaecumque]] [[iubes]], [[securus]] [[et]] [[ibo]] [[paratus]].
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
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|[[In]] [[bellis]] [[nullae]] [[persuadent]] [[cedere]] [[curae]]
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
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|[[Nec]] [[nati]] [[aut]] [[coniunx]] [[retrahentque]] [[fugamque]] [[movebunt]].
|
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|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS|elision=nati aut}}
|
|-
|[[Testor]] [[per]] [[propriam]] [[temet1|temet]], [[pater1|pater]] [[optime]], [[vitam]]
|165
|{{Commentary|''Testor'': here construed like ''precor'' with a purpose clause, joining an oath to an earnest request.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 3.599-600.: ''per sidera testor,/ per superos atque hoc caeli spirabile lumen,/ tollite me. '' ‘By the stars I beseech you, by the gods above and this lightsome air we breathe, take me.’ 1.555: ''pater optime. . . '' ‘Noble father. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|It is strange that Walther refers to Attila as "pater" here. However, Attila may mean "little father" in Old Turkic, which was possibly the language of the Huns. This etymology might explain this strange remark. For a full discussion of Attila's name, see Otto Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns: Studies in their history and culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), chapter 4. The phrase "pater optime" also appears in Aeneid 1.555, where it seems to refer to Jupiter, [and 3.710, where Aeneas uses it in reference to Anchises JZ]. [AE]}}
|-
|[[Atque]] [[per]] [[invictam]] [[nunc]] [[gentem]] [[Pannoniarum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Nunc'': an ironic touch? (Cf. line 144)
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[ut1|Ut]] [[non]] [[ulterius1|ulterius]] [[me1|me]] [[cogas]] [[sumere]] [[taedas]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[His]] [[precibus]] [[victus]] [[suasus]] [[rex]] [[deserit]] [[omnes1|omnes]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Sperans]] [[Waltharium]] [[fugiendo]] [[recedere]] [[numquam]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius123|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** '''Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)'''
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius170|next »]]
|[[Waltharius142English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius123

2009-12-15T02:20:28Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)===
{|
|-
|[[Ospirin]] [[elapsum]] [[Haganonem]] [[regia]] [[coniunx]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Ospirin'': The queen’s name is not found elsewhere. The Roman historian Jordanes (''Getica'' 49) speaks of Attila’s ''innumerabiles uxores''.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.783: ''illic res laetae regnumque et regia coniunx''. ‘There in store for you are happy days, kingship, and a royal wife.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|hiatus=elapsum Haganonem}}
|{{Comment|Although the historian Jordanes writes of Attila’s “innumerabiles uxores” [and even identifies the last as having been Ildiko (which sounds suspiciously similar to Hildegund)JZ], Ospirin's name does not appear anywhere outside the Waltharius. [AE]}}
|-
|[[Attendens]] [[domino1|domino]] [[suggessit]] [[talia2|talia]] [[dicta]]:
|
|{{Commentary|Two examples of slight semantic drift away from Classical Latin: ''Attendens'': “noticing” (rather than “directing attention towards”) ''Suggessit'': “offered, advised” (rather than “supplied, provided”)
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘Such words he said.’ 2.6: ''talia fando''. ‘In telling such a tale. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Provideat]] [[caveatque]], [[precor]], [[sollertia]] [[regis]],
|125
|
|{{Parallel|''Secundum Lucam'' 12.15: ''videte et cavete''. ‘Take heed and beware.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDD}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[vestri]] [[imperii]] [[labatur]] [[forte]] [[columna]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Vestri'': the 2nd person plural to indicate respect in addressing a single person (cf. French ''vous'', German ''Sie'') is not found in Classical authors.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=vestri imperii}}
|{{Comment|Ospirin uses the second-person plural when speaking to her husband in this passage and in line [[Waltharius358|376]]. Walther also uses the second-person plural to speak to Attila (lines [[Waltharius142|146]], [[Waltharius287|306]]), and Hildegund uses it for addressing Walther (line [[Waltharius256|257]]). This pattern suggests that the poet resorts to this formality either because of Attila’s office or because of the woman-to-man relationship. The use of the second-person plural to indicate respect for a single person is a feature of Later Latin not found in Classical authors. [AE] It is a feature of later Romance languages, however. [MCD]
The figure of Walther as "columna imperii" reappears in line [[Waltharius358|376]] after Walther and Hildegund flee. [AE]}}
|-
|[[hoc6|Hoc]] [[est]], [[Waltharius]] [[vester]] [[discedat]] [[amicus1|amicus]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Discedat'': still governed by ''ne''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[In]] [[quo1|quo]] [[magna1|magna]] [[potestatis]] [[vis]] [[extitit]] [[huius]];
|
|{{Commentary|''Potestatis'' equiv. to ''regni''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[vereor]], [[ne]] [[fors]] [[fugiens1|fugiens]] [[Haganonem]] [[imitetur]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=Haganonem imitetur}}
|
|-
|[[Idcircoque]] [[meam1|meam]] [[perpendite]] [[nunc]] [[rationem]]:
|130
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[cum1|Cum]] [[primum1|primum]] [[veniat]], [[haec2|haec]] [[illi]] [[dicite]] [[verba]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Servitio]] [[in]] [[nostro]] [[magnos]] [[plerumque]] [[labores]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=servitio in}}
|
|-
|[[Passus eras]] [[ideoque]] [[scias]], [[quod3|quod]] [[gratia]] [[nostra3|nostra]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.421: ''Turne, tot incassum fusos patiere labores?'' ‘Turnus, will you endure all these labours spent in vain?’ 12.32-33.: ''me casus, quae, Turne, sequantur/ bella, vides, quantos primus patiare labores. '' ‘You see what perils, Turnus, what wars pursue me, what heavy burdens you bear above all.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|falsequantities=extra syllable}}
|
|-
|[[Prae]] [[cunctis]] [[temet1|temet]] [[nimium]] [[dilexit]] [[amicis]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 9.430: ''tantum infelicem nimium dilexit amicum.'' ‘He but loved his hapless friend too well.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Quod]] [[volo]] [[plus1|plus]] [[factis]] [[te3|te]] [[quam]] [[cognoscere]] [[dictis1|dictis]]:
|135
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Elige]] [[de]] [[satrapis]] [[nuptam]] [[tibi1|tibi]] [[Pannoniarum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''De satrapis'' equiv. to ''de filiabus satraparum''; cf. note on line 43.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Liber Iudicum'' 3.3: ''quinque satrapas Philisthinorum''. . . ‘Five princes of the Philistines. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|"Satrapa" has a decidedly negative and foreign connotation in the Vulgate Bible, where it refers to leaders of the Philistines (Judges, I Kings), leaders appointed by Nebuchadnezzar (Daniel), and leaders following the evil Haman (Esther). The banquet (described in [[Waltharius287|line 287 and following]]) [SPECIFY THE CLOSING LINE NO. JZ] that Walther throws for the Huns recalls the banquet that Esther gives for Assuerus and Haman in the Book of Esther. Although Lewis and Short gives a technical and specific definition for "satrapa" (“a governor of a province, a viceroy among the Persians”), it is likely that the Waltharius poet uses it in a more general sense, perhaps because of the poetic limitations. Using the word here implicitly compares the Huns to the foreign enemies of the Bible, emphasizing their strangeness. [AE]
"Satrapis" here refers to Attila's vassals, not to Attila himself (as in line [[Waltharius34|43]]). Attila invites Walther to choose a bride from the satraps of Pannonia, not meaning that Walther should marry one of the vassals, but his bride should come from the vassal class. Kratz's translation here is fairly loose, but captures the meaning well. [AE]}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[non]] [[pauperiem]] [[propriam]] [[perpendere]] [[cures]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Amplificabo]] [[quidem]] [[valde]] [[te]] [[rure]] [[domique1|domique]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Rure domique'': apparently an ablative of means followed by a locative. Probably one should be assimilated to the other in translation; both possibilities yield acceptable sense.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Liber Genesis'' 17.20: ''et augebo et multiplicabo eum valde''. ‘I will increase him, and multiply him exceedingly.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nec]] [[qui3|qui]]squam, [[qui3|qui]] [[dat]] [[sponsam1|sponsam]], [[post1|post]] [[facta3|facta]] [[pudebit]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Pudebit'': A personal construction, unusual in Classical Latin, though cf. Plaut. ''Cas''. 5.2.3.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Quod]] [[si]] [[completis]], [[illum2|illum]] [[stabilire]] [[potestis]].'
|140
|{{Commentary|''Stabilire'': the verb is used with human direct objects in the Vulgate Bible in the sense of “to sustain,” but here it probably has its more literal meaning, continuing the metaphor of the ''columna'' from line 126, as Wieland suggests.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Hiezecihel Propheta'' 4.6: ''et cum conpleveris haec. .'' . ‘And when thou hast accomplished this. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Complacuit]] [[sermo]] [[regi1|regi]] [[coepitque]] [[parari]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Psalmi'' 18.15: ''et erunt ut conplaceant eloquia oris mei.'' ‘And the words of my mouth shall be such as may please.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius116|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** '''Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)'''
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius142|next »]]
|[[Waltharius123English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius123

2009-12-15T00:15:15Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)===
{|
|-
|[[Ospirin]] [[elapsum]] [[Haganonem]] [[regia]] [[coniunx]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Ospirin'': The queen’s name is not found elsewhere. The Roman historian Jordanes (''Getica'' 49) speaks of Attila’s ''innumerabiles uxores''.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.783: ''illic res laetae regnumque et regia coniunx''. ‘There in store for you are happy days, kingship, and a royal wife.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|hiatus=elapsum Haganonem}}
|{{Comment|Although the historian Jordanes writes of Attila’s “innumerabiles uxores” [and even identifies the last as having been Ildiko (which sounds suspiciously similar to Hildegund), Ospirin's name does not appear anywhere outside the Waltharius. [AE]}}
|-
|[[Attendens]] [[domino1|domino]] [[suggessit]] [[talia2|talia]] [[dicta]]:
|
|{{Commentary|Two examples of slight semantic drift away from Classical Latin: ''Attendens'': “noticing” (rather than “directing attention towards”) ''Suggessit'': “offered, advised” (rather than “supplied, provided”)
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘Such words he said.’ 2.6: ''talia fando''. ‘In telling such a tale. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Provideat]] [[caveatque]], [[precor]], [[sollertia]] [[regis]],
|125
|
|{{Parallel|''Secundum Lucam'' 12.15: ''videte et cavete''. ‘Take heed and beware.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDD}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[vestri]] [[imperii]] [[labatur]] [[forte]] [[columna]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Vestri'': the 2nd person plural to indicate respect in addressing a single person (cf. French ''vous'', German ''Sie'') is not found in Classical authors.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=vestri imperii}}
|{{Comment|Ospirin uses the second-person plural when speaking to her husband in this passage and in line [[Waltharius358|376]]. Walther also uses the second-person plural to speak to Attila (lines [[Waltharius142|146]], [[Waltharius287|306]]), and Hildegund uses it for addressing Walther (line [[Waltharius256|257]]). This pattern suggests that the poet resorts to this formality either because of Attila’s office or because of the woman-to-man relationship. The use of the second-person plural to indicate respect for a single person is a feature of Later Latin not found in Classical authors. [AE]
The figure of Walther as "columna imperii" reappears in line [[Waltharius358|376]] after Walther and Hildegund flee. [AE]}}
|-
|[[hoc6|Hoc]] [[est]], [[Waltharius]] [[vester]] [[discedat]] [[amicus1|amicus]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Discedat'': still governed by ''ne''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[In]] [[quo1|quo]] [[magna1|magna]] [[potestatis]] [[vis]] [[extitit]] [[huius]];
|
|{{Commentary|''Potestatis'' equiv. to ''regni''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[vereor]], [[ne]] [[fors]] [[fugiens1|fugiens]] [[Haganonem]] [[imitetur]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=Haganonem imitetur}}
|
|-
|[[Idcircoque]] [[meam1|meam]] [[perpendite]] [[nunc]] [[rationem]]:
|130
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[cum1|Cum]] [[primum1|primum]] [[veniat]], [[haec2|haec]] [[illi]] [[dicite]] [[verba]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Servitio]] [[in]] [[nostro]] [[magnos]] [[plerumque]] [[labores]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=servitio in}}
|
|-
|[[Passus eras]] [[ideoque]] [[scias]], [[quod3|quod]] [[gratia]] [[nostra3|nostra]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.421: ''Turne, tot incassum fusos patiere labores?'' ‘Turnus, will you endure all these labours spent in vain?’ 12.32-33.: ''me casus, quae, Turne, sequantur/ bella, vides, quantos primus patiare labores. '' ‘You see what perils, Turnus, what wars pursue me, what heavy burdens you bear above all.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|falsequantities=extra syllable}}
|
|-
|[[Prae]] [[cunctis]] [[temet1|temet]] [[nimium]] [[dilexit]] [[amicis]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 9.430: ''tantum infelicem nimium dilexit amicum.'' ‘He but loved his hapless friend too well.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Quod]] [[volo]] [[plus1|plus]] [[factis]] [[te3|te]] [[quam]] [[cognoscere]] [[dictis1|dictis]]:
|135
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Elige]] [[de]] [[satrapis]] [[nuptam]] [[tibi1|tibi]] [[Pannoniarum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''De satrapis'' equiv. to ''de filiabus satraparum''; cf. note on line 43.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Liber Iudicum'' 3.3: ''quinque satrapas Philisthinorum''. . . ‘Five princes of the Philistines. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|"Satrapa" has a decidedly negative and foreign connotation in the Vulgate Bible, where it refers to leaders of the Philistines (Judges, I Kings), leaders appointed by Nebuchadnezzar (Daniel), and leaders following the evil Haman (Esther). The banquet (described in [[Waltharius287|line 287 and following]]) [SPECIFY THE CLOSING LINE NO. JZ] that Walther throws for the Huns recalls the banquet that Esther gives for Assuerus and Haman in the Book of Esther. Although Lewis and Short gives a technical and specific definition for "satrapa" (“a governor of a province, a viceroy among the Persians”), it is likely that the Waltharius poet uses it in a more general sense, perhaps because of the poetic limitations. Using the word here implicitly compares the Huns to the foreign enemies of the Bible, emphasizing their strangeness. [AE]
"Satrapis" here refers to Attila's vassals, not to Attila himself (as in line [[Waltharius34|43]]). Attila invites Walther to choose a bride from the satraps of Pannonia, not meaning that Walther should marry one of the vassals, but his bride should come from the vassal class. Kratz's translation here is fairly loose, but captures the meaning well. [AE]}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[non]] [[pauperiem]] [[propriam]] [[perpendere]] [[cures]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Amplificabo]] [[quidem]] [[valde]] [[te]] [[rure]] [[domique1|domique]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Rure domique'': apparently an ablative of means followed by a locative. Probably one should be assimilated to the other in translation; both possibilities yield acceptable sense.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Liber Genesis'' 17.20: ''et augebo et multiplicabo eum valde''. ‘I will increase him, and multiply him exceedingly.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nec]] [[qui3|qui]]squam, [[qui3|qui]] [[dat]] [[sponsam1|sponsam]], [[post1|post]] [[facta3|facta]] [[pudebit]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Pudebit'': A personal construction, unusual in Classical Latin, though cf. Plaut. ''Cas''. 5.2.3.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Quod]] [[si]] [[completis]], [[illum2|illum]] [[stabilire]] [[potestis]].'
|140
|{{Commentary|''Stabilire'': the verb is used with human direct objects in the Vulgate Bible in the sense of “to sustain,” but here it probably has its more literal meaning, continuing the metaphor of the ''columna'' from line 126, as Wieland suggests.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Hiezecihel Propheta'' 4.6: ''et cum conpleveris haec. .'' . ‘And when thou hast accomplished this. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Complacuit]] [[sermo]] [[regi1|regi]] [[coepitque]] [[parari]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Psalmi'' 18.15: ''et erunt ut conplaceant eloquia oris mei.'' ‘And the words of my mouth shall be such as may please.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius116|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** '''Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)'''
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius142|next »]]
|[[Waltharius123English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius123

