Waltharius - User contributions [en]

Waltharius436

2009-12-15T17:48:32Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him.
Note the regular DSDSDS scansion, again mimicking the regular marching of the travelers and perhaps also the structured tale retold "ex ordine." MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court. One possibility is that he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. Another is that the fish, as an unfamiliar species, would constitute a "wonder" which the king would want to see. (For further insight into the motif of marvels in medieval literature, see Ziolkowki, Fairy Tales Before Fairy Tales (2007), pp. 184-186.) Either way, the outcome of the ferry-man's conscientiousness is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On the one hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king MCD}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
||{{Comment|Gunther's urgent need to know who brought the fish is difficult to account for apart from the poet's need to bring the king and Walther into collision. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan's and Gunther's reactions to the news of Walther's presence near Worms. Since Walther needs to return home to found his own successful dynasty, the comparison is apt. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The ferryman's account takes on the qualities of a vision, especially since his description primarily creates an image rather than a narrative of Walther and Hildegund. The poet is creating the poetic equivalent of a film flashback. MCD}}
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
||{{Comment|The poet emphasizes again Walther's formidable appearance in his armor. In the lines that follow, he enumerates again the items of armor Walther has worn from Pannonia, though this has already been described at ll. 333-340. The reiteration emphasizes Walther's identity as a warrior and the impressive appearance he makes to all who see him. He is the type of a classical or Germanic hero, physically recognizable as greater than other men, and his identity is fused with his warrior spirit. On a more naturalistic level, the reiteration of his armor prepares the reader for Walther's fatigue when he and Hildegund arrive in the Vosges, since he has enacted the warrior role for the entirety of their forty-day journey. MCD}}
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"coruscat": The poet is fond of words that denote shining, sparkling, or flashing. In this case, the sparkle is literally applied to the reflection of the brandished spear. In other cases, however, it denotes fame, beauty, or worth. Thus, Worms is described as "nitentem" (l. 433) and Walther as "coruscus" (l. 525). MCD}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|To render Walther similar "to a strong man," the poet alters a Virgilian formula in which Aeneas resembles a god What this allusion lacks in rhetorical force, it makes up in historical interest. The poet apparently is trying to create a hero who preserves the classic heroic features while divorcing him from a divine background and placing him firmly in the Christian universe subordinate to the monotheistic God. MCD}}
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|"Nitore": See note above.
This description of Hildegund echoes the poet's original depiction of her in her father's home. There, she was "stemmate formae"; here, "decorata formae." The use of the word "formae" implies symmetry and perfection above mere attraction. Hildegund is the ideal woman, and as such, it is appropriate to "crown" her prematurely in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|A somewhat problematic line to translate. Kratz writes that Hildegund "matched him stride for stride." This is a good but loose rendering. Literally, the line reads "the girl bruises heel with heel." This translation suggests Hildegund's loyalty and closeness to Walther. Another possibility: "the girl wipes out footprint with footprint." The phrasing imitates Virgil's Aeneid (V.324). R. Deryk Williams (Aeneid I-VI, 2006) acknowledges the difficulty of the phrase there too, suggesting that it based on Homer's formulation in the Iliad (23.763, in which Odysseus "is treading in Ajax's footsteps before the dust had settled" (420). MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|sonipes: like cornipes, another word for the horse, Lion. This time the word emphasizes the noise its hooves make. These euphemisms for the horse echo a feature of Germanic and Norse poetic language, the kenning, which describes a well-known noun circuitously. Thus, an Old English word for "ocean" is "hronrad," or "whale-road." Likewise, in Old Norse, gold is called "Otter's Ransom" and "Freya's Tears," among numerous other titles. "Sonipes" could be translated as "sounding-foot" and "cornipes" as "horn-foot." (The words also work metonymically, substituting the part of a horse --- the hoof --- to signify the whole.) Likewise, the description at line 1059 of a wound as a necklace ("torquem") suggests that the poet is remembering the style of German kennings. MCD}}
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The picture of the perfect hero with the perfect woman is completed by the perfect, sprited horse. The poet creates a strong image. MCD}}
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"gemmis": When she is first introduced, Hildegund is described as the "gemma parentum," the jewel of her parents (l. 74). Ward suggests that Hildegund is the true treasure in this scenario, although the vivid and tempting picture the ferryman paints here makes it easy to understand why Gunther misses this moral. MCD}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
||{{Comment|"quippe": emphasizes that Hagan is one of Gunther's closest allies and associates. Wherever the king sits, Hagan sits also. This will increase the gravity of Hagan's dilemma later in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|Hagan recognizes his childhood friend immediately by his description. MCD}}
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him.
"cunctipotens": all-powerful one, presumably God. The singular invocation suggests that Gunther might be Christian, although in general throughout the poem he represents the older, Germanic warrior ethos in all its problematic glory. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Gunther has placed Hagan in an almost unbearable position in which he will be forced to betray one of his vows unless he can dissuade the king. Ward argues that Hagan in punished for breaking his vow with the loss of his eye and his teeth (Roman Epic, ed. Boyle, 1993). It is difficult to see, however, what Hagan could have done differently. The Waltharius-poet may be attempting to show the limitations of the Germanic warrior-ethos, which in his eyes limits ethical behavior. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Squamosus": literally, scaly. It is a powerful image which captures the appearance of closely-woven Germanic corslets, but it also brings interesting reptilian associations to Hagan and his men. Dragons, traditional symbols of greed, are often described in terms of their impenetrable scales (as in Beowulf, ll. 2574-2680). By putting on scales, Gunther and his men become less than men, half-beasts transformed by greed. Indeed, in medieval literature dragons are occasionally imagined as demonic versions of men. In the late medieval English romance Bevis of Hampton, two greedy and warring lords are transformed by the Devil into dragons and terrorize Germany and Italy.}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|{{Comment|"imbellum": literally, "unwarlike one." Despite the ferryman's undeniably bellicose description, Gunther and his men imagine Walther will be easy to overcome. I suspect this is not meant to sound at all logical, in order to emphasize further Gunther's overweening pride and greed. This is an instance of dramatic irony on the part of the Waltharius-poet (see Green, Irony in the Medieval Romance, 1979). MCD}}
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|Kratz translates "infelix" as "ill-starred," a somewhat figurative rendering. Literally, the word denotes infertility, as in Virgil's Georgics, 2.237-239 ("intereunt segetes, subit aspera silva, / lappaeque tribolique, interque nitentia culta /infelix lolium et steriles dominantur avena.") It also comes to carry the meaning of unhappiness, even denoting someone who causes unhappiness. This last definition might best describe the troublemaker Gunther, though the word's connotations of infertility also ominously foreshadow Gunther's fate. MCD}}
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-15T17:29:35Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him.
Note the regular DSDSDS scansion, again mimicking the regular marching of the travelers and perhaps also the structured tale retold "ex ordine." MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD [This is an interesting tack. A possible explanation is that subjects were expected to bring marvels of nature to their rulers. This concept is evident in the twelfth-century Rapularius, with which I deal in _Fairy Tales from Before Fairy Tales_: an impoverished knight-turned-farmer happens to grow a gigantic turnip, which he presents to the king. JZ]}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On the one hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king MCD}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
||{{Comment|Gunther's urgent need to know who brought the fish is difficult to account for apart from the poet's need to bring the king and Walther into collision. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan's and Gunther's reactions to the news of Walther's presence near Worms. Since Walther needs to return home to found his own successful dynasty, the comparison is apt. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The ferryman's account takes on the qualities of a vision, especially since his description primarily creates an image rather than a narrative of Walther and Hildegund. The poet is creating the poetic equivalent of a film flashback. MCD}}
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
||{{Comment|The poet emphasizes again Walther's formidable appearance in his armor. In the lines that follow, he enumerates again the items of armor Walther has worn from Pannonia, though this has already been described at ll. 333-340. The reiteration emphasizes Walther's identity as a warrior and the impressive appearance he makes to all who see him. He is the type of a classical or Germanic hero, physically recognizable as greater than other men, and his identity is fused with his warrior spirit. On a more naturalistic level, the reiteration of his armor prepares the reader for Walther's fatigue when he and Hildegund arrive in the Vosges, since he has enacted the warrior role for the entirety of their forty-day journey. MCD}}
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"coruscat": The poet is fond of words that denote shining, sparkling, or flashing. In this case, the sparkle is literally applied to the reflection of the brandished spear. In other cases, however, it denotes fame, beauty, or worth. Thus, Worms is described as "nitentem" (l. 433) and Walther as "coruscus" (l. 525). MCD}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|To render Walther similar "to a strong man," the poet alters a Virgilian formula in which Aeneas resembles a god What this allusion lacks in rhetorical force, it makes up in historical interest. The poet apparently is trying to create a hero who preserves the classic heroic features while divorcing him from a divine background and placing him firmly in the Christian universe subordinate to the monotheistic God. MCD}}
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|"Nitore": See note above.
This description of Hildegund echoes the poet's original depiction of her in her father's home. There, she was "stemmate formae"; here, "decorata formae." The use of the word "formae" implies symmetry and perfection above mere attraction. Hildegund is the ideal woman, and as such, it is appropriate to "crown" her prematurely in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|A somewhat problematic line to translate. Kratz writes that Hildegund "matched him stride for stride." This is a good but loose rendering. Literally, the line reads "the girl bruises heel with heel." This translation suggests Hildegund's loyalty and closeness to Walther. Another possibility: "the girl wipes out footprint with footprint." The phrasing imitates Virgil's Aeneid (V.324). R. Deryk Williams (Aeneid I-VI, 2006) acknowledges the difficulty of the phrase there too, suggesting that it based on Homer's formulation in the Iliad (23.763, in which Odysseus "is treading in Ajax's footsteps before the dust had settled" (420). MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|sonipes: like cornipes, another word for the horse, Lion. This time the word emphasizes the noise its hooves make. These euphemisms for the horse echo a feature of Germanic and Norse poetic language, the kenning, which describes a well-known noun circuitously. Thus, an Old English word for "ocean" is "hronrad," or "whale-road." Likewise, in Old Norse, gold is called "Otter's Ransom" and "Freya's Tears," among numerous other titles. "Sonipes" could be translated as "sounding-foot" and "cornipes" as "horn-foot." (The words also work metonymically, substituting the part of a horse --- the hoof --- to signify the whole.) Likewise, the description at line 1059 of a wound as a necklace ("torquem") suggests that the poet is remembering the style of German kennings. MCD}}
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The picture of the perfect hero with the perfect woman is completed by the perfect, sprited horse. The poet creates a strong image. MCD}}
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"gemmis": When she is first introduced, Hildegund is described as the "gemma parentum," the jewel of her parents (l. 74). Ward suggests that Hildegund is the true treasure in this scenario, although the vivid and tempting picture the ferryman paints here makes it easy to understand why Gunther misses this moral. MCD}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
||{{Comment|"quippe": emphasizes that Hagan is one of Gunther's closest allies and associates. Wherever the king sits, Hagan sits also. This will increase the gravity of Hagan's dilemma later in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|Hagan recognizes his childhood friend immediately by his description. MCD}}
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him.
"cunctipotens": all-powerful one, presumably God. The singular invocation suggests that Gunther might be Christian, although in general throughout the poem he represents the older, Germanic warrior ethos in all its problematic glory. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Gunther has placed Hagan in an almost unbearable position in which he will be forced to betray one of his vows unless he can dissuade the king. Ward argues that Hagan in punished for breaking his vow with the loss of his eye and his teeth (Roman Epic, ed. Boyle, 1993). It is difficult to see, however, what Hagan could have done differently. The Waltharius-poet may be attempting to show the limitations of the Germanic warrior-ethos, which in his eyes limits ethical behavior. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Squamosus": literally, scaly. It is a powerful image which captures the appearance of closely-woven Germanic corslets, but it also brings interesting reptilian associations to Hagan and his men. Dragons, traditional symbols of greed, are often described in terms of their impenetrable scales (as in Beowulf, ll. 2574-2680). By putting on scales, Gunther and his men become less than men, half-beasts transformed by greed. Indeed, in medieval literature dragons are occasionally imagined as demonic versions of men. In the late medieval English romance Bevis of Hampton, two greedy and warring lords are transformed by the Devil into dragons and terrorize Germany and Italy.}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|{{Comment|"imbellum": literally, "unwarlike one." Despite the ferryman's undeniably bellicose description, Gunther and his men imagine Walther will be easy to overcome. I suspect this is not meant to sound at all logical, in order to emphasize further Gunther's overweening pride and greed. This is an instance of dramatic irony on the part of the Waltharius-poet (see Green, Irony in the Medieval Romance, 1979). MCD}}
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|Kratz translates "infelix" as "ill-starred," a somewhat figurative rendering. Literally, the word denotes infertility, as in Virgil's Georgics, 2.237-239 ("intereunt segetes, subit aspera silva, / lappaeque tribolique, interque nitentia culta /infelix lolium et steriles dominantur avena.") It also comes to carry the meaning of unhappiness, even denoting someone who causes unhappiness. This last definition might best describe the troublemaker Gunther, though the word's connotations of infertility also ominously foreshadow Gunther's fate. MCD}}
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-15T17:24:09Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him.
Note the regular DSDSDS scansion, again mimicking the regular marching of the travelers and perhaps also the structured tale retold "ex ordine." MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD [This is an interesting tack. A possible explanation is that subjects were expected to bring marvels of nature to their rulers. This concept is evident in the twelfth-century Rapularius, with which I deal in _Fairy Tales from Before Fairy Tales_: an impoverished knight-turned-farmer happens to grow a gigantic turnip, which he presents to the king. JZ]}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On the one hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king MCD}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
||{{Comment|Gunther's urgent need to know who brought the fish is difficult to account for apart from the poet's need to bring the king and Walther into collision. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan's and Gunther's reactions to the news of Walther's presence near Worms. Since Walther needs to return home to found his own successful dynasty, the comparison is apt. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The ferryman's account takes on the qualities of a vision, especially since his description primarily creates an image rather than a narrative of Walther and Hildegund. The poet is creating the poetic equivalent of a film flashback. MCD}}
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
||{{Comment|The poet emphasizes again Walther's formidable appearance in his armor. In the lines that follow, he enumerates again the items of armor Walther has worn from Pannonia, though this has already been described at ll. 333-340. The reiteration emphasizes Walther's identity as a warrior and the impressive appearance he makes to all who see him. He is the type of a classical or Germanic hero, physically recognizable as greater than other men, and his identity is fused with his warrior spirit. On a more naturalistic level, the reiteration of his armor prepares the reader for Walther's fatigue when he and Hildegund arrive in the Vosges, since he has enacted the warrior role for the entirety of their forty-day journey. MCD}}
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"coruscat": The poet is fond of words that denote shining, sparkling, or flashing. In this case, the sparkle is literally applied to the reflection of the brandished spear. In other cases, however, it denotes fame, beauty, or worth. Thus, Worms is described as "nitentem" (l. 433) and Walther as "coruscus" (l. 525). MCD}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|To render Walther similar "to a strong man," the poet alters a Virgilian formula in which Aeneas resembles a god What this allusion lacks in rhetorical force, it makes up in historical interest. The poet apparently is trying to create a hero who preserves the classic heroic features while divorcing him from a divine background and placing him firmly in the Christian universe subordinate to the monotheistic God. MCD}}
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|"Nitore": See note above.
This description of Hildegund echoes the poet's original depiction of her in her father's home. There, she was "stemmate formae"; here, "decorata formae." The use of the word "formae" implies symmetry and perfection above mere attraction. Hildegund is the ideal woman, and as such, it is appropriate to "crown" her prematurely in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|A somewhat problematic line to translate. Kratz writes that Hildegund "matched him stride for stride." This is a good but loose rendering. Literally, the line reads "the girl bruises heel with heel." This translation suggests Hildegund's loyalty and closeness to Walther. Another possibility: "the girl wipes out footprint with footprint." MCD [It would be a good idea to look at a commentary on Aeneid 5 to see how line 324 is construed. JZ]}}
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|sonipes: like cornipes, another word for the horse, Lion. This time the word emphasizes the noise its hooves make. These euphemisms for the horse echo a feature of Germanic and Norse poetic language, the kenning, which describes a well-known noun circuitously. Thus, an Old English word for "ocean" is "hronrad," or "whale-road." Likewise, in Old Norse, gold is called "Otter's Ransom" and "Freya's Tears," among numerous other titles. "Sonipes" could be translated as "sounding-foot" and "cornipes" as "horn-foot." (The words also work metonymically, substituting the part of a horse --- the hoof --- to signify the whole.) Likewise, the description at line 1059 of a wound as a necklace ("torquem") suggests that the poet is remembering the style of German kennings. MCD}}
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The picture of the perfect hero with the perfect woman is completed by the perfect, sprited horse. The poet creates a strong image. MCD}}
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"gemmis": When she is first introduced, Hildegund is described as the "gemma parentum," the jewel of her parents (l. 74). Ward suggests that Hildegund is the true treasure in this scenario, although the vivid and tempting picture the ferryman paints here makes it easy to understand why Gunther misses this moral. MCD}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
||{{Comment|"quippe": emphasizes that Hagan is one of Gunther's closest allies and associates. Wherever the king sits, Hagan sits also. This will increase the gravity of Hagan's dilemma later in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|Hagan recognizes his childhood friend immediately by his description. MCD}}
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him.
"cunctipotens": all-powerful one, presumably God. The singular invocation suggests that Gunther might be Christian, although in general throughout the poem he represents the older, Germanic warrior ethos in all its problematic glory. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Gunther has placed Hagan in an almost unbearable position in which he will be forced to betray one of his vows unless he can dissuade the king. Ward argues that Hagan in punished for breaking his vow with the loss of his eye and his teeth (Roman Epic, ed. Boyle, 1993). It is difficult to see, however, what Hagan could have done differently. The Waltharius-poet may be attempting to show the limitations of the Germanic warrior-ethos, which in his eyes limits ethical behavior. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Squamosus": literally, scaly. It is a powerful image which captures the appearance of closely-woven Germanic corslets, but it also brings interesting reptilian associations to Hagan and his men. Dragons, traditional symbols of greed, are often described in terms of their impenetrable scales (as in Beowulf, ll. 2574-2680). By putting on scales, Gunther and his men become less than men, half-beasts transformed by greed. Indeed, in medieval literature dragons are occasionally imagined as demonic versions of men. In the late medieval English romance Bevis of Hampton, two greedy and warring lords are transformed by the Devil into dragons and terrorize Germany and Italy.}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|{{Comment|"imbellum": literally, "unwarlike one." Despite the ferryman's undeniably bellicose description, Gunther and his men imagine Walther will be easy to overcome. I suspect this is not meant to sound at all logical, in order to emphasize further Gunther's overweening pride and greed. This is an instance of dramatic irony on the part of the Waltharius-poet (see Green, Irony in the Medieval Romance, 1979). MCD}}
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|Kratz translates "infelix" as "ill-starred," a somewhat figurative rendering. Literally, the word denotes infertility, as in Virgil's Georgics, 2.237-239 ("intereunt segetes, subit aspera silva, / lappaeque tribolique, interque nitentia culta /infelix lolium et steriles dominantur avena.") It also comes to carry the meaning of unhappiness, even denoting someone who causes unhappiness. This last definition might best describe the troublemaker Gunther, though the word's connotations of infertility also ominously foreshadow Gunther's fate. MCD}}
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-15T17:23:28Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him.
Note the regular DSDSDS scansion, again mimicking the regular marching of the travelers and perhaps also the structured tale retold "ex ordine." MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD [This is an interesting tack. A possible explanation is that subjects were expected to bring marvels of nature to their rulers. This concept is evident in the twelfth-century Rapularius, with which I deal in _Fairy Tales from Before Fairy Tales_: an impoverished knight-turned-farmer happens to grow a gigantic turnip, which he presents to the king. JZ]}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On the one hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king MCD}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
||{{Comment|Gunther's urgent need to know who brought the fish is difficult to account for apart from the poet's need to bring the king and Walther into collision. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan's and Gunther's reactions to the news of Walther's presence near Worms. Since Walther needs to return home to found his own successful dynasty, the comparison is apt. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The ferryman's account takes on the qualities of a vision, especially since his description primarily creates an image rather than a narrative of Walther and Hildegund. The poet is creating the poetic equivalent of a film flashback. MCD}}
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
||{{Comment|The poet emphasizes again Walther's formidable appearance in his armor. In the lines that follow, he enumerates again the items of armor Walther has worn from Pannonia, though this has already been described at ll. 333-340. The reiteration emphasizes Walther's identity as a warrior and the impressive appearance he makes to all who see him. He is the type of a classical or Germanic hero, physically recognizable as greater than other men, and his identity is fused with his warrior spirit. On a more naturalistic level, the reiteration of his armor prepares the reader for Walther's fatigue when he and Hildegund arrive in the Vosges, since he has enacted the warrior role for the entirety of their forty-day journey. MCD}}
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"coruscat": The poet is fond of words that denote shining, sparkling, or flashing. In this case, the sparkle is literally applied to the reflection of the brandished spear. In other cases, however, it denotes fame, beauty, or worth. Thus, Worms is described as "nitentem" (l. 433) and Walther as "coruscus" (l. 525). MCD}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|To render Walther similar "to a strong man," the poet alters a Virgilian formula in which Aeneas resembles a god What this allusion lacks in rhetorical force, it makes up in historical interest. The poet apparently is trying to create a hero who preserves the classic heroic features while divorcing him from a divine background and placing him firmly in the Christian universe subordinate to the monotheistic God. MCD}}
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|"Nitore": See note above.
This description of Hildegund echoes the poet's original depiction of her in her father's home. There, she was "stemmate formae"; here, "decorata formae." The use of the word "formae" implies symmetry and perfection above mere attraction. Hildegund is the ideal woman, and as such, it is appropriate to "crown" her prematurely in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|A somewhat problematic line to translate. Kratz writes that Hildegund "matched him stride for stride." This is a good but loose rendering. Literally, the line reads "the girl bruises heel with heel." This translation suggests Hildegund's loyalty and closeness to Walther. Another possibility: "the girl wipes out footprint with footprint." MCD [It would be a good idea to look at a commentary on Aeneid 5 to see how line 324 is construed. JZ]}}
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|sonipes: like cornipes, another word for the horse, Lion. This time the word emphasizes the noise its hooves make. These euphemisms for the horse echo a feature of Germanic and Norse poetic language, the kenning, which describes a well-known noun circuitously. Thus, an Old English word for "ocean" is "hronrad," or "whale-road." Likewise, in Old Norse, gold is called "Otter's Ransom" and "Freya's Tears," among numerous other titles. "Sonipes" could be translated as "sounding-foot" and "cornipes" as "horn-foot." (The words also work metonymically, substituting the part of a horse (the hoof) to signify the whole.) Likewise, the description at line 1059 of a wound as a necklace ("torquem") suggests that the poet is remembering the style of German kennings. MCD}}
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The picture of the perfect hero with the perfect woman is completed by the perfect, sprited horse. The poet creates a strong image. MCD}}
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"gemmis": When she is first introduced, Hildegund is described as the "gemma parentum," the jewel of her parents (l. 74). Ward suggests that Hildegund is the true treasure in this scenario, although the vivid and tempting picture the ferryman paints here makes it easy to understand why Gunther misses this moral. MCD}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
||{{Comment|"quippe": emphasizes that Hagan is one of Gunther's closest allies and associates. Wherever the king sits, Hagan sits also. This will increase the gravity of Hagan's dilemma later in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|Hagan recognizes his childhood friend immediately by his description. MCD}}
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him.
"cunctipotens": all-powerful one, presumably God. The singular invocation suggests that Gunther might be Christian, although in general throughout the poem he represents the older, Germanic warrior ethos in all its problematic glory. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Gunther has placed Hagan in an almost unbearable position in which he will be forced to betray one of his vows unless he can dissuade the king. Ward argues that Hagan in punished for breaking his vow with the loss of his eye and his teeth (Roman Epic, ed. Boyle, 1993). It is difficult to see, however, what Hagan could have done differently. The Waltharius-poet may be attempting to show the limitations of the Germanic warrior-ethos, which in his eyes limits ethical behavior. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Squamosus": literally, scaly. It is a powerful image which captures the appearance of closely-woven Germanic corslets, but it also brings interesting reptilian associations to Hagan and his men. Dragons, traditional symbols of greed, are often described in terms of their impenetrable scales (as in Beowulf, ll. 2574-2680). By putting on scales, Gunther and his men become less than men, half-beasts transformed by greed. Indeed, in medieval literature dragons are occasionally imagined as demonic versions of men. In the late medieval English romance Bevis of Hampton, two greedy and warring lords are transformed by the Devil into dragons and terrorize Germany and Italy.}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|{{Comment|"imbellum": literally, "unwarlike one." Despite the ferryman's undeniably bellicose description, Gunther and his men imagine Walther will be easy to overcome. I suspect this is not meant to sound at all logical, in order to emphasize further Gunther's overweening pride and greed. This is an instance of dramatic irony on the part of the Waltharius-poet (see Green, Irony in the Medieval Romance, 1979). MCD}}
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|Kratz translates "infelix" as "ill-starred," a somewhat figurative rendering. Literally, the word denotes infertility, as in Virgil's Georgics, 2.237-239 ("intereunt segetes, subit aspera silva, / lappaeque tribolique, interque nitentia culta /infelix lolium et steriles dominantur avena.") It also comes to carry the meaning of unhappiness, even denoting someone who causes unhappiness. This last definition might best describe the troublemaker Gunther, though the word's connotations of infertility also ominously foreshadow Gunther's fate. MCD}}
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius419