2009-12-15T00:14:17Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)===
{|
|-
|[[Ospirin]] [[elapsum]] [[Haganonem]] [[regia]] [[coniunx]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Ospirin'': The queen’s name is not found elsewhere. The Roman historian Jordanes (''Getica'' 49) speaks of Attila’s ''innumerabiles uxores''.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.783: ''illic res laetae regnumque et regia coniunx''. ‘There in store for you are happy days, kingship, and a royal wife.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|hiatus=elapsum Haganonem}}
|{{Comment|Although the historian Jordanes writes of Attila’s “innumerabiles uxores” [and even identifies the last as having been Ildiko (which sounds suspiciously similar to Hildegund), Ospirin's name does not appear anywhere outside the Waltharius. [AE]}}
|-
|[[Attendens]] [[domino1|domino]] [[suggessit]] [[talia2|talia]] [[dicta]]:
|
|{{Commentary|Two examples of slight semantic drift away from Classical Latin: ''Attendens'': “noticing” (rather than “directing attention towards”) ''Suggessit'': “offered, advised” (rather than “supplied, provided”)
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘Such words he said.’ 2.6: ''talia fando''. ‘In telling such a tale. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Provideat]] [[caveatque]], [[precor]], [[sollertia]] [[regis]],
|125
|
|{{Parallel|''Secundum Lucam'' 12.15: ''videte et cavete''. ‘Take heed and beware.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDD}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[vestri]] [[imperii]] [[labatur]] [[forte]] [[columna]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Vestri'': the 2nd person plural to indicate respect in addressing a single person (cf. French ''vous'', German ''Sie'') is not found in Classical authors.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=vestri imperii}}
|{{Comment|Ospirin uses the second-person plural when speaking to her husband in this passage and in line [[Waltharius358|376]]. Walther also uses the second-person plural to speak to Attila (lines [[Waltharius142|146]], [[Waltharius287|306]]), and Hildegund uses it for addressing Walther (line [[Waltharius256|257]]). This pattern suggests that the poet resorts to this formality either because of Attila’s office or because of the woman-to-man relationship. The use of the second-person plural to indicate respect for a single person is a feature of Later Latin not found in Classical authors. [AE]
The figure of Walther as "columna imperii" reappears in line [[Waltharius358|376]] after Walther and Hildegund flee. [AE]}}
|-
|[[hoc6|Hoc]] [[est]], [[Waltharius]] [[vester]] [[discedat]] [[amicus1|amicus]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Discedat'': still governed by ''ne''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[In]] [[quo1|quo]] [[magna1|magna]] [[potestatis]] [[vis]] [[extitit]] [[huius]];
|
|{{Commentary|''Potestatis'' equiv. to ''regni''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[vereor]], [[ne]] [[fors]] [[fugiens1|fugiens]] [[Haganonem]] [[imitetur]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=Haganonem imitetur}}
|
|-
|[[Idcircoque]] [[meam1|meam]] [[perpendite]] [[nunc]] [[rationem]]:
|130
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[cum1|Cum]] [[primum1|primum]] [[veniat]], [[haec2|haec]] [[illi]] [[dicite]] [[verba]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Servitio]] [[in]] [[nostro]] [[magnos]] [[plerumque]] [[labores]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=servitio in}}
|
|-
|[[Passus eras]] [[ideoque]] [[scias]], [[quod3|quod]] [[gratia]] [[nostra3|nostra]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.421: ''Turne, tot incassum fusos patiere labores?'' ‘Turnus, will you endure all these labours spent in vain?’ 12.32-33.: ''me casus, quae, Turne, sequantur/ bella, vides, quantos primus patiare labores. '' ‘You see what perils, Turnus, what wars pursue me, what heavy burdens you bear above all.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|falsequantities=extra syllable}}
|
|-
|[[Prae]] [[cunctis]] [[temet1|temet]] [[nimium]] [[dilexit]] [[amicis]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 9.430: ''tantum infelicem nimium dilexit amicum.'' ‘He but loved his hapless friend too well.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Quod]] [[volo]] [[plus1|plus]] [[factis]] [[te3|te]] [[quam]] [[cognoscere]] [[dictis1|dictis]]:
|135
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Elige]] [[de]] [[satrapis]] [[nuptam]] [[tibi1|tibi]] [[Pannoniarum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''De satrapis'' equiv. to ''de filiabus satraparum''; cf. note on line 43.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Liber Iudicum'' 3.3: ''quinque satrapas Philisthinorum''. . . ‘Five princes of the Philistines. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|"Satrapa" has a decidedly negative and foreign connotation in the Vulgate Bible, where it refers to leaders of the Philistines (Judges, I Kings), leaders appointed by Nebuchadnezzar (Daniel), and leaders following the evil Haman (Esther). The banquet (described in [[Waltharius287|line 287 and following]]) that Walther throws for the Huns recalls the banquet that Esther gives for Assuerus and Haman in the Book of Esther. Although Lewis and Short gives a technical and specific definition for "satrapa" (“a governor of a province, a viceroy among the Persians”), it is likely that the Waltharius poet uses it in a more general sense, perhaps because of the poetic limitations. Using the word here implicitly compares the Huns to the foreign enemies of the Bible, emphasizing their strangeness. [AE]
"Satrapis" here refers to Attila's vassals, not to Attila himself (as in line [[Waltharius34|43]]). Attila invites Walther to choose a bride from the satraps of Pannonia, not meaning that Walther should marry one of the vassals, but his bride should come from the vassal class. Kratz's translation here is fairly loose, but captures the meaning well. [AE]}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[non]] [[pauperiem]] [[propriam]] [[perpendere]] [[cures]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Amplificabo]] [[quidem]] [[valde]] [[te]] [[rure]] [[domique1|domique]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Rure domique'': apparently an ablative of means followed by a locative. Probably one should be assimilated to the other in translation; both possibilities yield acceptable sense.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Liber Genesis'' 17.20: ''et augebo et multiplicabo eum valde''. ‘I will increase him, and multiply him exceedingly.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nec]] [[qui3|qui]]squam, [[qui3|qui]] [[dat]] [[sponsam1|sponsam]], [[post1|post]] [[facta3|facta]] [[pudebit]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Pudebit'': A personal construction, unusual in Classical Latin, though cf. Plaut. ''Cas''. 5.2.3.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Quod]] [[si]] [[completis]], [[illum2|illum]] [[stabilire]] [[potestis]].'
|140
|{{Commentary|''Stabilire'': the verb is used with human direct objects in the Vulgate Bible in the sense of “to sustain,” but here it probably has its more literal meaning, continuing the metaphor of the ''columna'' from line 126, as Wieland suggests.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Hiezecihel Propheta'' 4.6: ''et cum conpleveris haec. .'' . ‘And when thou hast accomplished this. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Complacuit]] [[sermo]] [[regi1|regi]] [[coepitque]] [[parari]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Psalmi'' 18.15: ''et erunt ut conplaceant eloquia oris mei.'' ‘And the words of my mouth shall be such as may please.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius116|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** '''Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)'''
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius142|next »]]
|[[Waltharius123English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius93

2009-12-15T00:02:58Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)===
{|
|-
|[[Tunc]] [[Avares]] [[gazis]] [[onerati]] [[denique]] [[multis]]
|
|
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|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
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|[[Obsidibus]] [[sumptis]] [[Haganone]], [[Hiltgunde]] [[puella]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|elision=H-ELISION: Haganone Hiltgunde}}
|
|-
|[[Nec]] [[non]] [[Walthario]] [[redierunt]] [[pectore]] [[laeto]].
|95
|
|{{Parallel|Lucan, '' De Bello Civili'' 9.1039: ''effudit gemitusque expressit pectore lateo''. ‘He shed tears and forced out groans while his heart rejoiced.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Nec non": The double negative here does not seem to make sense. Do both go with "Walthario", somehow emphasizing Walter as the most important hostage? Or is it an example of convoluted litotes with "pectore laeto" and "redierunt"?