2009-12-15T17:12:55Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435) */

===Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)===
{|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[fugiens1|fugiens]], [[ut]] [[dixi]], [[noctibus]] [[ivit]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[die]] [[saltus]] [[arbustaque]] [[densa]] [[requirens]]
|420
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Arte]] [[accersitas]] [[pariter]] [[capit]] [[arte]] [[volucres]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS|elision=arte accersitas}}
| {{Comment|Walther may seem remarkably well-versed in wilderness survival techniques, knowing two forms of catching birds and fishing. Later medieval heroes, such as the knights of romance, rely more heavily on hospitality at strange castles, and even when readers are told that a knight has spent months in the wilderness, his hunting and fishing techniques are rarely narrated. By contrast, tales of the Norse gods and heroes do depict hunting and fishing. Thor demonstrates his prowess as a fisherman against the world-serpent itself, while Loki and Odin catch and kill and otter for sport, with disastrous consequences. This contrast emphasizes the changing nature of medieval society. By the time of the French and German romances, the Frankish homeland was largely "tamed," made arable and brought under the rule of castles, manors, or towns. Walther seems to be walking instead through a truly wild land, and his heroism relies in part on his ability to draw sustenance from that land. MCD.}}
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[fallens]] [[visco]], [[nunc]] [[fisso]] [[denique]] [[ligno]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Fisso…ligno'': a kind of trap for birds, consisting of a piece of green wood split down the middle with the two halves held apart at one end, such that when a bird arrives, attracted by bait scattered in the middle, the two halves will snap together and break its legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics ''1.139-140.: ''tum laqueis captare feras et fallere visco/ inventum. '' ‘Then was discovered how to catch game with traps and to snare birds with lime.’ ''Aeineid'' 9.413-414.: ''hasta. . .fisso transit praecordia ligno. '' ‘The spear pierces the midriff with the broken wood.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ast]] [[ubi]] [[pervenit]], [[qua]] [[flumina]] [[curva]] [[fluebant]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.11-12.: ''camposque et flumina late/ curva tenent.'' ‘Far and wide they claim the plains and winding rivers.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|"flumina...curva": most likely, tributaries of the Rhine and Danube, though at times the geography of the poem seems less literal than topical. In the course of the poem, we see mountains, battle-fields, river-areas, and even a brief glimpse of the ocean, where the Huns' empire supposedly reaches, though in reality, Hunnish hordes never reached the Atlantic. The poem's journeys throughout Europe render it a form of "world tour," so the diverse settings are appropriate. MCD}}
|-
|[[Immittens]] [[hamum]] [[rapuit]] [[sub]] [[gurgite]] [[praedam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics ''4.395:'' sub gurgite. . .'' ‘Beneath the wave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[famis]] [[pestem]] [[pepulit]] [[tolerando]] [[laborem]].
|425
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
| {{Comment|"famis pestem": an unusual use of "pestem" (pestis, pestis, feminine) which usually refers to a literal plague or disease. In classical Latin, "pestis" can be used metonymically to signify "death," which is probably what the Waltharius-poet intends here, as in "death by hunger." However, the specific phrase is without precedent. MCD [Take a look at Abbo of St. Germain, De bello Parisiaco 1, ed. Migne, PL 132.727B.]}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[fugae]] [[toto]] [[se1|se]] [[tempore]] [[virginis]] [[usu]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Virginis usu'': The poet praises Waltharius for abstaining from sexual intercourse.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Walther refrains from "use" of Hildegund, which suggests that she carries a different status from the rest of the treasure. As earlier, the poet takes pains to depict a companionate relationship between the two exiles, emphasizing Hildegund's personal, feminine value above mere chattel. See John O. Ward, "After Rome: Medieval Epic," in Roman Epic, ed. A.J. Boyle (Routledge, 1993). MCD}}
|-
|[[Continuit]] [[vir]] [[Waltharius]] [[laudabilis]] [[heros]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|Ward makes much of Walther’s abstention from sex with Hildegund in the wilderness. Instead of treating her as spoils of war, he shows respect for her noble status and her potential to become a wife and mother of heirs. Such heirs would need to be incontestable, not sullied by the shadow of extramarital sex. Hence, the poet repeatedly uses the word "virgo" to describe Hildegund (for example, at lines 110, 235, 248, and 287). Though the term “chivalry” is anachronistic in this context, Walther’s careful respect for Hildegund as a marriageable woman (and thus, a stabilizer of culture) and his avoidance of the sin of lust make him a prototype for the later “domesticated” heroes of romance. For Ward, the poem represents the efforts of the Carolingian church to craft just such religious and domestic values. MCD

Perhaps Walther's abstinence is also connected with the other associations with Lent? [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Ecce]] [[quater]] [[denos]] [[sol]] [[circumflexerat]] [[orbes]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Quater denos'': the length of time is perhaps of biblical inspiration.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.131: ''circumflectere cursus. . .'' ‘To double round the courses. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Walther and Hildegund wander in the wilderness between the land of the Huns and the territory of Worms for forty days, a period which echoes the wandering of the Jews prior to their entrance into the Promised Land (cf. Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy), the number of days and nights that Moses spends on the mountaintop (cf. Exodus 24:18), the period of Christ’s temptation in the desert (cf. Matthew 4:1-11; Mark 1:13-14; Luke 4:1-15), and the length of Lent. The specification of forty days is no accident, but as usual in the poem, the function of such a religious reference is unclear.
It may imply a spiritual significance to Walter’s ordeal, fulfilled in the “justice” meted out by the poem’s peculiar ending. Similarly, if Walter and Hildegund’s journey functions as a kind of Lent, then Walther’s bloody battle might constitute an analogue to Good Friday or other older and more indigenous tales of human sacrifice and rebirth. Indeed, after passing through the carnage and loss of Walther’s single combat, order, friendship, and loyalty are reborn and restored in a kind of resurrection.
The time specification may also emphasize that the Waltharius is a tale preliminary to Walter’s illustrious rule, much as the wanderings of Christ or the Israelites in the desert forms a prelude to a well-known, public career.
Alternatively, the specification of forty days may simply function as yet another vague and attenuated religious reference in the poem, like the references to fauns (ll. 761-763) or Wieland (ll. 965-966). Though Christianity can be assumed to be a more "living" religion to the Waltharius-poet, the references to Christian belief through the poem are almost as enigmatic as the references to Germanic or Roman practice. Christianity has a similarly ambiguous status in Beowulf, so this might be a common feature of Germanic poetry written relatively soon after the introduction of Christianity. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ex]] [[quo1|quo]] [[Pannonica]] [[fuerat]] [[digressus]] [[ab]] [[urbe]].
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ipso]] [[qui3|qui]]ppe [[die]], [[numerum]] [[qui3|qui]] [[clauserat]] [[istum]],
|430
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Venerat]] [[ad]] [[fluvium]] [[iam]] [[vespere]] [[tum]] [[mediante]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Vespere…mediante equiv. to medio vespere''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Secundum Iohannem ''7.14: ''iam autem die festo mediante. . .'' ‘Now about the midst of the feast. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scilicet]] [[ad]] [[Rhenum]], [[qua]] [[cursus]] [[tendit]] [[ad]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Rhenum'': the Rhine River.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.834: ''cursum contendere iussi.'' ‘They are bidden to shape their course.’ 12.909: ''nequiquam avidos extendere cursus/ velle videmur.'' ‘We seem to strive in vain to press on our eager course.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nomine]] [[Wormatiam]] [[regali]] [[sede]] [[nitentem]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Wormatiam'': Worms, a city on the Rhine in present-day Germany, here the capital (''regali sede'') of the Franks, now ruled by Gunther. The route that Waltharius is taking home is a very circuitous one.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Line-52-(Chalons)-or-433-(Worms).png
File:Waltharius-Line-433.png
File:Europe500.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Worms has existed at least since the time of Julius Caesar. In the fifth century, it became the Burgundian capital, not the Frankish seat, though it remained an important state center when the Franks came to occupy the Rhineland in later centuries. It features in another German epic, the 12th-century Nibelungenlied, when Gunther and Hagan appear again, this time as Burgundians. The Nibelungenlied, though written during the High Middle Ages, would seem to have roots in earlier myth, like the Waltharius, since versions of the story appear in Scandinavian fragments. Indeed, some echoes of the story might be present in the poem itself. Grimm suggested that line 555's "Franci nebulones" might be corrected as "Franci nivilones," though this theory has not met with great favor (see note to line 555).}}
|-
|[[Illic]] [[pro]] [[naulo]] [[pisces]] [[dedit]] [[antea]] [[captos]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Naulo'': “fare” for being ferried across the river.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Iona Propheta'' 1.3: ''et invenit navem euntem in Tharsis et dedit naulum eius. '' ‘And he found a ship going to Tharsis: and he paid the fare thereof.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[mox]] [[transpositus]] [[graditur]] [[properanter]] [[anhelus]].
|435
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|The heavily dactylic line imitates the swift movement of Walther and Hildegund's journey. MCD}}
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius380|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** '''Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)'''
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius436|next »]]
|[[Waltharius419English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius419

2009-12-15T17:06:02Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435) */

===Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)===
{|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[fugiens1|fugiens]], [[ut]] [[dixi]], [[noctibus]] [[ivit]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[die]] [[saltus]] [[arbustaque]] [[densa]] [[requirens]]
|420
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Arte]] [[accersitas]] [[pariter]] [[capit]] [[arte]] [[volucres]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS|elision=arte accersitas}}
| {{Comment|Walther may seem remarkably well-versed in wilderness survival techniques, knowing two forms of catching birds and fishing. Later medieval heroes, such as the knights of romance, rely more heavily on hospitality at strange castles, and even when readers are told that a knight has spent months in the wilderness, his hunting and fishing techniques are rarely narrated. By contrast, tales of the Norse gods and heroes do depict hunting and fishing. Thor demonstrates his prowess as a fisherman against the world-serpent itself, while Loki and Odin catch and kill and otter for sport, with disastrous consequences. This contrast emphasizes the changing nature of medieval society. By the time of the French and German romances, the Frankish homeland was largely "tamed," made arable and brought under the rule of castles, manors, or towns. Walther seems to be walking instead through a truly wild land, and his heroism relies in part on his ability to draw sustenance from that land. MCD.}}
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[fallens]] [[visco]], [[nunc]] [[fisso]] [[denique]] [[ligno]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Fisso…ligno'': a kind of trap for birds, consisting of a piece of green wood split down the middle with the two halves held apart at one end, such that when a bird arrives, attracted by bait scattered in the middle, the two halves will snap together and break its legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics ''1.139-140.: ''tum laqueis captare feras et fallere visco/ inventum. '' ‘Then was discovered how to catch game with traps and to snare birds with lime.’ ''Aeineid'' 9.413-414.: ''hasta. . .fisso transit praecordia ligno. '' ‘The spear pierces the midriff with the broken wood.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Birdlime ("viscum") was made of mistletoe berries, and indeed, the word in classical Latin refers primarily to mistletoe. The word is uncommon in later Latin, attested neither in the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae nor Mediae Latinitatis Lexikon Minus. [Well, the TLL has not come class to the letter V yet and the MLLM focuses upon words that depart from Classical Latin. A better way to check would be to search for visc* or whatever the wildcard sign is in the Patrologia Latina database or the CLCLT database. But you may be right in the substance of your point! JZ] What might seem to be an allusion to contemporary practice is thus more likely to refer to textual precedents in Virgil and Cicero. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ast]] [[ubi]] [[pervenit]], [[qua]] [[flumina]] [[curva]] [[fluebant]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.11-12.: ''camposque et flumina late/ curva tenent.'' ‘Far and wide they claim the plains and winding rivers.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|"flumina...curva": most likely, tributaries of the Rhine and Danube, though at times the geography of the poem seems less literal than topical. In the course of the poem, we see mountains, battle-fields, river-areas, and even a brief glimpse of the ocean, where the Huns' empire supposedly reaches, though in reality, Hunnish hordes never reached the Atlantic. The poem's journeys throughout Europe render it a form of "world tour," so the diverse settings are appropriate. MCD}}
|-
|[[Immittens]] [[hamum]] [[rapuit]] [[sub]] [[gurgite]] [[praedam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics ''4.395:'' sub gurgite. . .'' ‘Beneath the wave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[famis]] [[pestem]] [[pepulit]] [[tolerando]] [[laborem]].
|425
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
| {{Comment|"famis pestem": an unusual use of "pestem" (pestis, pestis, feminine) which usually refers to a literal plague or disease. In classical Latin, "pestis" can be used metonymically to signify "death," which is probably what the Waltharius-poet intends here, as in "death by hunger." However, the specific phrase is without precedent. MCD [Take a look at Abbo of St. Germain, De bello Parisiaco 1, ed. Migne, PL 132.727B.]}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[fugae]] [[toto]] [[se1|se]] [[tempore]] [[virginis]] [[usu]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Virginis usu'': The poet praises Waltharius for abstaining from sexual intercourse.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Walther refrains from "use" of Hildegund, which suggests that she carries a different status from the rest of the treasure. As earlier, the poet takes pains to depict a companionate relationship between the two exiles, emphasizing Hildegund's personal, feminine value above mere chattel. See John O. Ward, "After Rome: Medieval Epic," in Roman Epic, ed. A.J. Boyle (Routledge, 1993). MCD}}
|-
|[[Continuit]] [[vir]] [[Waltharius]] [[laudabilis]] [[heros]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|Ward makes much of Walther’s abstention from sex with Hildegund in the wilderness. Instead of treating her as spoils of war, he shows respect for her noble status and her potential to become a wife and mother of heirs. Such heirs would need to be incontestable, not sullied by the shadow of extramarital sex. Hence, the poet repeatedly uses the word "virgo" to describe Hildegund (for example, at lines 110, 235, 248, and 287). Though the term “chivalry” is anachronistic in this context, Walther’s careful respect for Hildegund as a marriageable woman (and thus, a stabilizer of culture) and his avoidance of the sin of lust make him a prototype for the later “domesticated” heroes of romance. For Ward, the poem represents the efforts of the Carolingian church to craft just such religious and domestic values. MCD

Perhaps Walther's abstinence is also connected with the other associations with Lent? [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Ecce]] [[quater]] [[denos]] [[sol]] [[circumflexerat]] [[orbes]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Quater denos'': the length of time is perhaps of biblical inspiration.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.131: ''circumflectere cursus. . .'' ‘To double round the courses. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Walther and Hildegund wander in the wilderness between the land of the Huns and the territory of Worms for forty days, a period which echoes the wandering of the Jews prior to their entrance into the Promised Land (cf. Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy), the number of days and nights that Moses spends on the mountaintop (cf. Exodus 24:18), the period of Christ’s temptation in the desert (cf. Matthew 4:1-11; Mark 1:13-14; Luke 4:1-15), and the length of Lent. The specification of forty days is no accident, but as usual in the poem, the function of such a religious reference is unclear.
It may imply a spiritual significance to Walter’s ordeal, fulfilled in the “justice” meted out by the poem’s peculiar ending. Similarly, if Walter and Hildegund’s journey functions as a kind of Lent, then Walther’s bloody battle might constitute an analogue to Good Friday or other older and more indigenous tales of human sacrifice and rebirth. Indeed, after passing through the carnage and loss of Walther’s single combat, order, friendship, and loyalty are reborn and restored in a kind of resurrection.
The time specification may also emphasize that the Waltharius is a tale preliminary to Walter’s illustrious rule, much as the wanderings of Christ or the Israelites in the desert forms a prelude to a well-known, public career.
Alternatively, the specification of forty days may simply function as yet another vague and attenuated religious reference in the poem, like the references to fauns (ll. 761-763) or Wieland (ll. 965-966). Though Christianity can be assumed to be a more "living" religion to the Waltharius-poet, the references to Christian belief through the poem are almost as enigmatic as the references to Germanic or Roman practice. Christianity has a similarly ambiguous status in Beowulf, so this might be a common feature of Germanic poetry written relatively soon after the introduction of Christianity. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ex]] [[quo1|quo]] [[Pannonica]] [[fuerat]] [[digressus]] [[ab]] [[urbe]].
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ipso]] [[qui3|qui]]ppe [[die]], [[numerum]] [[qui3|qui]] [[clauserat]] [[istum]],
|430
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Venerat]] [[ad]] [[fluvium]] [[iam]] [[vespere]] [[tum]] [[mediante]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Vespere…mediante equiv. to medio vespere''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Secundum Iohannem ''7.14: ''iam autem die festo mediante. . .'' ‘Now about the midst of the feast. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scilicet]] [[ad]] [[Rhenum]], [[qua]] [[cursus]] [[tendit]] [[ad]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Rhenum'': the Rhine River.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.834: ''cursum contendere iussi.'' ‘They are bidden to shape their course.’ 12.909: ''nequiquam avidos extendere cursus/ velle videmur.'' ‘We seem to strive in vain to press on our eager course.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nomine]] [[Wormatiam]] [[regali]] [[sede]] [[nitentem]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Wormatiam'': Worms, a city on the Rhine in present-day Germany, here the capital (''regali sede'') of the Franks, now ruled by Gunther. The route that Waltharius is taking home is a very circuitous one.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Line-52-(Chalons)-or-433-(Worms).png
File:Waltharius-Line-433.png
File:Europe500.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Worms has existed at least since the time of Julius Caesar. In the fifth century, it became the Burgundian capital, not the Frankish seat, though it remained an important state center when the Franks came to occupy the Rhineland in later centuries. It features in another German epic, the 12th-century Nibelungenlied, when Gunther and Hagan appear again, this time as Burgundians. The Nibelungenlied, though written during the High Middle Ages, would seem to have roots in earlier myth, like the Waltharius, since versions of the story appear in Scandinavian fragments. Indeed, some echoes of the story might be present in the poem itself. Grimm suggested that line 555's "Franci nebulones" might be corrected as "Franci nivilones," though this theory has not met with great favor (see note to line 555).}}
|-
|[[Illic]] [[pro]] [[naulo]] [[pisces]] [[dedit]] [[antea]] [[captos]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Naulo'': “fare” for being ferried across the river.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Iona Propheta'' 1.3: ''et invenit navem euntem in Tharsis et dedit naulum eius. '' ‘And he found a ship going to Tharsis: and he paid the fare thereof.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[mox]] [[transpositus]] [[graditur]] [[properanter]] [[anhelus]].
|435
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|The heavily dactylic line imitates the swift movement of Walther and Hildegund's journey. MCD}}
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius380|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** '''Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)'''
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius436|next »]]
|[[Waltharius419English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius419

2009-12-15T16:59:28Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435) */

===Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)===
{|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[fugiens1|fugiens]], [[ut]] [[dixi]], [[noctibus]] [[ivit]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[die]] [[saltus]] [[arbustaque]] [[densa]] [[requirens]]
|420
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Arte]] [[accersitas]] [[pariter]] [[capit]] [[arte]] [[volucres]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS|elision=arte accersitas}}
| {{Comment|Walther may seem remarkably well-versed in wilderness survival techniques, knowing two forms of catching birds and fishing. Later medieval heroes, such as the knights of romance, rely more heavily on hospitality at strange castles, and even when readers are told that a knight has spent months in the wilderness, his hunting and fishing techniques are rarely narrated. By contrast, tales of the Norse gods and heroes do depict hunting and fishing. Thor demonstrates his prowess as a fisherman against the world-serpent itself, while Loki and Odin catch and kill and otter for sport, with disastrous consequences. This contrast emphasizes the changing nature of medieval society. By the time of the French and German romances, the Frankish homeland was largely "tamed," made arable and brought under the rule of castles, manors, or towns. Walther seems to be walking instead through a truly wild land, and his heroism relies in part on his ability to draw sustenance from that land. MCD.}}
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[fallens]] [[visco]], [[nunc]] [[fisso]] [[denique]] [[ligno]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Fisso…ligno'': a kind of trap for birds, consisting of a piece of green wood split down the middle with the two halves held apart at one end, such that when a bird arrives, attracted by bait scattered in the middle, the two halves will snap together and break its legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics ''1.139-140.: ''tum laqueis captare feras et fallere visco/ inventum. '' ‘Then was discovered how to catch game with traps and to snare birds with lime.’ ''Aeineid'' 9.413-414.: ''hasta. . .fisso transit praecordia ligno. '' ‘The spear pierces the midriff with the broken wood.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Birdlime ("viscum") was made of mistletoe berries, and indeed, the word in classical Latin refers primarily to mistletoe. The word is uncommon in later Latin, attested neither in the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae nor Mediae Latinitatis Lexikon Minus. [Well, the TLL has not come class to the letter V yet and the MLLM focuses upon words that depart from Classical Latin. A better way to check would be to search for visc* or whatever the wildcard sign is in the Patrologia Latina database or the CLCLT database. But you may be right in the substance of your point! JZ] What might seem to be an allusion to contemporary practice is thus more likely to refer to textual precedents in Virgil and Cicero. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ast]] [[ubi]] [[pervenit]], [[qua]] [[flumina]] [[curva]] [[fluebant]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.11-12.: ''camposque et flumina late/ curva tenent.'' ‘Far and wide they claim the plains and winding rivers.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|"flumina...curva": most likely, tributaries of the Rhine and Danube, though at times the geography of the poem seems less literal than topical. In the course of the poem, we see mountains, battle-fields, river-areas, and even a brief glimpse of the ocean, where the Huns' empire supposedly reaches, though in reality, Hunnish hordes never reached the Atlantic. The poem's journeys throughout Europe render it a form of "world tour," so the diverse settings are appropriate. MCD}}
|-
|[[Immittens]] [[hamum]] [[rapuit]] [[sub]] [[gurgite]] [[praedam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics ''4.395:'' sub gurgite. . .'' ‘Beneath the wave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[famis]] [[pestem]] [[pepulit]] [[tolerando]] [[laborem]].
|425
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
| {{Comment|"famis pestem": an unusual use of "pestem" (pestis, pestis, feminine) which usually refers to a literal plague or disease. In classical Latin, "pestis" can be used metonymically to signify "death," which is probably what the Waltharius-poet intends here, as in "death by hunger." However, the specific phrase is without precedent. MCD [Take a look at Abbo of St. Germain, De bello Parisiaco 1, ed. Migne, PL 132.727B.]}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[fugae]] [[toto]] [[se1|se]] [[tempore]] [[virginis]] [[usu]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Virginis usu'': The poet praises Waltharius for abstaining from sexual intercourse.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Walther refrains from "use" of Hildegund, which suggests that she carries a different status from the rest of the treasure. As earlier, the poet takes pains to depict a companionate relationship between the two exiles, emphasizing Hildegund's personal, feminine value above mere chattel. See John O. Ward, "After Rome: Medieval Epic," in Roman Epic, ed. A.J. Boyle (Routledge, 1993). MCD [It is worth pointing out along with the other observations you make that Hildegund's virginity has by this moment in the poem been emphasized repeatedly: this is the tenth time the poet has used the word virgo, I think! Just for thoroughness' sake, I should point out that Edoardo D'Angelo took "usus" to refer not to "sexual enjoyment" but to "use" or "work." This interpretation has the attraction of following logically from the preceding lines: namque makes sense as a connective. JZ]}}
|-
|[[Continuit]] [[vir]] [[Waltharius]] [[laudabilis]] [[heros]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|Ward makes much of Walther’s abstention from sex with Hildegund in the wilderness. Instead of treating her as spoils of war, he shows respect for her noble status and her potential to become a wife and mother of heirs. Such heirs would need to be incontestable, not sullied by the shadow of extramarital sex. Though the term “chivalry” is anachronistic in this context, Walther’s careful respect for Hildegund as a marriageable woman (and thus, a stabilizer of culture) and his avoidance of the sin of lust make him a prototype for the later “domesticated” heroes of romance. For Ward, the poem represents the efforts of the Carolingian church to craft just such religious and domestic values. MCD