'''I would say your first suggestion: "nec non" is used to round off the summary: "and also Walter". [JJTY] [ditto JZ]'''}}
|-
|[[Attila1|Attila]] [[Pannonias]] [[ingressus]] [[et]] [[urbe]] [[receptus]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Urbe receptus'': Attila’s dwelling-place is not named in the ''Waltharius''. The Roman historian Jordanes (''Getica'' 34) locates it on the Tisza River, while the ''Nibelungenlied'', by Althof’s interpretation, identifies it with Budapest (on the Danube).
}}
|{{Parallel|Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 7.516: ''urbe receptus''. . . ‘When I visited your city. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exulibus]] [[pueris]] [[magnam1|magnam]] [[exhibuit]] [[pietatem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Pietatem'': “kindness” – in Medieval Latin the word loses some of its lofty Virgilian resonances.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS|elision=magnam exhibuit}}
|
|-
|[[Ac]] [[veluti]] [[proprios]] [[nutrire]] [[iubebat]] [[alumnos]].
|
|
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|{{Comment| Throughout the early stages of the poem Attila and Ospirin appear to do all in their power to adopt these children. Cf. line 165 in which Walther addresses Attila as "Pater optime" in response to the offer of a bride. [although the etymology of Attila as "little father" may have affected this particular phraseology. [JZ]}}
|-
|[[Virginis]] [[et]] [[curam]] [[reginam]] [[mandat]] [[habere]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ast]] [[adolescentes]] [[propriis]] [[conspectibus]] [[ambos]]
|100
|{{Commentary|''Propriis conspectibus'' equiv. to ''ante suos oculos''
}}
|{{Parallel|'' Danihel Propheta'' 1.19: ''steterunt in conspectu regis''. ‘They stood in the king’s presence.’ ''Liber Regum I'' 18.5: ''egrediebatur quoque David ad omnia quaecumque misisset eum Saul et prudenter se agebat; posuitque eum Saul super viros belli''. ‘And David went out to whatsoever business Saul sent him, and he behaved himself prudently; and Saul set him over the soldiers.’ 18.13: ''et fecit eum tribunum super mille viros''. ‘And he made him a captain over a thousand men.’ 18.17 '' dixitque Saul ad David: ecce filia mea maior Merob ipsam dabo tibi uxorem tantummodo esto vir fortis et proeliare bella domini''. ‘And Saul said to David: Behold my elder daughter Merob, her will I give thee to wife: only be a valiant man, and fight the battles of the Lord.’
 ''Actus Apostolorum'' 10.33: ''nunc ergo omnes nos in conspectu tuo adsumus''. ‘Now therefore all we are present in they sight.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Semper]] [[adesse]] [[iubet]], [[sed]] [[et]] [[artibus]] [[imbuit]] [[illos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|'' Danihel Propheta'' 1.19: ''steterunt in conspectu regis''. ‘They stood in the king’s presence.’ ''Liber Regum I'' 18.5: ''egrediebatur quoque David ad omnia quaecumque misisset eum Saul et prudenter se agebat; posuitque eum Saul super viros belli''. ‘And David went out to whatsoever business Saul sent him, and he behaved himself prudently; and Saul set him over the soldiers.’ 18.13: ''et fecit eum tribunum super mille viros''. ‘And he made him a captain over a thousand men.’ 18.17 '' dixitque Saul ad David: ecce filia mea maior Merob ipsam dabo tibi uxorem tantummodo esto vir fortis et proeliare bella domini''. ‘And Saul said to David: Behold my elder daughter Merob, her will I give thee to wife: only be a valiant man, and fight the battles of the Lord.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Praesertimque]] [[iocis]] [[belli]] [[sub]] [[tempore]] [[habendis]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Iocis belli sub tempore habendis'': “in the practice of warlike games appropriate to their ages.” Tac. ''Germ''. 24 documents the use of play in the training of Germanic warriors.
}}
|{{Parallel|'' Danihel Propheta'' 1.19: ''steterunt in conspectu regis''. ‘They stood in the king’s presence.’ ''Liber Regum I'' 18.5: ''egrediebatur quoque David ad omnia quaecumque misisset eum Saul et prudenter se agebat; posuitque eum Saul super viros belli''. ‘And David went out to whatsoever business Saul sent him, and he behaved himself prudently; and Saul set him over the soldiers.’ 18.13: ''et fecit eum tribunum super mille viros''. ‘And he made him a captain over a thousand men.’ 18.17 '' dixitque Saul ad David: ecce filia mea maior Merob ipsam dabo tibi uxorem tantummodo esto vir fortis et proeliare bella domini''. ‘And Saul said to David: Behold my elder daughter Merob, her will I give thee to wife: only be a valiant man, and fight the battles of the Lord.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=H-ELISION: tempore habendis}}
|
|-
|[[qui2|Qui]] [[simul]] [[ingenio]] [[crescentes]] [[mentis]] [[et]] [[aevo]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|'' Danihel Propheta'' 1.19: ''steterunt in conspectu regis''. ‘They stood in the king’s presence.’ ''Liber Regum I'' 18.5: ''egrediebatur quoque David ad omnia quaecumque misisset eum Saul et prudenter se agebat; posuitque eum Saul super viros belli''. ‘And David went out to whatsoever business Saul sent him, and he behaved himself prudently; and Saul set him over the soldiers.’ 18.13: ''et fecit eum tribunum super mille viros''. ‘And he made him a captain over a thousand men.’ 18.17 '' dixitque Saul ad David: ecce filia mea maior Merob ipsam dabo tibi uxorem tantummodo esto vir fortis et proeliare bella domini''. ‘And Saul said to David: Behold my elder daughter Merob, her will I give thee to wife: only be a valiant man, and fight the battles of the Lord.’
 ''Secundum Lucam'' 2.52: ''et Iesus proficiebat sapientia aetate''. ‘And Jesus advanced in wisdom and age.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Robore]] [[vincebant]] [[fortes]] [[animoque]] [[sophistas]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|'' Danihel Propheta'' 1.19: ''steterunt in conspectu regis''. ‘They stood in the king’s presence.’ ''Liber Regum I'' 18.5: ''egrediebatur quoque David ad omnia quaecumque misisset eum Saul et prudenter se agebat; posuitque eum Saul super viros belli''. ‘And David went out to whatsoever business Saul sent him, and he behaved himself prudently; and Saul set him over the soldiers.’ 18.13: ''et fecit eum tribunum super mille viros''. ‘And he made him a captain over a thousand men.’ 18.17 '' dixitque Saul ad David: ecce filia mea maior Merob ipsam dabo tibi uxorem tantummodo esto vir fortis et proeliare bella domini''. ‘And Saul said to David: Behold my elder daughter Merob, her will I give thee to wife: only be a valiant man, and fight the battles of the Lord.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[donec1|Donec]] [[iam]] [[cunctos]] [[superarent]] [[fortiter]] [[Hunos]].
|105
|
|{{Parallel|'' Danihel Propheta'' 1.19: ''steterunt in conspectu regis''. ‘They stood in the king’s presence.’ ''Liber Regum I'' 18.5: ''egrediebatur quoque David ad omnia quaecumque misisset eum Saul et prudenter se agebat; posuitque eum Saul super viros belli''. ‘And David went out to whatsoever business Saul sent him, and he behaved himself prudently; and Saul set him over the soldiers.’ 18.13: ''et fecit eum tribunum super mille viros''. ‘And he made him a captain over a thousand men.’ 18.17 '' dixitque Saul ad David: ecce filia mea maior Merob ipsam dabo tibi uxorem tantummodo esto vir fortis et proeliare bella domini''. ‘And Saul said to David: Behold my elder daughter Merob, her will I give thee to wife: only be a valiant man, and fight the battles of the Lord.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Militiae]] [[primos]] [[tunc]] [[Attila1|Attila]] [[fecerat]] [[illos]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|'' Danihel Propheta'' 1.19: ''steterunt in conspectu regis''. ‘They stood in the king’s presence.’ ''Liber Regum I'' 18.5: ''egrediebatur quoque David ad omnia quaecumque misisset eum Saul et prudenter se agebat; posuitque eum Saul super viros belli''. ‘And David went out to whatsoever business Saul sent him, and he behaved himself prudently; and Saul set him over the soldiers.’ 18.13: ''et fecit eum tribunum super mille viros''. ‘And he made him a captain over a thousand men.’ 18.17 '' dixitque Saul ad David: ecce filia mea maior Merob ipsam dabo tibi uxorem tantummodo esto vir fortis et proeliare bella domini''. ‘And Saul said to David: Behold my elder daughter Merob, her will I give thee to wife: only be a valiant man, and fight the battles of the Lord.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[haud]] [[immerito]], [[quoniam1|quoniam]], [[si]] [[quando]] [[moveret]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|'' Danihel Propheta'' 1.19: ''steterunt in conspectu regis''. ‘They stood in the king’s presence.’ ''Liber Regum I'' 18.5: ''egrediebatur quoque David ad omnia quaecumque misisset eum Saul et prudenter se agebat; posuitque eum Saul super viros belli''. ‘And David went out to whatsoever business Saul sent him, and he behaved himself prudently; and Saul set him over the soldiers.’ 18.13: ''et fecit eum tribunum super mille viros''. ‘And he made him a captain over a thousand men.’ 18.17 '' dixitque Saul ad David: ecce filia mea maior Merob ipsam dabo tibi uxorem tantummodo esto vir fortis et proeliare bella domini''. ‘And Saul said to David: Behold my elder daughter Merob, her will I give thee to wife: only be a valiant man, and fight the battles of the Lord.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Bella]], [[per]] [[insignes]] [[isti]] [[micuere]] [[triumphos]];
|
|{{Commentary|''Isti'': the pronoun ''iste'' in Medieval Latin loses its Classical 2nd-person/disdainful connotations and is practically equivalent to ''ille''.
}}
|{{Parallel|'' Danihel Propheta'' 1.19: ''steterunt in conspectu regis''. ‘They stood in the king’s presence.’ ''Liber Regum I'' 18.5: ''egrediebatur quoque David ad omnia quaecumque misisset eum Saul et prudenter se agebat; posuitque eum Saul super viros belli''. ‘And David went out to whatsoever business Saul sent him, and he behaved himself prudently; and Saul set him over the soldiers.’ 18.13: ''et fecit eum tribunum super mille viros''. ‘And he made him a captain over a thousand men.’ 18.17 '' dixitque Saul ad David: ecce filia mea maior Merob ipsam dabo tibi uxorem tantummodo esto vir fortis et proeliare bella domini''. ‘And Saul said to David: Behold my elder daughter Merob, her will I give thee to wife: only be a valiant man, and fight the battles of the Lord.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Idcircoque]] [[nimis]] [[princeps]] [[dilexerat]] [[ambos1|ambos]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|'' Danihel Propheta'' 1.19: ''steterunt in conspectu regis''. ‘They stood in the king’s presence.’ ''Liber Regum I'' 18.5: ''egrediebatur quoque David ad omnia quaecumque misisset eum Saul et prudenter se agebat; posuitque eum Saul super viros belli''. ‘And David went out to whatsoever business Saul sent him, and he behaved himself prudently; and Saul set him over the soldiers.’ 18.13: ''et fecit eum tribunum super mille viros''. ‘And he made him a captain over a thousand men.’ 18.17 '' dixitque Saul ad David: ecce filia mea maior Merob ipsam dabo tibi uxorem tantummodo esto vir fortis et proeliare bella domini''. ‘And Saul said to David: Behold my elder daughter Merob, her will I give thee to wife: only be a valiant man, and fight the battles of the Lord.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Virgo]] [[etiam]] [[captiva]] [[deo]] [[praestante]] [[supremo]]
|110
|
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|elision=virgo etiam}}
|
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|[[reginae1|Reginae]] [[vultum]] [[placavit]] [[et]] [[auxit]] [[amorem]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Regum I'' 13.12: ''faciem domini non placavi''. ‘I have not appeased the face of the Lord.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
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|[[Moribus]] [[eximiis]] [[operumque]] [[industria]] [[habundans]].
|
|
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=operumque industria; H-ELISION: industria habundans}}
|
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|[[postremum1|Postremum]] [[custos]] [[thesauris]] [[provida]] [[cunctis2|cunctis]]
|
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|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
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|[[Efficitur]], [[modicumque]] [[deest]], [[quin1|quin]] [[regnet]] [[et]] [[ipsa]];
|
|{{Commentary|''Modicum deest quin'': “it was almost the case that”
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[quicquid]] [[voluit]] [[de]] [[rebus]], [[fecit]] [[et]] [[actis1|actis]].
|115
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius75|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** '''Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)'''
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius116|next »]]
|[[Waltharius93English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius75

2009-12-14T23:59:01Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)===
{|
|-
|[[Postquam]] [[complevit]] [[pactum]] [[statuitque]] [[tributum]],
|75
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Attila1|Attila]] [[in]] [[occiduas]] [[promoverat]] [[agmina]] [[partes]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS|elision=Attila in}}
|
|-
|[[Namque]] [[Aquitanorum]] [[tunc]] [[Alphere]] [[regna]] [[tenebat]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Aquitanorum'': The region of Aquitaine is in present-day south-western France. ''Alphere'': Apparently legendary.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.735: ''. . .Teleboum Capreas cum regna teneret''. ‘. . .When he reigned over Teleboan Capreae.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS|elision=namque Aquitanorum}}
|
|-
|[[quem1|Quem]] [[sobolem]] [[sexus]] [[narrant]] [[habuisse]] [[virilis]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nomine]] [[Waltharium]], [[primaevo]] [[flore]] [[nitentem1|nitentem]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Waltharium'': The protagonist of the epic; apparently legendary.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.162: ''primaevo flore iuventus''. . . ‘Youths in their early bloom. . .’ Statius, ''Silvae'' 5.1.183: ''vidi omni pridem te flore nitentem''. ‘I have seen thee in the full splendour of they fame.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|{{Comment|Youth is equated several times in the poem with the blooming of a flower, most notably when Hagan accuses Walter of having committed an unpardonable offense by killing his nephew, whom he describes as a blooming flower [ADD LINE NOS. JZ].

'''Here as in the other passage, the phrase is used as a means of eliciting pathos, in this case a feeling of pity for Walter who has to go into exile at such a young age. [JJTY]'''}}
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[iusiurandum]] [[Heriricus]] [[et]] [[Alphere]] [[reges]]
|80
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS|hiatus=iusiurandum Heriricus}}
|
|-
|[[Inter]] [[se4|se]] [[dederant]], [[pueros]] [[quod3|quod]] [[consociarent]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Pueros quod consociarent'': “that they would unite their children,” i.e., Waltharius and Hiltgunt, in marriage. ''Quod'' + subjunctive here replaces, as often, the Classical accusative + infinitive construction.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[cum1|Cum]] [[primum1|primum]] [[tempus]] [[nubendi]] [[venerit]] [[illis]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The heavily spondaic nature of the line (5 spondees) could reflect a sense in which the two children cannot grow up soon enough--in which the time for their marriage seems like it will never come.}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[ubi1|ubi]] [[cognovit]] [[gentes]] [[has1|has]] [[esse domatas]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Coeperat]] [[ingenti1|ingenti]] [[cordis]] [[trepidare]] [[pavore]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 6.491: ''ingenti trepidare metu''. ‘They trembled with a mighty fear.’ 2.685: ''nos pavidi trepidare metu''. . . ‘We, trembling with alarm. . .’ 7.458: ''olli somnum ingens rumpit pavor''. ‘A monstrous terror broke his sleep.’ Lucan, '' De Bello Civili'' 5.530: ''nullo trepidare tumultu''. . . ‘To thrill with no alarm. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nec]] [[iam]] [[spes]] [[fuerat]] [[saevis]] [[defendier]] [[armis]].
|85
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 8.492-493.: ''ille inter caedem Rutulorum elapsus in agros/ confugere et Turni defendier hospitis armis''. ‘Amid the carnage, he flees for refuge to Rutulian soil and find shelter among the weapons of Turnus his friend.’ 12.890: ''saevis certandum est comminus armis''. ‘We must contend hand to hand with savage weapons.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|'[[quid1|Quid]] [[cessemus]]', [[ait]], '[[si]] [[bella]] [[movere]] [[nequimus]]?
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 6.820: ''nova bella moventis''. . . ‘Stirring up revolt. . .’ 12.332-333.: ''sanguineus Mavors clipeo increpat atque furentis/ bella movens immittit equos''. ‘Blood-stained Mavors, stirred to fury, thunders with his shield and, rousing war, gives rein to his frenzied steeds.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|"movere": The Aquitanians seem to lack both the means and the will after the surrenders of the Burgundians and the Franks even to 'stir up' a war, let alone to 'wage' a war ("bellum gerere").}}
|-
|[[Exemplum]] [[nobis1|nobis]] [[Burgundia]], [[Francia]] [[donant]].
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Non]] [[incusamur]], [[si]] [[talibus2|talibus]] [[aequiperamur]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legatos]] [[mitto]] [[foedusque]] [[ferire]] [[iubebo]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.154: ''foedusque ferit''. ‘He strikes a treaty.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Obsidis]] [[inque]] [[vicem]] [[dilectum]] [[porrigo]] [[natum]]
|90
|{{Commentary|''Obsidis in vicem'' equiv. to ''pro obside''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[iam]] [[nunc]] [[Hunis1|Hunis]] [[censum]] [[persolvo]] [[futurum]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The spondaic nature of the line - SSSDS - could reflect Alphere's sadness at having to hand over his son to Attila.}}
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[quid7|quid]] [[plus2|plus]] [[remorer]]? [[dictum1|dictum]] [[compleverat]] [[actis1|actis]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.102: ''quidve moror?'' ‘Why do I delay?’'' Liber Numerorum'' 11.23: ''iam nunc videbis utrum meus sermo opere conpleatur.'' ‘Thou shalt presently se whether my word shall come to pass or no.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The poet uses a common narratological tool to speed up the course of the story by avoiding needless repetition.}}
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius34|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** '''The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)'''
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius93|next »]]
|[[Waltharius75English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius34

2009-12-14T23:50:40Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)===
{|
|-
|[[Tempore]] [[quo2|quo]] [[validis]] [[steterat]] [[Burgundia]] [[sceptris]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Tempore quo'' equiv. to ''eo tempore'' ''Steterat'': The poet, perhaps due to his German origins, makes very free use of the tenses of the Latin verb. Pluperfect forms in particular are often used as a simple past tense. ''Burgundia'': A Germanic kingdom conquered by the Huns in 437 A.D. (as related in both the ''Waltharius'' and the ''Nibelungenlied''), after which its people reestablished themselves in the south-eastern quadrant of present-day France, before being conquered by the Franks in the following century.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.80: ''tempore quo''. . . ‘In the days when. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"sceptris": synecdoche for king or ruler. [metonymy JZ]}}
|-
|[[Cuius]] [[primatum]] [[Heriricus]] [[forte]] [[gerebat]].
|35
|{{Commentary|''Primatum'' equiv. to ''imperium'' ''Heriricus'': Probably legendary; Althof considers this name to have been invented by the poet. ''Forte'': an adverb often used in the ''Waltharius'', like ''fors'', simply ''metri causa''.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Epistula Iohannis III'' 9: ''sed is qui amat primatum gerere''. . . ‘He who loveth to have the pre-eminence among them. . .’ ''Aeineid'' 12.206: '' dextra sceptrum nam forte gerebat. '' ‘For by chance in his hand he held his sceptre.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|hiatus=primatum Heriricus}}
|
|-
|[[Filia]] [[huic1|huic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[fuit]] [[unica]] [[nomine]] [[Hiltgunt]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Hiltgunt'': The princess, who also figures in the ''Nibelungenlied'', is not known to have been historical. The Burgundians, unlike the Franks, did not use the Salic Law that barred women from inheriting the throne.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Secundum Lucam'' 8.42: ''quia filia unica erat illi''. ‘For he had an only daughter.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|hiatus=nomine Hiltgunt}}
|
|-
|[[Nobilitate]] [[quidem]] [[pollens]] [[ac]] [[stemmate]] [[formae]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|Ovid, ''Matamorphoses'' 13.22: ''nobilitate potens essem''. ‘I should still be his superior in birth.’ Prudentius, ''Peristephanon Liber'' 1.4: ''pollet hoc felix per orbem terra Hibera stemmate''. ‘For this glory the land of Spain has the fortune to be held in honour through all the world.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Debuit]] [[haec3|haec]] [[heres]] [[aula]] [[residere]] [[paterna]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[diu]] [[congesta]] [[frui]], [[si]] [[forte]] [[liceret]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Diu congesta frui'': an accusative follows ''fruor'' here instead of the usual ablative.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Namque]] [[Avares]] [[firma]] [[cum2|cum]] [[Francis1|Francis]] [[pace]] [[peracta]]
|40
|{{Commentary|''Avares'': This name is used interchangeably by the poet with ''Huni'' for Attila’s Huns. In fact, the Avars were another separate group that invaded Europe from the east around 560 A.D., eventually settling in the Pannonian region.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS|elision=namque Avares}}
|{{Comment| "Avares": the use of the term Avars for Huns could offer further evidence of the poet's misconceptions about both the identity of the Huns and the length of their reign, but he could very well be taking advantage of the poetic license in epic (especially Virgilian epic) to use different names for the same people.}}
|-
|[[Suspendunt]] [[a]] [[fine1|fine]] [[quidem]] [[regionis]] [[eorum]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Suspendunt'': “held back”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Attila1|Attila]] [[sed1|sed]] [[celeres]] [[mox]] [[huc]] [[deflectit]] [[habenas]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.765: ''hac iuvenis furtim celeris detorquet habenas''. ‘There the youth stealthily turns his swift reins.’ 12.471: ''undantis flectit habenas''. ‘She guides the flowing thongs.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nec]] [[tardant]] [[reliqui]] [[satrapae1|satrapae]] [[vestigia]] [[adire]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Satrapae'': “leader, king.” A Persian word that came to Latin through Greek. In Classical authors it is a third-declension noun in the singular, but the poet of the ''Waltharius'' makes it a masculine first-declension noun like ''nauta''. ''Pace'' Wieland, it seems likely that here we have the genitive singular referring to Attila (cf. lines 170, 371, 573, 1126), rather than the nominative plural, referring to his immediate vassals, as in lines 136, 278.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-308-309-or-43-49.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS|elision=vestigia adire}}
|
|-
|[[Ibant]] [[aequati]] [[numero]], [[sed1|sed]] [[et]] [[agmine]] [[longo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Sed et'': The use of two conjunctions is ''metri causa'', as frequently in the poem.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.698: ''ibant aequati numero regemque canebant''. ‘In dressed lines they marched and sang their king.’ 10.769: ''in agmine longo''. . . ‘In a long battle line. . .’ 8.595-596.: ''agmine facto/ quadripedante putrem sonitu quatit ungula campum''. ‘They form in column, and with galloping tread the horse hoof shakes the crumbling plain.’ 11.875: ''quadripedumque putrem cursu quatit ungula campum''. ‘In their galloping course the horsehoof shakes the crumbling plain.’ 7.722: ''scuta sonant pulsuque pedum conterrita tellus''. ‘The bucklers clang, and the earth trembles under the tramping feet.’ 9.709: '' dat tellus gemitum et clipeum super intonat ingens''. ‘The earth groans, and the huge shield thunders over him.’ 8.239: ''intonat aether''. . . ‘Heaven thunders. . .’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Quadrupedum]] [[cursu]] [[tellus]] [[concussa]] [[gemebat]].
|45
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.698: ''ibant aequati numero regemque canebant''. ‘In dressed lines they marched and sang their king.’ 10.769: ''in agmine longo''. . . ‘In a long battle line. . .’ 8.595-596.: ''agmine facto/ quadripedante putrem sonitu quatit ungula campum''. ‘They form in column, and with galloping tread the horse hoof shakes the crumbling plain.’ 11.875: ''quadripedumque putrem cursu quatit ungula campum''. ‘In their galloping course the horsehoof shakes the crumbling plain.’ 7.722: ''scuta sonant pulsuque pedum conterrita tellus''. ‘The bucklers clang, and the earth trembles under the tramping feet.’ 9.709: '' dat tellus gemitum et clipeum super intonat ingens''. ‘The earth groans, and the huge shield thunders over him.’ 8.239: ''intonat aether''. . . ‘Heaven thunders. . .’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scutorum]] [[sonitu]] [[pavidus]] [[superintonat]] [[aether]].
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ferrea]] [[silva]] [[micat]] [[totos]] [[rutilando]] [[per]] [[agros]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Rutilando'': This use of the ablative of the gerund foreshadows the form’s transformation into the present participle of some modern Romance languages.
}}
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Thebaid'' 4.220-221.: ''ferrea curru/ silva tremit''. ‘An iron forest trembles on his chariot.’ ''Aeneid'' 11.601-602.: ''tum late ferreus hastis/ horret ager campique armis sublimibus ardent''. ‘Far and wide the field bristles with the steel of spears, and the plains are ablaze with raised weapons.’ 3.45-46.: ''hic confixum ferrea texit/ telorum seges''. ‘Here an iron harvest of spears covered my pierced body.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Haud]] [[aliter]] [[primo]] [[quam]] [[pulsans]] [[aequora]] [[mane1|mane]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.399: ''haud aliter''. . . ‘Likewise. . .’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Pulcher]] [[in]] [[extremis]] [[renitet]] [[sol]] [[partibus]] [[orbis]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|Ovid, ''Tristia ex Ponto'' 3.3.3: ''aeger in extremis ignoti partibus orbis''. ‘Ill in the utmost part of an unknown world.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Iamque]] [[Ararim]] [[Rodanumque]] [[amnes]] [[transiverat]] [[altos]]
|50
|{{Commentary|''Ararim'': The Saône River. ''Rodanum'': The Rhône River (a geographic error, since this river does not need to be crossed coming from Worms, the seat of Gibicho). ''Transiverat'': cf. note on line 34.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Ararim:Saône River Rodanum:Rhône River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=iamque Ararim; Rodanumque amnes}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[ad]] [[praedandum]] [[cuneus]] [[dispergitur]] [[omnis1|omnis]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Forte]] [[Cabillonis]] [[sedit]] [[Heriricus]], [[et]] [[ecce]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Cabillonis'': Present-day Chalon sur Saône in Burgundy was called Cabillonum by Caesar (''BG'' 7.42) but the plural form is found in Ammianus Marcellinus (14.10.3, 27.1.2).
}}
|{{Parallel|''Liber Regum II'' 18.24-25.: '' David autem sedebat inter duas portas; speculator vero, qui erat in fastigio portae super murum, elevans oculos vidit. . .et vociferans in culmine ait''. ‘And David sat between the two gates: and the watchman that was on the top of the gate upon the wall, lifting up his eyes, saw a man running alone, and crying out he told the king.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 8.21-22.: ''Forte sedens media regni infelicis in arce/ dux Erebi''. . . ‘By chance the lord of Erebus, enthroned in the midst of the fortress of his dolorous realm. . .’ 1.89-90.: ''inamoenum forte sedebat/ Cocyton iuxta.'' ‘By chance she sat beside dismyal Cocytus.’
}}
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Line-52.png
File:Waltharius-Line-52_1.png
File:Waltharius-Line-52-(Chalons)-or-433-(Worms).png
File:Europe500.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Attollens]] [[oculos]] [[speculator]] [[vociferatur]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 4.688: ''illa, gravis oculos conata attollere''. . . ‘She, trying to lift her heavy eyes. . .’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 10.489-490.: ''iamque premunt muros--et adhuc nova funera narrat/ Amphion--miseramque intrarant protinus urbem,/ ni Megareus specula citus exclamasset ab alta:/ ‘claude, vigil, subeunt hostes, claude undique portas!’ '' ‘Already they are nigh the walls--and still Amphion is telling of the new disaster--and would straight have entered the hapless city, had not Megareus from a high watchtower exclaimed in haste: “Shut the gates, sentry, everywhere! The enemy comes.” ’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae2|Quae]][[nam1|nam]] [[condenso]] [[consurgit]] [[pulvere]] [[nubes]]?
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 4.688: ''illa, gravis oculos conata attollere''. . . ‘She, trying to lift her heavy eyes. . .’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 10.489-490.: ''iamque premunt muros--et adhuc nova funera narrat/ Amphion--miseramque intrarant protinus urbem,/ ni Megareus specula citus exclamasset ab alta:/ ‘claude, vigil, subeunt hostes, claude undique portas!’ '' ‘Already they are nigh the walls--and still Amphion is telling of the new disaster--and would straight have entered the hapless city, had not Megareus from a high watchtower exclaimed in haste: “Shut the gates, sentry, everywhere! The enemy comes.” ’
 ''Aeneid'' 9.33-34.: ''hic subitam nigro glomerari pulvere nubem/ prospiciunt Teucri. . .conclamant mole Caicus:/ ‘quis globus, o cives, caligine volvitur atra?/ ferte citi ferrum, date tela, ascendite muros,/ hostis adest, heia!''’ ‘Here the Teucrians descry a sudden cloud gathering in black dust, and darkness rising on the plains. First from the rampart’s front Caicus shouts, “What mass, my countrymen, rolls onward in murky gloom? Quick, bring your swords! Give out weapons, climb the walls! The enemy is upon us!” ’ 12.150: ''vis inimica propinquat''. ‘The enemy’s stroke draws nigh.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vis]] [[inimica]] [[venit1|venit]], [[portas]] [[iam]] [[claudite]] [[cunctas]]!'
|55
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.33-34.: ''hic subitam nigro glomerari pulvere nubem/ prospiciunt Teucri. . .conclamant mole Caicus:/ ‘quis globus, o cives, caligine volvitur atra?/ ferte citi ferrum, date tela, ascendite muros,/ hostis adest, heia!''’ ‘Here the Teucrians descry a sudden cloud gathering in black dust, and darkness rising on the plains. First from the rampart’s front Caicus shouts, “What mass, my countrymen, rolls onward in murky gloom? Quick, bring your swords! Give out weapons, climb the walls! The enemy is upon us!” ’ 12.150: ''vis inimica propinquat''. ‘The enemy’s stroke draws nigh.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Iam]] [[tum]], [[quid]] [[Franci1|Franci]] [[fecissent]], [[ipse1|ipse]] [[sciebat]]
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Princeps]] [[et]] [[cunctos]] [[compellat]] [[sic]] [[seniores]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Si]] [[gens]] [[tam]] [[fortis]], [[cui]] [[nos1|nos]] [[similare]] [[nequimus]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment| The surrender of the Franks to the Huns has set off a domino effect. The Aquitanian king Alphere uses similar reasoning to justify his surrender to Attila.}}
|-
|[[Cessit]] [[Pannoniae]], [[qua1|qua]] [[nos]] [[virtute]] [[putatis]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Pannoniae '' equiv. to ''Hunnis''
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[huic1|Huic]] [[conferre]] [[manum]] [[et]] [[patriam]] [[defendere]] [[dulcem]]?
|60
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.690: ''et conferre manum et procurrere longius audent''. ‘They venture to close hand to hand and to sally farther out.’ Vergil, ''Eclogue ''1.3: ''nos patriae finis et dulcia linquimus arva''. ‘We are leaving our country’s bounds and sweet fields.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS|elision=manum et}}
|
|-
|[[Est]] [[satius1|satius]], [[pactum1|pactum]] [[faciant]] [[censumque]] [[capessant]]
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Unica]] [[nata]] [[mihi]], [[quam3|quam]] [[tradere]] [[pro]] [[regione]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.268-269.: ''est mihi nata, viro gentis quam iungere nostrae/ non patrio ex adyto sortes, non plurima caelo/ monstra sinunt.'' ‘I have a daughter whom oracles from my father’s shrine and countless prodigies from heaven do not allow me to unite to a bridegroom of our race.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Non]] [[dubito]]: [[tantum1|tantum]] [[pergant]], [[qui2|qui]] [[foedera]] [[firment]].
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
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|[[Ibant]] [[legati]] [[totis]] [[gladiis]] [[spoliati]],
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hostibus1|Hostibus]] [[insinuant]], [[quod]] [[regis]] [[iussio]] [[mandat]]:
|65
|{{Commentary|''Insinuant'' equiv. to ''nuntiant''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[ut1|Ut ]][[cessent]] [[vastare]], [[rogant]], [[quos]] [[Attila1|Attila]] [[ductor]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"ductor": a favorite word of Vergil's, used more than twenty times throughout the Aeneid.}}
|-
|[[ut1|Ut]] [[solitus]] [[fuerat]], [[blande]] [[suscepit]] [[et]] [[inquit]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|{{Comment|Attila's civilized and reasonable nature is again emphasized}}
|-
|[[Foedera]] [[plus2|plus]] [[cupio]] [[quam]] [[proelia]] [[mittere]] [[vulgo1|vulgo]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The Virgilian and Roman characteristics of line 8 are once again echoed as Attila accepts Hereric's terms of surrender.}}
|-
|[[Pace]] [[quidem]] [[Huni]] [[malunt]] [[regnare]], [[sed1|sed]] [[armis]]
|
|
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|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Inviti]] [[feriunt]], [[quos]] [[cernunt]] [[esse]] [[rebelles]].
|70
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[ad]] [[nos]] [[veniens1|veniens]] [[dextram]] [[det]] [[atque]] [[resumat]].'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.263-264.: ''ipse modo Aeneas, nostri si tanta cupido est,. . .adveniat, vultus neve exhorrescat amicos:/ pars mihi pacis erit dextram tetigisse tyranni''. ‘Only let Aeneas, if so he longs for us, come in person and shrink not from friendly eyes. To me it shall be a term of the peace to have touched your sovereign’s hand.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exivit]] [[princeps]] [[asportans]] [[innumeratos]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|Note how the meter of the heavily spondaic line (5 spondees) reflects the meaning, as Hereric, weighed down by all the treasure he carries, proceeds slowly.}}
|-
|[[Thesauros]] [[pactumque]] [[ferit]] [[natamque]] [[reliquit]].
|
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
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|[[Pergit]] [[in]] [[exilium]] [[pulcherrima]] [[gemma]] [[parentum]].
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius13|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** '''The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)'''
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius75|next »]]
|[[Waltharius34English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius34