Perhaps Walther's abstinence is also connected with the other associations with Lent? [JJTY]}}
|-
|[[Ecce]] [[quater]] [[denos]] [[sol]] [[circumflexerat]] [[orbes]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Quater denos'': the length of time is perhaps of biblical inspiration.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.131: ''circumflectere cursus. . .'' ‘To double round the courses. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Walther and Hildegund wander in the wilderness between the land of the Huns and the territory of Worms for forty days, a period which echoes the wandering of the Jews prior to their entrance into the Promised Land (cf. Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy), the number of days and nights that Moses spends on the mountaintop (cf. Exodus 24:18), the period of Christ’s temptation in the desert (cf. Matthew 4:1-11; Mark 1:13-14; Luke 4:1-15), and the length of Lent. The specification of forty days is no accident, but as usual in the poem, the function of such a religious reference is unclear.
It may imply a spiritual significance to Walter’s ordeal, fulfilled in the “justice” meted out by the poem’s peculiar ending. Similarly, if Walter and Hildegund’s journey functions as a kind of Lent, then Walther’s bloody battle might constitute an analogue to Good Friday or other older and more indigenous tales of human sacrifice and rebirth. Indeed, after passing through the carnage and loss of Walther’s single combat, order, friendship, and loyalty are reborn and restored in a kind of resurrection.
The time specification may also emphasize that the Waltharius is a tale preliminary to Walter’s illustrious rule, much as the wanderings of Christ or the Israelites in the desert forms a prelude to a well-known, public career.
Alternatively, the specification of forty days may simply function as yet another vague and attenuated religious reference in the poem, like the references to fauns (ll. 761-763) or Wieland (ll. 965-966). Though Christianity can be assumed to be a more "living" religion to the Waltharius-poet, the references to Christian belief through the poem are almost as enigmatic as the references to Germanic or Roman practice. Christianity has a similarly ambiguous status in Beowulf, so this might be a common feature of Germanic poetry written relatively soon after the introduction of Christianity. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ex]] [[quo1|quo]] [[Pannonica]] [[fuerat]] [[digressus]] [[ab]] [[urbe]].
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ipso]] [[qui3|qui]]ppe [[die]], [[numerum]] [[qui3|qui]] [[clauserat]] [[istum]],
|430
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Venerat]] [[ad]] [[fluvium]] [[iam]] [[vespere]] [[tum]] [[mediante]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Vespere…mediante equiv. to medio vespere''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Secundum Iohannem ''7.14: ''iam autem die festo mediante. . .'' ‘Now about the midst of the feast. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scilicet]] [[ad]] [[Rhenum]], [[qua]] [[cursus]] [[tendit]] [[ad]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Rhenum'': the Rhine River.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.834: ''cursum contendere iussi.'' ‘They are bidden to shape their course.’ 12.909: ''nequiquam avidos extendere cursus/ velle videmur.'' ‘We seem to strive in vain to press on our eager course.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nomine]] [[Wormatiam]] [[regali]] [[sede]] [[nitentem]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Wormatiam'': Worms, a city on the Rhine in present-day Germany, here the capital (''regali sede'') of the Franks, now ruled by Gunther. The route that Waltharius is taking home is a very circuitous one.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Line-52-(Chalons)-or-433-(Worms).png
File:Waltharius-Line-433.png
File:Europe500.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Worms has existed at least since the time of Julius Caesar. In the fifth century, it became the Burgundian capital, not the Frankish seat, though it remained an important state center when the Franks came to occupy the Rhineland in later centuries. It features in another German epic, the 12th-century Nibelungenlied, when Gunther and Hagan appear again, this time as Burgundians. The Nibelungenlied, though written during the High Middle Ages, would seem to have roots in earlier myth, like the Waltharius, since versions of the story appear in Scandinavian fragments. Indeed, some echoes of the story might be present in the poem itself. Grimm suggested that line 555's "Franci nebulones" might be corrected as "Franci nivilones," though this theory has not met with great favor (see note to line 555).}}
|-
|[[Illic]] [[pro]] [[naulo]] [[pisces]] [[dedit]] [[antea]] [[captos]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Naulo'': “fare” for being ferried across the river.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Iona Propheta'' 1.3: ''et invenit navem euntem in Tharsis et dedit naulum eius. '' ‘And he found a ship going to Tharsis: and he paid the fare thereof.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[mox]] [[transpositus]] [[graditur]] [[properanter]] [[anhelus]].
|435
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|The heavily dactylic line imitates the swift movement of Walther and Hildegund's journey. MCD}}
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius380|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** '''Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)'''
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius436|next »]]
|[[Waltharius419English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius142

2009-12-15T01:52:21Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169) */

===Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)===
{|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[venit]], [[cui1|cui]] [[princeps]] [[talia2|talia]] [[pandit]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': Waltharius, who begins speaking in line 146. (Attila’s repetition of his wife’s speech is elided.)
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 3.179: ''remque ordine pando''. ‘I reveal all in order.’ 6.723: ''suscipit Anchises atque ordine singula pandit. '' ‘Anchises replies, and reveals each truth in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Uxorem]] [[suadens1|suadens]] [[sibi1|sibi]] [[ducere]]; [[sed1|sed]] [[tamen]] [[ipse]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Iam]] [[tum]] [[praemeditans]], [[quod]] [[post]] [[compleverat]] [[actis1|actis]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Quod'': obj. of ''praemeditans''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Secundum Lucam'' 21.14: ''non praemeditari quemadmodum respondeatis''. ‘Do not meditate before how you should answer.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his1|His]] [[instiganti]] [[suggestibus]] [[obvius]] [[infit1|infit]]:
|145
|{{Commentary|''Suggestibus'' equiv. to ''consiliis''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vestra]] [[quidem]] [[pietas]] [[est]], [[quod3|quod]] [[modici]] [[famulatus]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Modici famulatus'': genitive of description with ''causa'', meaning “of little importance” or “that has provided some small service.”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Causam]] [[conspicitis]]. [[sed1|sed]] [[quod3|quod]] [[mea1|mea]] [[segnia]] [[mentis]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Causam'': here, as often in the ''Waltharius'', this word is practically the equivalent of ''res'' – well on its way to becoming French ''chose'', Italian/Spanish ''cosa'', “thing.” ''Mea segnia'': i.e., Waltharius’s delay in making a decision regarding marriage.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|"Causa" is used here in a sense which arose in Later Latin, meaning "thing" as in French "chose" and Italian "cosa." Du Cange’s Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis cites this meaning of "causa" in the laws of the Lombards and in the laws of Charlemagne. [AE]}}
|-
|[[Intuitu]] [[fertis]], [[numquam]] [[meruisse]] [[valerem]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Mentis intuitu fertis'' equiv. to ''attenditis''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[precor]], [[ut1|ut]] [[servi]] [[capiatis]] [[verba]] [[fidelis]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Si]] [[nuptam]] [[accipiam]] [[domini]] [[praecepta]] [[secundum1|secundum]],
|150
|{{Commentary|''Secundum'': the post-positive preposition
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS|elision=nuptam accipiam}}
|
|-
|[[Vinciar]] [[in]] [[primis]] [[curis]] [[et]] [[amore]] [[puellae]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[A]]tque [[a]] [[servitio]] [[regis]] [[plerumque]] [[retardor]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Retardor'': Like ''cogor'' and ''moratur'' below, with a future sense.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=atque a}}
|
|-
|[[Aedificare]] [[domos]] [[cultumque]] [[intendere]] [[ruris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=cultumque intendere}}
|
|-
|[[Cogor]], [[et]] [[hoc2|hoc]] [[oculis]] [[senioris]] [[adesse]] [[moratur]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[solitam]] [[regno]] [[Hunorum]] [[impendere]] [[curam]].
|155
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.433: ''et dubitant homines serere atque impendere curam?'' ‘And can men be slow to plant and bestow care?’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hunorum impendere|hiatus=regno Hunorum}}
|
|-
|[[Namque]] [[voluptatem]] [[quisquis]] [[gustaverit]], [[exin]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Intolerabilius]] [[consuevit]] [[ferre]] [[labores]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Intolerabilius'': here active in sense, “with less tolerance.”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[nil2|Nil]] [[tam]] [[dulce]] [[mihi]], [[quam]] [[semper]] [[inesse]] [[fideli]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|This is a particularly acute manifestation of the Germanic warrior ethos – love for the lord above all else. However, since the audience knows Walther is promised to Hildegund, and we will soon see them plotting together against Attila, it has the ring of irony. [AE]
Hagan will later honor his love for his lord above his personal loyalties, and one interpretation of the poem's end is that he is punished for his desertion of Walther. Walther's defection here is thus preferable to abandoning Hildegund. Alternatively, Walther too might be punished for the breach of loyalty to his lord with the loss of his hand, just as Hagan is punished for his breach of loyalty to a friend with the loss of his eye. [MCD]}}
|-
|[[Obsequio]] [[domini]]; [[quare]] [[precor1|precor]] [[absque]] [[iugali]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Malachim IV ''5.2: ''Quae erat in obsequio uxoris Naaman.'' ‘She waited upon Naaman’s wife.’ ''Aeneid 4.16:'' ''ne cui me vinclo vellem sociare iugali. . .'' ‘To ally myself with none in bond of wedlock. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The language here echoes Aeneid 4.16, which reads, “ne cui me vinclo vellem sociare iugali….” Dido says this to her sister Anna, talking about how she might fall for Aeneas if only she had not decided to avoid “nuptial chains.” Dido goes on to fall for Aeneas, just as Walther, despite what he says, will go on to marry Hildegund. The other parallel, which will return later in the poem, is between Attila and Dido, who are the ones the hero leaves behind. [AE]}}
|-
|[[me1|Me]] [[vinclo]] [[permitte]] [[me1|me]]am [[iam]] [[ducere]] [[vitam]].
|160
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Malachim IV ''5.2: ''Quae erat in obsequio uxoris Naaman.'' ‘She waited upon Naaman’s wife.’ ''Aeneid 4.16:'' ''ne cui me vinclo vellem sociare iugali. . .'' ‘To ally myself with none in bond of wedlock. . .’
 ''Aeineid'' 3.315: ''vitamque extrema per omnia duco''. ‘I drag on my life through all extremes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Si]] [[sero]] [[aut]] [[medio1|medio]] [[noctis]] [[mihi]] [[tempore]] [[mandas]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Secundum Marcum'' 13.35: ''sero an media nocte''. . . ‘At evening or at midnight. . .’'' Aeineid'' 8.407: ''medio noctis.'' . . ‘In the middle of the night. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS|elision=sero aut}}
|{{Comment|The phrase "sero aut medio noctis" also appears in the Gospel of Mark, when Christ tells the parable of the faithful servant, who keeps watch because he does not know at what hour his lord will return. This parable is a metaphor for the return of Christ. In using this language, the Waltharius poet reminds his readers that Walther is a Christian, just as he does in lines [[Waltharius215|225]], when Walther blesses the goblet, and in [[Waltharius1130|1161]], when Walther prays to his Creator. [AE]}}
|-
|[[Ad]] [[quaecumque]] [[iubes]], [[securus]] [[et]] [[ibo]] [[paratus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[In]] [[bellis]] [[nullae]] [[persuadent]] [[cedere]] [[curae]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nec]] [[nati]] [[aut]] [[coniunx]] [[retrahentque]] [[fugamque]] [[movebunt]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS|elision=nati aut}}
|
|-
|[[Testor]] [[per]] [[propriam]] [[temet1|temet]], [[pater1|pater]] [[optime]], [[vitam]]
|165
|{{Commentary|''Testor'': here construed like ''precor'' with a purpose clause, joining an oath to an earnest request.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 3.599-600.: ''per sidera testor,/ per superos atque hoc caeli spirabile lumen,/ tollite me. '' ‘By the stars I beseech you, by the gods above and this lightsome air we breathe, take me.’ 1.555: ''pater optime. . . '' ‘Noble father. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|It is strange that Walther refers to Attila as "pater" here. However, Attila may mean "little father" in Old Turkic, which was possibly the language of the Huns. That might explain this strange remark. For a full discussion of Attila's name, see Otto Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns: Studies in their history and culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), chapter 4. The phrase "pater optime" also appears in Aeneid 1.555, where it seems to refer to Jupiter. [AE]}}
|-
|[[Atque]] [[per]] [[invictam]] [[nunc]] [[gentem]] [[Pannoniarum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Nunc'': an ironic touch? (Cf. line 144)
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[ut1|Ut]] [[non]] [[ulterius1|ulterius]] [[me1|me]] [[cogas]] [[sumere]] [[taedas]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[His]] [[precibus]] [[victus]] [[suasus]] [[rex]] [[deserit]] [[omnes1|omnes]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Sperans]] [[Waltharium]] [[fugiendo]] [[recedere]] [[numquam]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius123|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** '''Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)'''
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius170|next »]]
|[[Waltharius142English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius123