2009-12-14T18:13:23Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)===
{|
|-
|[[Tempore]] [[quo2|quo]] [[validis]] [[steterat]] [[Burgundia]] [[sceptris]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Tempore quo'' equiv. to ''eo tempore'' ''Steterat'': The poet, perhaps due to his German origins, makes very free use of the tenses of the Latin verb. Pluperfect forms in particular are often used as a simple past tense. ''Burgundia'': A Germanic kingdom conquered by the Huns in 437 A.D. (as related in both the ''Waltharius'' and the ''Nibelungenlied''), after which its people reestablished themselves in the south-eastern quadrant of present-day France, before being conquered by the Franks in the following century.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.80: ''tempore quo''. . . ‘In the days when. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"sceptris": synecdoche for king or ruler. [metonymy JZ]}}
|-
|[[Cuius]] [[primatum]] [[Heriricus]] [[forte]] [[gerebat]].
|35
|{{Commentary|''Primatum'' equiv. to ''imperium'' ''Heriricus'': Probably legendary; Althof considers this name to have been invented by the poet. ''Forte'': an adverb often used in the ''Waltharius'', like ''fors'', simply ''metri causa''.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Epistula Iohannis III'' 9: ''sed is qui amat primatum gerere''. . . ‘He who loveth to have the pre-eminence among them. . .’ ''Aeineid'' 12.206: '' dextra sceptrum nam forte gerebat. '' ‘For by chance in his hand he held his sceptre.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|hiatus=primatum Heriricus}}
|
|-
|[[Filia]] [[huic1|huic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[fuit]] [[unica]] [[nomine]] [[Hiltgunt]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Hiltgunt'': The princess, who also figures in the ''Nibelungenlied'', is not known to have been historical. The Burgundians, unlike the Franks, did not use the Salic Law that barred women from inheriting the throne.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Secundum Lucam'' 8.42: ''quia filia unica erat illi''. ‘For he had an only daughter.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|hiatus=nomine Hiltgunt}}
|
|-
|[[Nobilitate]] [[quidem]] [[pollens]] [[ac]] [[stemmate]] [[formae]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|Ovid, ''Matamorphoses'' 13.22: ''nobilitate potens essem''. ‘I should still be his superior in birth.’ Prudentius, ''Peristephanon Liber'' 1.4: ''pollet hoc felix per orbem terra Hibera stemmate''. ‘For this glory the land of Spain has the fortune to be held in honour through all the world.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Debuit]] [[haec3|haec]] [[heres]] [[aula]] [[residere]] [[paterna]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[diu]] [[congesta]] [[frui]], [[si]] [[forte]] [[liceret]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Diu congesta frui'': an accusative follows ''fruor'' here instead of the usual ablative.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Namque]] [[Avares]] [[firma]] [[cum2|cum]] [[Francis1|Francis]] [[pace]] [[peracta]]
|40
|{{Commentary|''Avares'': This name is used interchangeably by the poet with ''Huni'' for Attila’s Huns. In fact, the Avars were another separate group that invaded Europe from the east around 560 A.D., eventually settling in the Pannonian region.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS|elision=namque Avares}}
|{{Comment| "Avares": the use of the term Avars for Huns could offer further evidence of the poet's misconceptions about both the identity of the Huns and the length of their reign, but he could very well be taking advantage of the poetic license in epic (especially Virgilian epic) to use different names for the same people.}}
|-
|[[Suspendunt]] [[a]] [[fine1|fine]] [[quidem]] [[regionis]] [[eorum]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Suspendunt'': “held back”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Attila1|Attila]] [[sed1|sed]] [[celeres]] [[mox]] [[huc]] [[deflectit]] [[habenas]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.765: ''hac iuvenis furtim celeris detorquet habenas''. ‘There the youth stealthily turns his swift reins.’ 12.471: ''undantis flectit habenas''. ‘She guides the flowing thongs.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nec]] [[tardant]] [[reliqui]] [[satrapae1|satrapae]] [[vestigia]] [[adire]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Satrapae'': “leader, king.” A Persian word that came to Latin through Greek. In Classical authors it is a third-declension noun in the singular, but the poet of the ''Waltharius'' makes it a masculine first-declension noun like ''nauta''. ''Pace'' Wieland, it seems likely that here we have the genitive singular referring to Attila (cf. lines 170, 371, 573, 1126), rather than the nominative plural, referring to his immediate vassals, as in lines 136, 278.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-308-309-or-43-49.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS|elision=vestigia adire}}
|
|-
|[[Ibant]] [[aequati]] [[numero]], [[sed1|sed]] [[et]] [[agmine]] [[longo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Sed et'': The use of two conjunctions is ''metri causa'', as frequently in the poem.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.698: ''ibant aequati numero regemque canebant''. ‘In dressed lines they marched and sang their king.’ 10.769: ''in agmine longo''. . . ‘In a long battle line. . .’ 8.595-596.: ''agmine facto/ quadripedante putrem sonitu quatit ungula campum''. ‘They form in column, and with galloping tread the horse hoof shakes the crumbling plain.’ 11.875: ''quadripedumque putrem cursu quatit ungula campum''. ‘In their galloping course the horsehoof shakes the crumbling plain.’ 7.722: ''scuta sonant pulsuque pedum conterrita tellus''. ‘The bucklers clang, and the earth trembles under the tramping feet.’ 9.709: '' dat tellus gemitum et clipeum super intonat ingens''. ‘The earth groans, and the huge shield thunders over him.’ 8.239: ''intonat aether''. . . ‘Heaven thunders. . .’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Quadrupedum]] [[cursu]] [[tellus]] [[concussa]] [[gemebat]].
|45
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.698: ''ibant aequati numero regemque canebant''. ‘In dressed lines they marched and sang their king.’ 10.769: ''in agmine longo''. . . ‘In a long battle line. . .’ 8.595-596.: ''agmine facto/ quadripedante putrem sonitu quatit ungula campum''. ‘They form in column, and with galloping tread the horse hoof shakes the crumbling plain.’ 11.875: ''quadripedumque putrem cursu quatit ungula campum''. ‘In their galloping course the horsehoof shakes the crumbling plain.’ 7.722: ''scuta sonant pulsuque pedum conterrita tellus''. ‘The bucklers clang, and the earth trembles under the tramping feet.’ 9.709: '' dat tellus gemitum et clipeum super intonat ingens''. ‘The earth groans, and the huge shield thunders over him.’ 8.239: ''intonat aether''. . . ‘Heaven thunders. . .’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scutorum]] [[sonitu]] [[pavidus]] [[superintonat]] [[aether]].
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ferrea]] [[silva]] [[micat]] [[totos]] [[rutilando]] [[per]] [[agros]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Rutilando'': This use of the ablative of the gerund foreshadows the form’s transformation into the present participle of some modern Romance languages.
}}
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Thebaid'' 4.220-221.: ''ferrea curru/ silva tremit''. ‘An iron forest trembles on his chariot.’ ''Aeneid'' 11.601-602.: ''tum late ferreus hastis/ horret ager campique armis sublimibus ardent''. ‘Far and wide the field bristles with the steel of spears, and the plains are ablaze with raised weapons.’ 3.45-46.: ''hic confixum ferrea texit/ telorum seges''. ‘Here an iron harvest of spears covered my pierced body.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Haud]] [[aliter]] [[primo]] [[quam]] [[pulsans]] [[aequora]] [[mane1|mane]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.399: ''haud aliter''. . . ‘Likewise. . .’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Pulcher]] [[in]] [[extremis]] [[renitet]] [[sol]] [[partibus]] [[orbis]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|Ovid, ''Tristia ex Ponto'' 3.3.3: ''aeger in extremis ignoti partibus orbis''. ‘Ill in the utmost part of an unknown world.’
}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Iamque]] [[Ararim]] [[Rodanumque]] [[amnes]] [[transiverat]] [[altos]]
|50
|{{Commentary|''Ararim'': The Saône River. ''Rodanum'': The Rhône River (a geographic error, since this river does not need to be crossed coming from Worms, the seat of Gibicho). ''Transiverat'': cf. note on line 34.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Ararim:Saône River Rodanum:Rhône River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=iamque Ararim; Rodanumque amnes}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[ad]] [[praedandum]] [[cuneus]] [[dispergitur]] [[omnis1|omnis]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Forte]] [[Cabillonis]] [[sedit]] [[Heriricus]], [[et]] [[ecce]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Cabillonis'': Present-day Chalon sur Saône in Burgundy was called Cabillonum by Caesar (''BG'' 7.42) but the plural form is found in Ammianus Marcellinus (14.10.3, 27.1.2).
}}
|{{Parallel|''Liber Regum II'' 18.24-25.: '' David autem sedebat inter duas portas; speculator vero, qui erat in fastigio portae super murum, elevans oculos vidit. . .et vociferans in culmine ait''. ‘And David sat between the two gates: and the watchman that was on the top of the gate upon the wall, lifting up his eyes, saw a man running alone, and crying out he told the king.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 8.21-22.: ''Forte sedens media regni infelicis in arce/ dux Erebi''. . . ‘By chance the lord of Erebus, enthroned in the midst of the fortress of his dolorous realm. . .’ 1.89-90.: ''inamoenum forte sedebat/ Cocyton iuxta.'' ‘By chance she sat beside dismyal Cocytus.’
}}
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Line-52.png
File:Waltharius-Line-52_1.png
File:Waltharius-Line-52-(Chalons)-or-433-(Worms).png
File:Europe500.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Attollens]] [[oculos]] [[speculator]] [[vociferatur]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 4.688: ''illa, gravis oculos conata attollere''. . . ‘She, trying to lift her heavy eyes. . .’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 10.489-490.: ''iamque premunt muros--et adhuc nova funera narrat/ Amphion--miseramque intrarant protinus urbem,/ ni Megareus specula citus exclamasset ab alta:/ ‘claude, vigil, subeunt hostes, claude undique portas!’ '' ‘Already they are nigh the walls--and still Amphion is telling of the new disaster--and would straight have entered the hapless city, had not Megareus from a high watchtower exclaimed in haste: “Shut the gates, sentry, everywhere! The enemy comes.” ’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae2|Quae]][[nam1|nam]] [[condenso]] [[consurgit]] [[pulvere]] [[nubes]]?
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 4.688: ''illa, gravis oculos conata attollere''. . . ‘She, trying to lift her heavy eyes. . .’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 10.489-490.: ''iamque premunt muros--et adhuc nova funera narrat/ Amphion--miseramque intrarant protinus urbem,/ ni Megareus specula citus exclamasset ab alta:/ ‘claude, vigil, subeunt hostes, claude undique portas!’ '' ‘Already they are nigh the walls--and still Amphion is telling of the new disaster--and would straight have entered the hapless city, had not Megareus from a high watchtower exclaimed in haste: “Shut the gates, sentry, everywhere! The enemy comes.” ’
 ''Aeneid'' 9.33-34.: ''hic subitam nigro glomerari pulvere nubem/ prospiciunt Teucri. . .conclamant mole Caicus:/ ‘quis globus, o cives, caligine volvitur atra?/ ferte citi ferrum, date tela, ascendite muros,/ hostis adest, heia!''’ ‘Here the Teucrians descry a sudden cloud gathering in black dust, and darkness rising on the plains. First from the rampart’s front Caicus shouts, “What mass, my countrymen, rolls onward in murky gloom? Quick, bring your swords! Give out weapons, climb the walls! The enemy is upon us!” ’ 12.150: ''vis inimica propinquat''. ‘The enemy’s stroke draws nigh.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vis]] [[inimica]] [[venit1|venit]], [[portas]] [[iam]] [[claudite]] [[cunctas]]!'
|55
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.33-34.: ''hic subitam nigro glomerari pulvere nubem/ prospiciunt Teucri. . .conclamant mole Caicus:/ ‘quis globus, o cives, caligine volvitur atra?/ ferte citi ferrum, date tela, ascendite muros,/ hostis adest, heia!''’ ‘Here the Teucrians descry a sudden cloud gathering in black dust, and darkness rising on the plains. First from the rampart’s front Caicus shouts, “What mass, my countrymen, rolls onward in murky gloom? Quick, bring your swords! Give out weapons, climb the walls! The enemy is upon us!” ’ 12.150: ''vis inimica propinquat''. ‘The enemy’s stroke draws nigh.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Iam]] [[tum]], [[quid]] [[Franci1|Franci]] [[fecissent]], [[ipse1|ipse]] [[sciebat]]
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Princeps]] [[et]] [[cunctos]] [[compellat]] [[sic]] [[seniores]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Si]] [[gens]] [[tam]] [[fortis]], [[cui]] [[nos1|nos]] [[similare]] [[nequimus]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment| The Franks surrender to the Huns has set off a domino effect. The Aquitanian king Alphere uses similar reasoning to justify he surrender to Attila.}}
|-
|[[Cessit]] [[Pannoniae]], [[qua1|qua]] [[nos]] [[virtute]] [[putatis]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Pannoniae '' equiv. to ''Hunnis''
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[huic1|Huic]] [[conferre]] [[manum]] [[et]] [[patriam]] [[defendere]] [[dulcem]]?
|60
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 9.690: ''et conferre manum et procurrere longius audent''. ‘They venture to close hand to hand and to sally farther out.’ Vergil, ''Eclogue ''1.3: ''nos patriae finis et dulcia linquimus arva''. ‘We are leaving our country’s bounds and sweet fields.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS|elision=manum et}}
|
|-
|[[Est]] [[satius1|satius]], [[pactum1|pactum]] [[faciant]] [[censumque]] [[capessant]]
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Unica]] [[nata]] [[mihi]], [[quam3|quam]] [[tradere]] [[pro]] [[regione]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.268-269.: ''est mihi nata, viro gentis quam iungere nostrae/ non patrio ex adyto sortes, non plurima caelo/ monstra sinunt.'' ‘I have a daughter whom oracles from my father’s shrine and countless prodigies from heaven do not allow me to unite to a bridegroom of our race.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Non]] [[dubito]]: [[tantum1|tantum]] [[pergant]], [[qui2|qui]] [[foedera]] [[firment]].
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
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|[[Ibant]] [[legati]] [[totis]] [[gladiis]] [[spoliati]],
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
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|[[hostibus1|Hostibus]] [[insinuant]], [[quod]] [[regis]] [[iussio]] [[mandat]]:
|65
|{{Commentary|''Insinuant'' equiv. to ''nuntiant''
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
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|[[ut1|Ut ]][[cessent]] [[vastare]], [[rogant]], [[quos]] [[Attila1|Attila]] [[ductor]],
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"ductor": a favorite word of Vergil's, used it more than 20 times throughout the Aeneid.}}
|-
|[[ut1|Ut]] [[solitus]] [[fuerat]], [[blande]] [[suscepit]] [[et]] [[inquit]]:
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|{{Comment|Attila's civilized and reasonable nature are again emphasized}}
|-
|[[Foedera]] [[plus2|plus]] [[cupio]] [[quam]] [[proelia]] [[mittere]] [[vulgo1|vulgo]].
|
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The Virgilian and Roman characteristics of line 8 are once again echoed as Attila accepts Hereric's terms of surrender.}}
|-
|[[Pace]] [[quidem]] [[Huni]] [[malunt]] [[regnare]], [[sed1|sed]] [[armis]]
|
|
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|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
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|[[Inviti]] [[feriunt]], [[quos]] [[cernunt]] [[esse]] [[rebelles]].
|70
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|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
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|-
|[[Rex]] [[ad]] [[nos]] [[veniens1|veniens]] [[dextram]] [[det]] [[atque]] [[resumat]].'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.263-264.: ''ipse modo Aeneas, nostri si tanta cupido est,. . .adveniat, vultus neve exhorrescat amicos:/ pars mihi pacis erit dextram tetigisse tyranni''. ‘Only let Aeneas, if so he longs for us, come in person and shrink not from friendly eyes. To me it shall be a term of the peace to have touched your sovereign’s hand.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exivit]] [[princeps]] [[asportans]] [[innumeratos]]
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|Note how the meter of the heavily spondaic line (5 spondees) reflects the meaning. Hereric, weighed down by all the treasure he is carrying, slowly, spondaicly proceeds.}}
|-
|[[Thesauros]] [[pactumque]] [[ferit]] [[natamque]] [[reliquit]].
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
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|[[Pergit]] [[in]] [[exilium]] [[pulcherrima]] [[gemma]] [[parentum]].
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
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|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius13|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** '''The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)'''
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius75|next »]]
|[[Waltharius34English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius13