2009-12-15T01:47:32Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141) */

===Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)===
{|
|-
|[[Ospirin]] [[elapsum]] [[Haganonem]] [[regia]] [[coniunx]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Ospirin'': The queen’s name is not found elsewhere. The Roman historian Jordanes (''Getica'' 49) speaks of Attila’s ''innumerabiles uxores''.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.783: ''illic res laetae regnumque et regia coniunx''. ‘There in store for you are happy days, kingship, and a royal wife.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|hiatus=elapsum Haganonem}}
|{{Comment|Although the historian Jordanes writes of Attila’s “innumerabiles uxores” [and even identifies the last as having been Ildiko (which sounds suspiciously similar to Hildegund), Ospirin's name does not appear anywhere outside the Waltharius. [AE]}}
|-
|[[Attendens]] [[domino1|domino]] [[suggessit]] [[talia2|talia]] [[dicta]]:
|
|{{Commentary|Two examples of slight semantic drift away from Classical Latin: ''Attendens'': “noticing” (rather than “directing attention towards”) ''Suggessit'': “offered, advised” (rather than “supplied, provided”)
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘Such words he said.’ 2.6: ''talia fando''. ‘In telling such a tale. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Provideat]] [[caveatque]], [[precor]], [[sollertia]] [[regis]],
|125
|
|{{Parallel|''Secundum Lucam'' 12.15: ''videte et cavete''. ‘Take heed and beware.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDD}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[vestri]] [[imperii]] [[labatur]] [[forte]] [[columna]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Vestri'': the 2nd person plural to indicate respect in addressing a single person (cf. French ''vous'', German ''Sie'') is not found in Classical authors.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=vestri imperii}}
|{{Comment|Ospirin uses the second-person plural when speaking to her husband in this passage and in line [[Waltharius358|376]]. Walther also uses the second-person plural to speak to Attila (lines [[Waltharius142|146]], [[Waltharius287|306]]), and Hildegund uses it for addressing Walther (line [[Waltharius256|257]]). This pattern suggests that the poet resorts to this formality either because of Attila’s office or because of the woman-to-man relationship. The use of the second-person plural to indicate respect for a single person is a feature of Later Latin not found in Classical authors. [AE] It is a feature of later romance languages, however. [MCD]
The figure of Walther as "columna imperii" reappears in line [[Waltharius358|376]] after Walther and Hildegund flee. [AE]}}
|-
|[[hoc6|Hoc]] [[est]], [[Waltharius]] [[vester]] [[discedat]] [[amicus1|amicus]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Discedat'': still governed by ''ne''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[In]] [[quo1|quo]] [[magna1|magna]] [[potestatis]] [[vis]] [[extitit]] [[huius]];
|
|{{Commentary|''Potestatis'' equiv. to ''regni''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[vereor]], [[ne]] [[fors]] [[fugiens1|fugiens]] [[Haganonem]] [[imitetur]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=Haganonem imitetur}}
|
|-
|[[Idcircoque]] [[meam1|meam]] [[perpendite]] [[nunc]] [[rationem]]:
|130
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[cum1|Cum]] [[primum1|primum]] [[veniat]], [[haec2|haec]] [[illi]] [[dicite]] [[verba]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Servitio]] [[in]] [[nostro]] [[magnos]] [[plerumque]] [[labores]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=servitio in}}
|
|-
|[[Passus eras]] [[ideoque]] [[scias]], [[quod3|quod]] [[gratia]] [[nostra3|nostra]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.421: ''Turne, tot incassum fusos patiere labores?'' ‘Turnus, will you endure all these labours spent in vain?’ 12.32-33.: ''me casus, quae, Turne, sequantur/ bella, vides, quantos primus patiare labores. '' ‘You see what perils, Turnus, what wars pursue me, what heavy burdens you bear above all.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|falsequantities=extra syllable}}
|
|-
|[[Prae]] [[cunctis]] [[temet1|temet]] [[nimium]] [[dilexit]] [[amicis]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 9.430: ''tantum infelicem nimium dilexit amicum.'' ‘He but loved his hapless friend too well.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Quod]] [[volo]] [[plus1|plus]] [[factis]] [[te3|te]] [[quam]] [[cognoscere]] [[dictis1|dictis]]:
|135
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Elige]] [[de]] [[satrapis]] [[nuptam]] [[tibi1|tibi]] [[Pannoniarum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''De satrapis'' equiv. to ''de filiabus satraparum''; cf. note on line 43.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Liber Iudicum'' 3.3: ''quinque satrapas Philisthinorum''. . . ‘Five princes of the Philistines. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|"Satrapa" has a decidedly negative and foreign connotation in the Vulgate Bible, where it refers to leaders of the Philistines (Judges, I Kings), leaders appointed by Nebuchadnezzar (Daniel), and leaders following the evil Haman (Esther). The banquet (described in [[Waltharius287|line 287 and following]]) [SPECIFY THE CLOSING LINE NO. JZ] that Walther throws for the Huns recalls the banquet that Esther gives for Assuerus and Haman in the Book of Esther. Although Lewis and Short gives a technical and specific definition for "satrapa" (“a governor of a province, a viceroy among the Persians”), it is likely that the Waltharius poet uses it in a more general sense, perhaps because of the poetic limitations. Using the word here implicitly compares the Huns to the foreign enemies of the Bible, emphasizing their strangeness. [AE]
"Satrapis" here refers to Attila's vassals, not to Attila himself (as in line [[Waltharius34|43]]). Attila invites Walther to choose a bride from the satraps of Pannonia, not meaning that Walther should marry one of the vassals, but his bride should come from the vassal class. Kratz's translation here is fairly loose, but captures the meaning well. [AE]}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[non]] [[pauperiem]] [[propriam]] [[perpendere]] [[cures]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Amplificabo]] [[quidem]] [[valde]] [[te]] [[rure]] [[domique1|domique]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Rure domique'': apparently an ablative of means followed by a locative. Probably one should be assimilated to the other in translation; both possibilities yield acceptable sense.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Liber Genesis'' 17.20: ''et augebo et multiplicabo eum valde''. ‘I will increase him, and multiply him exceedingly.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nec]] [[qui3|qui]]squam, [[qui3|qui]] [[dat]] [[sponsam1|sponsam]], [[post1|post]] [[facta3|facta]] [[pudebit]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Pudebit'': A personal construction, unusual in Classical Latin, though cf. Plaut. ''Cas''. 5.2.3.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Quod]] [[si]] [[completis]], [[illum2|illum]] [[stabilire]] [[potestis]].'
|140
|{{Commentary|''Stabilire'': the verb is used with human direct objects in the Vulgate Bible in the sense of “to sustain,” but here it probably has its more literal meaning, continuing the metaphor of the ''columna'' from line 126, as Wieland suggests.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Hiezecihel Propheta'' 4.6: ''et cum conpleveris haec. .'' . ‘And when thou hast accomplished this. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Complacuit]] [[sermo]] [[regi1|regi]] [[coepitque]] [[parari]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Psalmi'' 18.15: ''et erunt ut conplaceant eloquia oris mei.'' ‘And the words of my mouth shall be such as may please.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius116|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** '''Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)'''
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius142|next »]]
|[[Waltharius123English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius75

2009-12-15T01:45:21Z

Michelle De Groot: /* The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92) */

===The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)===
{|
|-
|[[Postquam]] [[complevit]] [[pactum]] [[statuitque]] [[tributum]],
|75
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Attila1|Attila]] [[in]] [[occiduas]] [[promoverat]] [[agmina]] [[partes]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS|elision=Attila in}}
|
|-
|[[Namque]] [[Aquitanorum]] [[tunc]] [[Alphere]] [[regna]] [[tenebat]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Aquitanorum'': The region of Aquitaine is in present-day south-western France. ''Alphere'': Apparently legendary.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 7.735: ''. . .Teleboum Capreas cum regna teneret''. ‘. . .When he reigned over Teleboan Capreae.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS|elision=namque Aquitanorum}}
|
|-
|[[quem1|Quem]] [[sobolem]] [[sexus]] [[narrant]] [[habuisse]] [[virilis]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nomine]] [[Waltharium]], [[primaevo]] [[flore]] [[nitentem1|nitentem]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Waltharium'': The protagonist of the epic; apparently legendary.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.162: ''primaevo flore iuventus''. . . ‘Youths in their early bloom. . .’ Statius, ''Silvae'' 5.1.183: ''vidi omni pridem te flore nitentem''. ‘I have seen thee in the full splendour of they fame.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|{{Comment|Youth is equated several times in the poem with the blooming of a flower, most notably when Hagan accuses Walter of having committed an unpardonable offense by killing his nephew, whom he describes as a blooming flower [ADD LINE NOS. JZ]