2009-12-14T18:03:18Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)===
{|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[sua1|sua]] [[castra]] [[movens]] [[mandavit]] [[visere]] [[Francos]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Francos'': Germanic peoples who settled along the Rhine during the late Roman Empire, forerunners of the Merovingians and Carolingians.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|{{Comment|After briefly introducing the reader to the general stage of the poem and to the specific character (Attila) who precipitates its drama, the poet takes the narrative quickly to action. Note the opening dactyls that spring the reader right into Attila's breaking camp. The Franks are the first of three peoples introduced from which the four major characters come. Just as the later sequential battle scenes [IDENTIFY LINES JZ] are somewhat repetitive, lines 13-92 present in similar terms the reactions of the Franks, Burgundians and Aquitanians to the threat of invading Huns: all of them offer a treaty and supply a hostage.}}
|-
|[[Quorum]] [[rex]] [[Gibicho]] [[solio]] [[pollebat]] [[in]] [[alto]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Gibicho'': The name Gibica is attested for a King of Burgundy, possibly mythical, in the ''Lex Burgundionum'' (iii) of 501 A.D. Perhaps because the Burgundians were conquered by the Franks in 534, the poet makes Gibicho and his son Franks, while giving the Burgundians their own independent existence below (cf. line 34 ff.).
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 8.541: ''solio se tollit ab alto''. ‘He rose from his lofty throne.’ 11.301: ''solio rex infit ab alto''. ‘The king, first calling on heaven, from his high throne begins.’ Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 875: ''hoc residet solio pollens Sapientia''. ‘Here mighty Wisdom sits enthroned.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Prole]] [[recens]] [[orta]] [[gaudens]], [[quam2|quam]] [[postea]] [[narro]]:
|15
|{{Commentary|''Quam postea narro'': i.e., the ''proles'', ''Guntharius'' or Gunther, who enters the narrative as a major character at line 441.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.156: ''sole recens orto''. . . ‘When the sun is new-risen. . .’ Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' Praefatio 49: ''herede gaudens''. . . ‘Rejoicing in an heir. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment| As Gunther is introduced to the reader first in line 15 but only in line 16 by name, so the parenthetical "quam postea narro" that indicates Gunther functions as the type of literary device (akin to foreshadowing) that is known as "Chekhov's gun." The syntactical delay between the introduction of Gunther and his name mirrors the narrative delay between his introduction and the part he plays in the poem, which begins at line 441.}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[marem]] [[genuit]], [[quem1|quem]] [[Guntharium]] [[vocitavit]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Guntharium'': Another name attested for a King of Burgundy in the ''Lex Burgundionum''. Also the name of a central figure in the ''Nibelungenlied''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fama]] [[volans]] [[pavidi]] [[regis]] [[transverberat1|transverberat]] [[aures]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.139-140.: ''et iam Fama volans, tanti praenuntia luctus,/ Evandrum Evandrique domos et moenia replet''. ‘And now Rumour in her flight, heralding this piercing woe, fills Evander’s ears, his palace and his city.’ 3.121-122.: ''Fama volat pulsum regnis cessisse paternis/ Idomenea ducem, desertaque litora Cretae''. ‘A rumour flies that Idomeneus, the chieftain, has left his father’s realm for exile, that the shores of Crete are abandoned.’ 8.554-555.: ''Fama volat parvam subito vulgata per urbem/ ocius ire equites Tyrrheni ad litora regis''. ‘Suddenly, spreading through the little town, flies a rumour that horsemen are speeding to the shores of the Tyrrhene king.’ 9.473-474.: ''Interea pavidam volitans pennata per urbem/ nuntia Fama ruit.'' ‘Meanwhile, winged Fame, flitting through the fearful town, speeds with the news.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Fama volans": In many epics "Fama" acts as herald of armies or war. The epithet "volans" give the rumor an urgency and desperation that often influences the decisions made, as happens here. "Fama" is even accompanied by "volans" in one form or another several times in the Aeneid, 11.139-40, 3.121-22, and 8.554-55. Cf. line 170 in which "Fama" announces the rebellion of a certain recently conquered tribe; absent the "volans", that scene lacks the immediacy that this one has.

'''It appears to me that Fama is personified as a flying being because rumors travel so very quickly. [JJTY]'''}}
|-
|[[Dicens]] [[hostilem]] [[cuneum]] [[transire]] [[per]] [[Hystrum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuneum'': a wedge-shaped column of troops, a formation used by Germanic tribes according to Tac. ''Germ''. 6. ''Hystrum'': the Danube River.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Danube River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|{{Comment| "Hister": the Latin name for the Danube River, from the Greek ᾽´Ιστρος. Both words referred particularly to the lower Danube and the area around its mouth on the Black Sea. The assertion that the passage of the Huns across the Danube inspired fear in a Frankish king does not make geographical sense, but perhaps it is a case of metonymy for unknown regions even further to the east.}}
|-
|[[Vincentem]] [[numero]] [[stellas]] [[atque]] [[amnis]] [[arenas]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Amnis'' equiv. to''maris''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Liber Genesis'' 22.17: ''benedicam tibi et multiplicabo semen tuum sicut stellas caeli et velut harenam quae est in litore maris.'' ‘I will bless thee, and I will multiply thy seed as the stars of heaven, and as the sand that is by the sea shore.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=atque amnis}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[non]] [[confidens]] [[armis]] [[vel]] [[robore]] [[plebis]]
|20
|{{Commentary|''Qui'': Gibicho
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 3.51-52.: . . .''cum iam diffideret armis/ Dardaniae cingique urbem obsidione videret''. ‘. . .When he now lost hope in the arms of Dardania and saw the city beleagured.’ 8.518: ''robora pubis''. . . ‘The choice flower of manhood. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The heavily spondaic nature of the line - SSSSDS - could reflect the Gibicho's dread and loss of confidence.}}
|-
|[[Concilium]] [[cogit]], [[quae3|quae]] [[sint]] [[facienda]], [[requirit]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 11.234-235.: ''ergo concilium magnum primosque suorum/ imperio accitos alta intra limina cogit''. ‘Therefore his high council, the foremost of his people, he summons by royal command and convenes within his lofty portals.’ 11.303-304.: ''fuerat melius, non tempore tali/ cogere concilium. '' ‘It would have been better not to convene a council at such an hour.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Consensere]] [[omnes4|omnes]] [[foedus]] [[debere]] [[precari]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.130: ''adsensere omnes''. ‘All approved.’ 12.242-243.: ''nunc arma volunt foedusque precantur/ infectum''. ‘Now they long for arms, and pray that the covenant be undone.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=consensere omnes}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[dextras]], [[si]] [[forte]] [[darent]], [[coniungere]] [[dextris]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Darent'': sc. ''Huni''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.408-409.: ''cur dextrae iungere dextram/ non datur. . .?'' ‘Why am I not allowed to clasp hand in hand? 8.163-164: ''mihi mens iuvenali ardebat amore/ compellare virum et dextrae coniungere dextram. '' ‘My heart burned with youthful ardour to speak to him and clasp hand in hand.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Obsidibusque]] [[datis]] [[censum]] [[persolvere]] [[iussum]];
|
|{{Commentary|''Censum'': “tribute”
}}
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hoc5|Hoc]] [[melius]] [[fore]] [[quam]] [[vitam]] [[simul]] [[ac]] [[regionem]]
|25
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Perdiderint]] [[natosque]] [[suos]] [[pariterque]] [[maritas]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Perdiderint'': perfect subjunctive parallel to the infinitive ''fore''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nobilis]] [[hoc2|hoc]] [[Hagano]] [[fuerat]] [[sub]] [[tempore]] [[tiro]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Hagano'': Probably legendary; in the ''Nibelungenlied'' the brother of Gunther. ''Tiro'' equiv. to''iuvenis''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Indolis]] [[egregiae]], [[veniens1|veniens]] [[de]] [[germine]] [[Troiae]].
|
|{{Commentary|''De germine Troiae'': Troja was the Roman name for present-day Kirchheim in Alsace, possibly Hagen’s original hometown. A story first found in the ''Chronicle of Fredegar'', however, connected the Franks, like the Romans, with the Trojans, and the poet may be alluding here to that legendary tradition, as he does more directly in lines 726-729. ''Egregiae…Troiae'': an example of internal “Leonine” rhyme.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Verba Dierum seu Paralipomenon I'' 12.28: ''Sadoc etiam puer egregiae indolis''. ‘Sadoc also was a young man of excellent disposition.’ ''Aeneid'' 5.373: ''Bebrycia veniens Amyci de gente''. . . ‘Offspring of Amycus’ Bebrycian race. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|[Similar to the note to the left.] The Franks were forerunners of the Merovingians, who were said to be descended from Trojan stock. Hagan is not the only Frank said to descend from such ancient lineage, since in 725-729 Gunther's warrior Werinhard is described as being a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus.}}
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]], [[quia]] [[Guntharius]] [[nondum]] [[pervenit1|pervenit]] [[ad]] [[aevum1|aevum]],
|
|
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[ut1|Ut]] [[sine]] [[matre]] [[queat]] [[vitam]] [[retinere]] [[tenellam]],
|30
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[cum2|Cum]] [[gaza]] [[ingenti]] [[decernunt]] [[mittere]] [[regi1|regi]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.152-153.: ''tum satus Anchisa delectos ordine ab omni/ centum oratores augusta ad moenia regis/ ire iubet. . .donaque ferre viro pacemque exposcere Teucris./ haud mora, festinant''. ‘Then Anchises’ son commands a hundred envoys, chosen from every rank, to go to the king’s stately city to bear gifts to the hero and crave peace for the Trojans. They linger not, but hasten.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=gaza ingenti}}
|
|-
|[[Nec]] [[mora1|mora]], [[legati]] [[censum]] [[iuvenemque]] [[ferentes]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.152-153.: ''tum satus Anchisa delectos ordine ab omni/ centum oratores augusta ad moenia regis/ ire iubet. . .donaque ferre viro pacemque exposcere Teucris./ haud mora, festinant''. ‘Then Anchises’ son commands a hundred envoys, chosen from every rank, to go to the king’s stately city to bear gifts to the hero and crave peace for the Trojans. They linger not, but hasten.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Deveniunt]] [[pacemque]] [[rogant]] [[ac]] [[foedera]] [[firmant]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.509: ''conveniunt pacemque rogant''. ‘They gather and seek for peace.’ ''Aeineid'' 11.330: ''qui dicta ferent et foedera firment''. ‘Those who may bring the news and seal the pact. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius1|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* Prologue
* Introduction: the Huns (1–12)
* The Huns (13–418)
** '''The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)'''
** The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)
** The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)
** Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)
** Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)
** Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)
** Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)
** Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)
** The Escape (215–418)
*** Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)
*** Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)
*** Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)
*** Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)
*** The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)
*** Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)
*** Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)
*** Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)
*** Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)
*** Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)
*** Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)
*** Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)
*** Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)
** Combat (640–1061)
*** 1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)
*** 2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)
*** Gunther encourages his men (720–724)
*** 3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)
*** 4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)
*** 5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)
*** Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)
*** 6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)
*** 7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)
*** Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)
*** 8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)
*** Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)
** Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)
** Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)
** The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)
** Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)
** Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)
** The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)
** Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)
** Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)
** Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)
** The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)
* Epilogue (1453–1456)}}
|
|[[Waltharius34|next »]]
|[[Waltharius13English|English]]
|-
|}

WalthariusPrologue

2009-12-14T17:47:59Z

Jan Ziolkowski:

===Dedicatory Preface===
{|
|-
|[[Omnipotens]] [[genitor]], [[summae]] [[virtutis]] [[amator]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Genitor…amator…spiritus'': the poet begins by invoking the Trinity, i.e., the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost.}}
|{{Parallel|Vergil, ''Aeneid'' 10.668: ''Omnipotens genitor. . .'' ‘Almighty father. . .’}}
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Preface.png
File:Waltharius-Preface_1.png
</gallery>}}
|-
|[[Iure]] [[pari]] [[natusque]] [[amborum]] [[spiritus]] [[almus]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Natusque amborum equiv. to qui ex Patre Filioque procedit''}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|-
|[[Personis]] [[trinus]], [[vera]] [[deitate]] [[sed]] [[unus]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Trinus equiv. to triplex''}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|
|
|-
|[[Qui]] [[vita]] [[vivens]] [[cuncta]] [[et]] [[sine]] [[fine]] [[tenebis]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Vita vivens'': the phrase either reinforces or contrasts with the sense of ''sine fine''.}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|
|
|-
|[[Pontificem]] [[summum]] [[tu]] [[salva]] [[nunc]] [[et]] [[in]] [[aevum]]
|5
|{{Commentary|''Pontificem summum…Erchamboldum'': the title does not refer to the pope, but was a normal way of addressing an archbishop. The dedicatee is probably Erchambold, Bishop of Strasbourg from 965 to 991; as a prince-bishop with considerable secular power he held the equivalent of archepiscopal rank. Men of the same name served as the Bishop of Eichstätt from 882 to 912 and the Archbishop of Mainz from 1011 to 1021 ''In aevum equiv. to in aeternum''}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|
|
|-
|[[Claro]] [[Erckambaldum]] [[fulgentem]] [[nomine]] [[dignum]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|Ovid, ''Tristia ex Ponto'' 5.7.45: ''vix sunt homines hoc nomine digni.'' ‘They are scarce men worthy the name.’}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|
|
|-
|[[Crescat]] [[ut1|ut]] [[interius]] [[sancto]] [[spiramine]] [[plenus]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Interius equiv. to intra, penitus''}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|
|
|-
|[[multis3|Multis]] [[infictum]] [[quo4|quo]] [[sit]] [[medicamen]] [[in]] [[aevum]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Infictum'': “genuine”}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|
|
|-
|[[Praesul]] [[sancte]] [[dei]], [[nunc]] [[accipe]] [[munera]] [[servi]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Praesul equiv. to pontifex''}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|
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|-
|[[quae3|Quae]] [[tibi1|tibi]] [[decrevit]] [[de]] [[larga]] [[promere]] [[cura]]
|10
|{{Commentary|''De larga…cura'': the use of a preposition with the ablative of means, characteristic of Medieval Latin, is a step on the way to the disappearance of the case system in most modern Romance languages.}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|
|
|-
|[[Peccator]] [[fragilis]] [[Geraldus]] [[nomine]] [[vilis]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Geraldus'': the identity of this person, and his relationship to the rest of the poem, is not known. ''Nomine'': the author makes a very direct comparison of his own status with that of Erchambold, as praised in line 6.}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[tibi1|tibi]] [[nam1|nam]] [[certus]] [[corde]] [[estque]] [[fidelis1|fidelis]] [[alumnus]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Alumnus'': either equivalent to ''servus'', or perhaps signaling that the prologue’s author had himself been a student of Erchambold.}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|
|
|-
|[[Quod]] [[precibus]] [[dominum]] [[iugiter]] [[precor]] [[omnitonantem]],
|
|
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|{{PicturesCont}}
|
|
|-
|[[ut1|Ut]] [[nanciscaris]] [[factis]], [[quae3|quae]] [[promo]] [[loquelis]],
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|
|
|-
|[[Det]] [[pater]] [[ex]] [[summis2|summis]] [[caelum]] [[terramque]] [[gubernans]].
|15
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|
|
|-
|[[Serve]] [[dei]] [[summi]], [[ne]] [[despice]] [[verba]] [[libelli]],
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|
|
|-
|[[Non]] [[canit]] [[alma]] [[dei]], [[resonat]] [[sed1|sed]] [[mira]] [[tyronis]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Canit…resonat'': the subject is ''libellus''; the latter verb is used transitively. ''Tironis equiv. to iuvenis''}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|
|
|-
|[[Nomine]] [[Waltharius]], [[per]] [[proelia]] [[multa]] [[resectus]].
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|
|
|-
|[[Ludendum]] [[magis]] [[est]] [[dominum]] [[quam]] [[sit]] [[rogitandum]],
|
|{{Commentary|The point is clearly that the poem is meant for entertainment, not religious edification, but the grammatical construction is uncertain. Althof considers ''libellus'' to be implied as the subject of both verbs and takes ''ludendum'' and ''rogitandum'' as gerunds denoting purpose, with ''ad'' twice omitted. Alternatively we have first an impersonal passive periphrastic construction with the gerundive (cf. Horace’s ''nunc est bibendum''), with the second (transitive) verb being awkwardly attracted into this construction.}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|
|
|-
|[[Perlectus]] [[longaevi]] [[stringit]] [[inampla]] [[diei]].
|20
|{{Commentary|''Perlectus'': sc. ''libellus''. ''Longaevi stringit inampla diei'': difficult to interpret. Many texts (not Strecker’s) split the first and third of these words, yielding ''longae vi'' and ''in ampla'' and thus further multiplying the possibilities. The sense seems to be “shortens the length of an old man’s day” (or simply “of the long day”). Wieland sees in ''stringit'' the image of a drawn sword: “fights against.”}}
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|
|
|-
|[[Sis]] [[felix]] [[sanctus]] [[per]] [[tempora]] [[plura]] [[sacerdos]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.330: ''sis felix nostrumque leves, quaecumque, laborem.'' ‘Show grace to us, whoever you may be, and lighten this our burden.’}}
|{{PicturesCont}}
|
|
|-
|[[Sit]] [[tibi1|tibi]] [[mente]] [[tua]] [[Geraldus]] [[carus]] [[adelphus]].
|
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|
|{{Outline|
* '''Prologue'''
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius1|next »]]
|[[WalthariusPrologueEnglish|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius1