'''Here as in the other passage, the phrase is used as a means of eliciting pathos, in this case a feeling of pity for Walter who has to go into exile at such a young age. [JJTY]''
"nitentem": one of many instances in which the Waltharius-poet uses words describing Walther or Hildegund as "glittering" or "shining." Combining the image of light with the image of the flower is particularly striking. MCD}}
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[iusiurandum]] [[Heriricus]] [[et]] [[Alphere]] [[reges]]
|80
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS|hiatus=iusiurandum Heriricus}}
|
|-
|[[Inter]] [[se4|se]] [[dederant]], [[pueros]] [[quod3|quod]] [[consociarent]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Pueros quod consociarent'': “that they would unite their children,” i.e., Waltharius and Hiltgunt, in marriage. ''Quod'' + subjunctive here replaces, as often, the Classical accusative + infinitive construction.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[cum1|Cum]] [[primum1|primum]] [[tempus]] [[nubendi]] [[venerit]] [[illis]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The heavily spondaic nature of the line (5 spondees) could reflect a sense in which the two children cannot grow up soon enough--in which the time for their marriage seems like it will never come.}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[ubi1|ubi]] [[cognovit]] [[gentes]] [[has1|has]] [[esse domatas]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Coeperat]] [[ingenti1|ingenti]] [[cordis]] [[trepidare]] [[pavore]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 6.491: ''ingenti trepidare metu''. ‘They trembled with a mighty fear.’ 2.685: ''nos pavidi trepidare metu''. . . ‘We, trembling with alarm. . .’ 7.458: ''olli somnum ingens rumpit pavor''. ‘A monstrous terror broke his sleep.’ Lucan, '' De Bello Civili'' 5.530: ''nullo trepidare tumultu''. . . ‘To thrill with no alarm. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nec]] [[iam]] [[spes]] [[fuerat]] [[saevis]] [[defendier]] [[armis]].
|85
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 8.492-493.: ''ille inter caedem Rutulorum elapsus in agros/ confugere et Turni defendier hospitis armis''. ‘Amid the carnage, he flees for refuge to Rutulian soil and find shelter among the weapons of Turnus his friend.’ 12.890: ''saevis certandum est comminus armis''. ‘We must contend hand to hand with savage weapons.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|'[[quid1|Quid]] [[cessemus]]', [[ait]], '[[si]] [[bella]] [[movere]] [[nequimus]]?
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 6.820: ''nova bella moventis''. . . ‘Stirring up revolt. . .’ 12.332-333.: ''sanguineus Mavors clipeo increpat atque furentis/ bella movens immittit equos''. ‘Blood-stained Mavors, stirred to fury, thunders with his shield and, rousing war, gives rein to his frenzied steeds.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|"movere": The Aquitanians seem to lack both the means and the will after the surrenders of the Burgundians and the Franks even to 'stir up' a war, let alone to 'wage' a war ("bellum gerere").}}
|-
|[[Exemplum]] [[nobis1|nobis]] [[Burgundia]], [[Francia]] [[donant]].
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Non]] [[incusamur]], [[si]] [[talibus2|talibus]] [[aequiperamur]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legatos]] [[mitto]] [[foedusque]] [[ferire]] [[iubebo]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.154: ''foedusque ferit''. ‘He strikes a treaty.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Obsidis]] [[inque]] [[vicem]] [[dilectum]] [[porrigo]] [[natum]]
|90
|{{Commentary|''Obsidis in vicem'' equiv. to ''pro obside''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[iam]] [[nunc]] [[Hunis1|Hunis]] [[censum]] [[persolvo]] [[futurum]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The spondaic nature of the line - SSSDS - could reflect Alphere's sadness at having to hand over his son to Attila.}}
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[quid7|quid]] [[plus2|plus]] [[remorer]]? [[dictum1|dictum]] [[compleverat]] [[actis1|actis]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.102: ''quidve moror?'' ‘Why do I delay?’'' Liber Numerorum'' 11.23: ''iam nunc videbis utrum meus sermo opere conpleatur.'' ‘Thou shalt presently se whether my word shall come to pass or no.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The poet uses a common narratological tool to speed up the course of the story by avoiding needless repetition.}}
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius34|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** '''The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)'''
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius93|next »]]
|[[Waltharius75English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-12T22:30:55Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him.
Note the regular DSDSDS scansion, again mimicking the regular marching of the travelers and perhaps also the structured tale retold "ex ordine." MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On on hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king MCD}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
||{{Comment|Gunther's urgent need to know who brought the fish is difficult to account for apart from the poet's need to bring the king and Walther into collision. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan and Gunther's reactions to the news of Walther's presence near Worms. Since Walther needs to return home to found his own successful dynasty, the comparison is apt. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The ferryman's account takes on the qualities of a vision, especially since his description primarily creates an image rather than a narrative of Walther and Hildegund. The poet is creating the poetic equivalent of a film flashback. MCD}}
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
||{{Comment|The poet emphasizes again Walther's formidable appearance in his armor. In the lines that follow, he enumerates again the items of armor Walther has worn from Pannonia, though this has already been described at ll. 333-340. The reiteration emphasizes Walther's identity as a warrior and the impressive appearance he makes to all who see him. He is the type of a classical or Germanic hero, physically recognizable as greater than other men, and his identity is fused with his warrior spirit. On a more naturalistic level, the reiteration of his armor prepares the reader for Walther's fatigue when he and Hildegund arrive in the Vosges, since he has enacted the warrior role for the entirety of their forty-day journey. MCD}}
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"corsucat": The poet is fond of words that denote shining, sparkling, or flashing. In this case, the sparkle is literally applied to the reflection of the brandished spear. In other cases, however, it denotes fame, beauty, or worth. Thus, Worms is described as "nitentem" (l. 433) and Walther as "coruscus" (l. 525). MCD}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The poet alters a Virgilian formula in which Aeneas is similar to a god to render Walther similar "to a strong man." What this lacks in rhetorical force it makes up in historical interest. The poet apparently is trying to create a hero who preserves the classic heroic features while divorcing him from a divine background and placing him firmly in the Christian universe subordinate to the monotheistic God. MCD}}
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|"Nitore": See note above.
This description of Hildegund echoes the poet's original depiction of her in her father's home. There, she was "stemmata formae"; here, "decorata formae." The use of the word "formae" implies symmetry and perfection above mere attraction. Hildegund is the ideal woman, and as such, it is appropriate to "crown" her prematurely in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|A somewhat problematic line to translate. Kratz writes that Hildegund "matched him stride for stride." This is a good but loose rendering. Literally, the line reads "the girl bruises heel with heel." This translation suggests Hildegund's loyalty and closeness to Walther. Another possibility: "the girl wipes out footprint with footprint." MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|sonipes: like cornipes, another word for the horse, Lion. This time the word emphasizes the noise its hooves make. These euphemisms for the horse echo a feature of Germanic and Norse poetic language, the kenning, which describes a well-known noun circuitously. Thus, an Old English word for "ocean" is "hronrad," or "whale-road." Likewise, in Old Norse, gold is called "Otter's Ransom" and "Freya's Tears," among numerous other titles. MCD}}
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The picture of the perfect hero with the perfect woman is completed by the perfect, sprited horse. The poet creates a strong image. MCD}}
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"gemmis": When she is first introduced, Hildegund is described as the "gemma parentum," the jewel of her parents (l. 74). Ward suggests that Hildegund is the true treasure in this scenario, although the vivid and tempting picture the ferryman paints here makes it easy to understand why Gunther misses this moral. MCD}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
||{{Comment|"quippe": emphasizes that Hagan is one of Gunther's closest allies and associates. Wherever the king sits, Hagan sits also. This will increase the gravity of Hagan's dilemma later in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|Hagan recognizes his childhood friend immediately by his description. MCD}}
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him.
"cunctipotens": all-powerful one, presumably God. The singular invocation suggests that Gunther might be Christian, although in general throughout the poem he represents the older, Germanic warrior ethos in all its problematic glory. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Gunther has placed Hagan in an almost unbearable position in which he will be forced to betray one of his vows unless he can dissuade the king. Ward argues that Hagan in punished for breaking his vow with the loss of his eye and his teeth (Roman Epic, ed. Boyle, 1993). It is difficult to see, however, what Hagan could have done differently. The Waltharius-poet may be attempting to show the limitations of the Germanic warrior-ethos, which in his eyes limits ethical behavior. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Squamosus": literally, scaly. It is a powerful image which captures the appearance of closely-woven Germanic corslets, but it also brings interesting reptilian associations to Hagan and his men. Dragons, traditional symbols of greed, are often described in terms of their impenetrable scales (as in Beowulf, ll. 2574-2680). By putting on scales, Gunther and his men become less than men, half-beasts transformed by greed. Indeed, in medieval literature dragons are occasionally imagined as demonic versions of men. In the late medieval English romance Bevis of Hampton, two greedy and warring lords are transformed by the Devil into dragons and terrorize Germany and Italy.}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|{{Comment|"imbellum": literally, "unwarlike one." Despite the ferryman's undeniably bellicose description, Gunther and his men imagine Walther will be easy to overcome. I suspect this is not meant to sound at all logical, in order to emphasize further Gunther's overweening pride and greed. This is an instance of dramatic irony on the part of the Waltharius-poet (see Green, Irony in the Medieval Romance, 1979). MCD}}
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|Kratz translates "infelix" as "ill-starred," a somewhat figurative rendering. Literally, the word denotes infertility, as in Virgil's Georgics, 2.237-239 ("intereunt segetes, subit aspera silva, / lappaeque tribolique, interque nitentia culta /infelix lolium et steriles dominantur avena.") It also comes to carry the meaning of unhappiness, even denoting someone who causes unhappiness. This last definition might best describe the troublemaker Gunther, though the word's connotations of infertility also ominously foreshadow Gunther's fate. MCD}}
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius513

2009-12-12T22:28:43Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531) */

===Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)===
{|
|-
|[[Ast]] [[ubi]] [[Guntharius]] [[vestigia]] [[pulvere]] [[vidit1|vidit]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.171: ''summo vestigia pulvere signent. '' ‘Let them print their tracks on the surface of the dust.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 6.640: ''raraque non fracto vestigia pulvere pendent.'' ‘The rare footsteps hover and leave the dust unbroken.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cornipedem]] [[rapidum]] [[saevis]] [[calcaribus]] [[urget]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 253-254.: ''talia vociferans rapidum calcaribus urget/ cornipedem. '' ‘Thus exclaiming she spurs on her swift charger and flies wildling along with loose rein.’ Statius, ''Thebaid ''11.452-453.: ''saevis calcaribus urgent/ immeritos.'' ‘With savage goads they incite their innocent teams.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Cornipedem: horse (literally, horn-foot). The hoof was considered to be made of horn similar to the material of an antler. Cato and Virgil both use the word of hooves; interestingly, in was also applied to birds' beaks, warts, and even, according to Pliny, skin over the eye. MCD}}
|-
|[[Exultansque]] [[animis]] [[frustra]] [[sic]] [[fatur1|fatur]] [[ad]] [[auras]]:
|515
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.386: ''exultans animisque. . .'' ‘Flushed with courage. . .’ 11.491: ''exsultateque animis.'' ‘He exults in courage.’ 11.556: ''ita ad aethera fatur.'' ‘He cries thus to the heavens.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=exultansque animis}}
|{{Comment|frustra: "in vain." Emphasizes Gunther's vainglory again. MCD}}
|-
|[[Accelerate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[iam]] [[nunc]] [[capietis]] [[euntem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Numquam]] [[hodie]] [[effugiet]], [[furata]] [[talenta]] [[relinquet]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Furata'': passive in sense, though from a deponent.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Eclogue ''3.49: ''numquam hodie effugies.'' ‘This time you won’t get away!’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS|elision=H-ELISION: numquam hodie; hodie effugit}}
|{{Comment|Gunther combines Walther with the Huns in his mind to justify his unprovoked attack, imagining Walther the agent of the "theft" of treaty-money from the Franks. An alternative explanation is that he actually blames Walther for stealing from his lord (Atilla, in this case) and so feels no compunction about taking back what was his. This implies a level of loyalty to Germanic oaths which he has not previously displayed, however. MCD}}
|-
|[[Inclitus]] [[at]] [[Hagano]] [[contra1|contra]] [[mox]] [[reddidit]] [[ista2|ista]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[unum3|Unum]] [[dico]] [[tibi1|tibi]], [[regum]] [[fortissime]], [[tantum1|tantum]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Si]] [[totiens]] [[tu1|tu]] [[Waltharium]] [[pugnasse]] [[videres]]
|520
|{{Commentary|''Videres'' equiv. to ''vidisses''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[nova]] [[totiens]], [[quotiens]] [[ego]], [[caede]] [[furentem]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.499-500.: ''vidi ipse furentem/ caede Neoptolemum. '' ‘I myself saw Neoptolemus, mad with slaughter.’ 8.695: ''arva nova Neptunia caede rubescunt. ''Neptune’s fields redden with strange slaughter.’ 10.514-515.: ''te, Turne, superbum/ caede nova. . .'' ‘You, Turnus, still flushed with fresh slaughter. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Numquam]] [[tam]] [[facile]] [[spoliandum]] [[forte]] [[putares]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The Hunnish battle early in the poem, before Walther speaks with Hildegund about escape, places the reader or listener's sympathies firmly with Hagan, since we too have "seen" Walther fight. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vidi]] [[Pannonias1|Pannonias]] [[acies]], [[cum]] [[bella]] [[cierent]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.541: ''bella cient.'' ‘They stir up wars.’ Statius, ''Thebaid ''11.487: ''cum bella cieret. . .'' ‘When he made war. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[contra1|Contra]] [[Aquilonares]] [[sive]] [[Australes]] [[regiones]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Aquilonares equiv. to Aquilonias''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=contra Aquilonares; sive Australes}}
| {{Comment|Since the beginning of the poem is spent establishing that all of western Europe fears the Huns, Hagan's assertion that he is greater than them carries considerable weight. MCD}}
|-
|[[Illic]] [[Waltharius]] [[propria]] [[virtute]] [[coruscus]]
|525
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"coruscus": see note to l. 453. The poet uses images of light once again; this time it is Walther's manliness which shines for the whole world. The exact repetition of the adjective "coruscus" from the ferryman's description also calls back to mind the image of the perfect warrior which Gunther has conveniently forgotten in order to convince his men that Walther is "imbellus" (see l. 486). MCD}}
|-
|[[Hostibus]] [[invisus]], [[sociis1|sociis]] [[mirandus]] [[obibat]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 6.167:'' lituo pugnas insignis obibat et hasta. '' ‘He braved the fray, glorious for clarion and spear alike.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quisquis1|Quisquis]] [[ei]] [[congressus erat]], [[mox]] [[Tartara]] [[vidit1|vidit]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 6.134-135.: ''bis nigra videre/ Tartara. . . '' ‘Twice to see black Tartarus. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|The Waltharius-poet uses a Virgilian formula here, which may be significant in the effort to place the poem's religious loyalties. Though little is known specifically of continental Germanic paganism, it is generally assumed to bear some similarity to Scandinavian cults, since related tribes colonized the areas during the period of migration following the Fall of Rome. According to what is known of Scandinavian beliefs, a warrior who fell in battle might hope that his soul would fly to Valhalla, a feasting hall in the realm of the gods, where great warriors awaited the final battle, Ragnarok, at the end of the world. Those who died of sickness or accident traveled instead to Hel, in an underworld which resembles Roman Tartarus or Christian Hell much more closely than Valhalla. A warrior who died in battle with Walther, according to such a belief system, was much more fortunate than one who died safe in his bed. There is little trace of such an ethos in Hagan's warning, however; he treats death as a fate to be avoided. In this sense, Gunther's later mockery of Hagan's caution perhaps is justified in terms of Germanic religion; that Gunther's world-view is clearly denigrated, however, suggests that the Waltharius-poet wishes to associate all death with the darkness of Hel, stripping it of any (pagan) glory. For a further discussion of Germanic religion, see Rudolf Simek's chapter in ''Early Germanic Literature and Culture,''ed. Brian Murdoch and Malcolm Read (2004).}}
|-
|[[O]] [[rex1|rex]] [[et]] [[comites1|comites]], [[experto]] [[credite]], [[quantus]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 11.283-284.: ''experto credite quantus/ in clipeum adsurgat, quo turbine torqueat hastam. '' ‘Trust one who has experienced it, how huge he looms above his shield, with what whirlwind he hurls his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"comites": Hagan remembers his fellow warriors and vassals to Gunther. Together, they form a comitatus, a war-band with cohesion and standards of loyalty which also bind Hagan. A betrayal of Gunther for Hagan would also amount to a betrayal of his companions. Hagan's later attempt to abdicate the situation, though perhaps intended to avoid breaking either oath, still leaves them without his protection. Appealing to them, too, is another way to appeal to Gunther, though such an appeal might dangerously undermine his loyalty. MCD}}
|-
|[[In]] [[clipeum]] [[surgat]], [[quo]] [[turbine]] [[torqueat]] [[hastam]].'
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 11.283-284.: ''experto credite quantus/ in clipeum adsurgat, quo turbine torqueat hastam. '' ‘Trust one who has experienced it, how huge he looms above his shield, with what whirlwind he hurls his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|The poet's use of parallel structure emphasizes Walther's great skill as a balanced warrior: he has no weaknesses. MCD}}
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[dum]] [[Guntharius]] [[male]] [[sana]] [[mente]] [[gravatus]]
|530
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.8: ''male sana. . . '' ‘Much distraught. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Gunther is "weighed down with an unhealthy mind." The poet is probably not suggesting that Gunther is insane, but he certainly does behave irrationally and obsessively with regard to Walther and the treasure he carries, sacrificing all his best men in the attempt to defeat him. Avarice itself, in the poet's mind, might be a kind of insanity. This is connected to the Platonic idea that the man ruled by his passions is a slave, devoid of true power, excluded from the "kingship" of rationality, which would probably have been familiar to the Waltharius-poet through Boethius. MCD}}
|-
|[[Nequaquam]] [[flecti]] [[posset]], [[castris1|castris]] [[propriabant]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Propiabant'' equiv. to ''appropinquabant''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius489|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** '''Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)'''
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius532|next »]]
|[[Waltharius513English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius513