2009-12-13T22:45:42Z

Jan Ziolkowski: /* Introduction: the Huns (1–12) */

===Introduction: the Huns (1–12)===
{|
|-
|[[Tertia]] [[pars]] [[orbis1|orbis]], [[fratres]], [[Europa]] [[vocatur]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Tertia pars orbis'': as opposed to Africa and Asia, a division found as early as Herodotus (2.16). ''Fratres'': suggests that the poem could have been read in a monastic context.
}}
|{{Parallel|Lucan, '' De Bello Civili'' 9.411-412.: ''Tertia pars rerum Libye, si credere famae/ Cuncta velis; at, si ventos caelumque sequaris,/ Pars erit Europae''. ‘Libya is the third continent of the world, if one is willing in all things to trust report; but, if you judge by the winds and the sky, you will find it to be part of Europe.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[image:Waltharius-Line-1.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
| {{Comment|The opening line of the poem refers to the ancient notion "that the whole earth consists of three divisions, Europe, Asia, and Libya" (Herodotus, 2.16). Not only does it set the general stage of action for the poem (which is Europe) but it is also reminiscent of the opening to Caesar's "De Bello Gallico", "Gallia est omnes divisa in patres tres" (All of Gaul is divided into three parts). The author did not know Greek, however, and most likely was not familiar with Caesar's work. Isidore of Seville's Etymologies XIV.2 was probably more influential, "Divisus est autem trifarie: e quibus una pars Asia, altera Europa, tertia Africa nuncupatur" (It is divided into three parts, one of which is called Asia, the second part Europe, the third Africa). "Fratres": not only does the address "brothers" suggest the possibility of the poem's intended monastic audience, it is also one of the few times in the poem the reader is addressed directly. There is the possibility as well that "fratres" could be taken in the sense of universal brotherhood and would hence include women.

'''Edoardo D'Angelo (1991, p. 166-167) sees here the influence of Lucan, and quotes 9.411-417 from the Bellum Civile: "tertia pars rerum Libye, si credere famae / cuncta uelis; at, si uentos caelumque sequaris, / pars erit Europae. nec enim plus litora Nili / quam Scythicus Tanais primis a Gadibus absunt, / unde Europa fugit Libyen et litora flexu / Oceano fecere locum; sed maior in unam / orbis abit Asiam." JJTY''' '''For the wording of the first half line, the likeliest source of inspiration would be Ovid, Metamorphoses 6.372 "agitur pars tertia mundi" (noted recently by Ruben Florio [2002, p. 3]) JZ'''}}
|-
|[[Moribus]] [[ac]] [[linguis]] [[varias]] [[et]] [[nomine]] [[gentes]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 8.722-723.: ''gentes,/ quam variae linguis, habitu tam vestis et armis''. ‘Peoples as diverse in fashion of dress and arms as in tongues.’ Prudentius, ''Contra Orationem Symmachi'' 2.586-587.: '' discordes linguis populos et dissona cultu/ regna volens sociare Deus''. . . ‘God, wishing to bring into partnership peoples of different speech and realms of discordant manners. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Distinguens]] [[cultu]], [[tum]] [[relligione]] [[sequestrans]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Sequestrans'': “separating,” a meaning that seems to have developed from the concept of the deposit held by a ''sequester'', the third-party arbitrator in a monetary conflict.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment| "cultu": As distinguished from "religione", it probably can be translated as 'way of life', in the sense of the general style of societal customs, e.g. how they stack their hay, construct and decorate their barns, etc...}}
|-
|[[Inter]] [[quas]] [[gens]] [[Pannoniae1|Pannoniae]] [[residere]] [[probatur]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Pannonia'': Roman province in the north-west Balkans, according to the poet the homeland of the “Huns” (''Hunos'', line 5), a nomadic tribe that invaded Europe from the east, beginning around 370 A.D.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[quam2|Quam]] [[tamen]] [[et]] [[Hunos]] [[plerumque]] [[vocare]] [[solemus]].
|5
|
|
|{{PicturesCont}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|"Hunos": The Huns first swept into Roman consciousness when, invading from the east, they displaced the Goths, who, as detailed by Ammianus Marcellinus, ended up decimating the Roman army at the Battle of Adrianople, now Edirne in northwest Turkey, in A.D. 378. The province of Pannonia from line 4 was actually ceded to the Huns in the mid-5th century by the Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II after several major military defeats.}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[populus]] [[fortis1|fortis]] [[virtute]] [[vigebat]] [[et]] [[armis]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|{{Comment| Indeed, the Huns were a nomadic people who flourished not by building cities but by military prowess. Note how the Huns left no literary record nor any real archaeological one beyond military equipment.}}
|-
|[[Non]] [[circumpositas]] [[solum]] [[domitans]] [[regiones]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber I Macchabeorum'' 1.1-2.: ''Et factum est postquam percussit Alexander Philippi Macedo qui primus regnavit in Graecia egressus de terra Cetthim Darium regem Persarum et Medorum constituit proelia multa et omnium obtinuit munitiones et interfecit reges terrae et pertransiit usque ad fines terrae''. ‘Now it came to pass, after that Alexander the son of Philip the Macedonian, who first reigned in Greece, coming out of the land of Cethim, had overthrown Darius king of the Persians and Medes: he fought many battles, and took the strong holds of all, and slew the kings of the earth: and he went through even to the ends of the earth.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Litoris]] [[oceani]] [[sed1|sed]] [[pertransiverat]] [[oras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber I Macchabeorum'' 1.1-2.: ''Et factum est postquam percussit Alexander Philippi Macedo qui primus regnavit in Graecia egressus de terra Cetthim Darium regem Persarum et Medorum constituit proelia multa et omnium obtinuit munitiones et interfecit reges terrae et pertransiit usque ad fines terrae''. ‘Now it came to pass, after that Alexander the son of Philip the Macedonian, who first reigned in Greece, coming out of the land of Cethim, had overthrown Darius king of the Persians and Medes: he fought many battles, and took the strong holds of all, and slew the kings of the earth: and he went through even to the ends of the earth.’
 ''Aeineid'' 3.396: ''has autem terras Italique hanc litoris oram.'' . . ‘But these lands, and this nearest border of the Italian shore. . .’ Virgil, ''Georgics'' 2.44: ''ades et primi lege litoris oram''. ‘Draw nigh, and skirt the near shoreline.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|{{Comment| "oceani": 'Oceanus' in traditional mythology was the son of Uranus and Gaia and the personification of the great river that encircled the known world. Though the extent to which a Carolingian or near-Carolingian monk would have known geography beyond antiquity's understanding of it is unclear, the very same section of Isidore's Etymologies referenced in line 1 explicitly mentions Oceanus as encircling the globe. The Huns were a people of the inland steppes and plains. At the height of its power, the Hunnic Empire stretched from the Caspian and Black Seas to the North Sea and even the Adriatic, but never all the way to the Atlantic Ocean.}}
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|[[Foedera]] [[supplicibus]] [[donans]] [[sternensque]] [[rebelles1|rebelles]].
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|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 6.851-852.: ''tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento/ (hae tibi erunt artes), pacique imponere morem,/ parcere subiectis et debellare superbos''. ‘You, Roman, be sure to rule the world (be these your arts), to crown peace with justice, to spare the vanquished and to crush the proud.’
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|{{Comment| The poet here does not borrow any of the exact language of Aeneid [1.257-258 or JZ]6.852 but he does not need to. The allusion to the Virgilian and Roman dictum to "spare the vanquished and crush the proud," an ideal for the imperial Roman leader, is overt. By ascribing this very Roman and ipso facto admirable trait to Attila and the Huns, the poet departs from the view in the ancient Roman's mind of the Huns the scourge of the Roman Empire. This characteristic is factually accurate. Attila and the Huns destroyed many enemy armies, yet they also spared defeated foes in order to exact tribute from them. Indeed, at the very gates of Rome Attila is said to have turned back at the sight of Pope Leo I.}}
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|[[Ultra]] [[millenos]] [[fertur]] [[dominarier]] [[annos]].
|10
|{{Commentary|''Fertur'': the subject is ''populus''. ''Dominarier'': archaic form for the passive infinitive (here of a deponent), frequent in poetry of all periods.
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment| This is a case of hyperbole by the author. Perhaps in the medieval mind the name Huns is a reference to an amalgamation of particular antique peripheral invaders, which might explain the reference in line 12 to Attila's wish to renew the "antiquos triumphos." In actuality the Hunnic empire came into existence in the west around 370 when they destroyed a tribe of Alans, and eventually petered out around 469 at the death of Dengizik, the succesor of Attila's son Ellak. Beginning here, but continued throughout the poem, the poet treats the Huns not as barbarians invaders but a strong, proud people with an illustrious history. By putting the Huns on relative par with the Romans (c. line 11) in the way they rule and duration of their "imperium", he strengthens the foundations of his own civilization. Were the Franks and other western European peoples defeated by a mere marauding hoard, there would be no nobility in recalling such story. However, given that the Huns are set up as a broad and powerful civilization, that they were eventually overcome becomes so much more impressive and heroic genesis of the poet's own times.}}
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|[[Attila1|Attila]] [[rex]] [[quodam1|quodam]] [[tulit]] [[illud1|illud]] [[tempore]] [[regnum]],
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|{{Commentary|''Attila'': Ruler of the Huns, first with his brother Bleda, from 434 to 455, then alone until 453 A.D. ''Tulit'' equiv. to''gessit''
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
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|[[Impiger]] [[antiquos]] [[sibimet]] [[renovare]] [[triumphos]].
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|{{Commentary|''Renovare'': infinitive following ''impiger'' (“eager”); cf. Hor. ''Carm''. 4.14.22.
}}
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|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment| "antiquos triumphos": c. note on line 10; most likely "antiquos" should be read as 'ancient' or 'ancestral' as opposed to 'old', which would lend itself to the grandeur with which the poet tries to infuse the Huns. Attila is not attempting to rekindle the fame of his own younger days, but the younger days of his people.}}
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<hr />

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|[[WalthariusPrologue|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* '''Introduction: the Huns (1–12)'''
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
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|[[Waltharius13|next »]]
|[[Waltharius1English|English]]
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