2009-12-12T22:27:38Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531) */

===Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)===
{|
|-
|[[Ast]] [[ubi]] [[Guntharius]] [[vestigia]] [[pulvere]] [[vidit1|vidit]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.171: ''summo vestigia pulvere signent. '' ‘Let them print their tracks on the surface of the dust.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 6.640: ''raraque non fracto vestigia pulvere pendent.'' ‘The rare footsteps hover and leave the dust unbroken.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cornipedem]] [[rapidum]] [[saevis]] [[calcaribus]] [[urget]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 253-254.: ''talia vociferans rapidum calcaribus urget/ cornipedem. '' ‘Thus exclaiming she spurs on her swift charger and flies wildling along with loose rein.’ Statius, ''Thebaid ''11.452-453.: ''saevis calcaribus urgent/ immeritos.'' ‘With savage goads they incite their innocent teams.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Cornipedem: horse (literally, horn-foot). The hoof was considered to be made of horn similar to the material of an antler. Cato and Virgil both use the word of hooves; interestingly, in was also applied to birds' beaks, warts, and even, according to Pliny, skin over the eye. MCD}}
|-
|[[Exultansque]] [[animis]] [[frustra]] [[sic]] [[fatur1|fatur]] [[ad]] [[auras]]:
|515
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.386: ''exultans animisque. . .'' ‘Flushed with courage. . .’ 11.491: ''exsultateque animis.'' ‘He exults in courage.’ 11.556: ''ita ad aethera fatur.'' ‘He cries thus to the heavens.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=exultansque animis}}
|{{Comment|frustra: "in vain." Emphasizes Gunther's vainglory again. MCD}}
|-
|[[Accelerate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[iam]] [[nunc]] [[capietis]] [[euntem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Numquam]] [[hodie]] [[effugiet]], [[furata]] [[talenta]] [[relinquet]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Furata'': passive in sense, though from a deponent.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Eclogue ''3.49: ''numquam hodie effugies.'' ‘This time you won’t get away!’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS|elision=H-ELISION: numquam hodie; hodie effugit}}
|{{Comment|Gunther combines Walther with the Huns in his mind to justify his unprovoked attack, imagining Walther the agent of the "theft" of treaty-money from the Franks. An alternative explanation is that he actually blames Walther for stealing from his lord (Atilla, in this case) and so feels no compunction about taking back what was his. This implies a level of loyalty to Germanic oaths which he has not previously displayed, however. MCD}}
|-
|[[Inclitus]] [[at]] [[Hagano]] [[contra1|contra]] [[mox]] [[reddidit]] [[ista2|ista]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[unum3|Unum]] [[dico]] [[tibi1|tibi]], [[regum]] [[fortissime]], [[tantum1|tantum]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Si]] [[totiens]] [[tu1|tu]] [[Waltharium]] [[pugnasse]] [[videres]]
|520
|{{Commentary|''Videres'' equiv. to ''vidisses''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[nova]] [[totiens]], [[quotiens]] [[ego]], [[caede]] [[furentem]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.499-500.: ''vidi ipse furentem/ caede Neoptolemum. '' ‘I myself saw Neoptolemus, mad with slaughter.’ 8.695: ''arva nova Neptunia caede rubescunt. ''Neptune’s fields redden with strange slaughter.’ 10.514-515.: ''te, Turne, superbum/ caede nova. . .'' ‘You, Turnus, still flushed with fresh slaughter. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Numquam]] [[tam]] [[facile]] [[spoliandum]] [[forte]] [[putares]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The Hunnish battle early in the poem, before Walther speaks with Hildegund about escape, places the reader or listener's sympathies firmly with Hagan, since we too have "seen" Walther fight. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vidi]] [[Pannonias1|Pannonias]] [[acies]], [[cum]] [[bella]] [[cierent]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.541: ''bella cient.'' ‘They stir up wars.’ Statius, ''Thebaid ''11.487: ''cum bella cieret. . .'' ‘When he made war. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[contra1|Contra]] [[Aquilonares]] [[sive]] [[Australes]] [[regiones]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Aquilonares equiv. to Aquilonias''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=contra Aquilonares; sive Australes}}
| {{Comment|Since the beginning of the poem is spent establishing that all of western Europe fears the Huns, Hagan's assertion that he is greater than them carries considerable weight. MCD}}
|-
|[[Illic]] [[Waltharius]] [[propria]] [[virtute]] [[coruscus]]
|525
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"coruscus": see note to l. 453. The poet uses images of light once again; this time it is Walther's manliness which shines for the whole world. The exact repetition of the adjective "coruscus" from the ferryman's description also calls back to mind the image of the perfect warrior which Gunther has conveniently forgotten in order to convince his men that Walther is "imbellus" (see l. 486). MCD}}
|-
|[[Hostibus]] [[invisus]], [[sociis1|sociis]] [[mirandus]] [[obibat]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 6.167:'' lituo pugnas insignis obibat et hasta. '' ‘He braved the fray, glorious for clarion and spear alike.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quisquis1|Quisquis]] [[ei]] [[congressus erat]], [[mox]] [[Tartara]] [[vidit1|vidit]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 6.134-135.: ''bis nigra videre/ Tartara. . . '' ‘Twice to see black Tartarus. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|The Waltharius-poet uses a Virgilian formula here, which may be significant in the effort to place the poem's religious loyalties. Though little is known specifically of continental Germanic paganism, it is generally assumed to bear some similarity to Scandinavian cults, since related tribes colonized the areas during the period of migration following the Fall of Rome. According to what is known of Scandinavian beliefs, a warrior who fell in battle might hope that his soul would fly to Valhalla, a feasting hall in the realm of the gods, where great warriors awaited the final battle, Ragnarok, at the end of the world. Those who died of sickness or accident traveled instead to Hel, in an underworld which resembles Roman Tartarus or Christian Hell much more closely than Valhalla. A warrior who died in battle with Walther, according to such a belief system, was much more fortunate than one who died safe in his bed. There is little trace of such an ethos in Hagan's warning, however; he treats death as a fate to be avoided. In this sense, Gunther's mockery of Hagan's caution perhaps is justified in terms of Germanic religion; that Gunther's world-view is clearly denigrated, however, suggests that the Waltharius-poet wishes to associate all death with the darkness of Hel, stripping it of any (pagan) glory. For a further discussion of Germanic religion, see Rudolf Simek's chapter in ''Early Germanic Literature and Culture,''ed. Brian Murdoch and Malcolm Read (2004).}}
|-
|[[O]] [[rex1|rex]] [[et]] [[comites1|comites]], [[experto]] [[credite]], [[quantus]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 11.283-284.: ''experto credite quantus/ in clipeum adsurgat, quo turbine torqueat hastam. '' ‘Trust one who has experienced it, how huge he looms above his shield, with what whirlwind he hurls his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"comites": Hagan remembers his fellow warriors and vassals to Gunther. Together, they form a comitatus, a war-band with cohesion and standards of loyalty which also bind Hagan. A betrayal of Gunther for Hagan would also amount to a betrayal of his companions. Hagan's later attempt to abdicate the situation, though perhaps intended to avoid breaking either oath, still leaves them without his protection. Appealing to them, too, is another way to appeal to Gunther, though such an appeal might dangerously undermine his loyalty. MCD}}
|-
|[[In]] [[clipeum]] [[surgat]], [[quo]] [[turbine]] [[torqueat]] [[hastam]].'
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 11.283-284.: ''experto credite quantus/ in clipeum adsurgat, quo turbine torqueat hastam. '' ‘Trust one who has experienced it, how huge he looms above his shield, with what whirlwind he hurls his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|The poet's use of parallel structure emphasizes Walther's great skill as a balanced warrior: he has no weaknesses. MCD}}
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[dum]] [[Guntharius]] [[male]] [[sana]] [[mente]] [[gravatus]]
|530
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.8: ''male sana. . . '' ‘Much distraught. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Gunther is "weighed down with an unhealthy mind." The poet is probably not suggesting that Gunther is insane, but he certainly does behave irrationally and obsessively with regard to Walther and the treasure he carries, sacrificing all his best men in the attempt to defeat him. Avarice itself, in the poet's mind, might be a kind of insanity. This is connected to the Platonic idea that the man ruled by his passions is a slave, devoid of true power, excluded from the "kingship" of rationality, which would probably have been familiar to the Waltharius-poet through Boethius. MCD}}
|-
|[[Nequaquam]] [[flecti]] [[posset]], [[castris1|castris]] [[propriabant]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Propiabant'' equiv. to ''appropinquabant''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius489|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** '''Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)'''
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius532|next »]]
|[[Waltharius513English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius513

2009-12-12T22:19:58Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531) */

===Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)===
{|
|-
|[[Ast]] [[ubi]] [[Guntharius]] [[vestigia]] [[pulvere]] [[vidit1|vidit]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.171: ''summo vestigia pulvere signent. '' ‘Let them print their tracks on the surface of the dust.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 6.640: ''raraque non fracto vestigia pulvere pendent.'' ‘The rare footsteps hover and leave the dust unbroken.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cornipedem]] [[rapidum]] [[saevis]] [[calcaribus]] [[urget]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 253-254.: ''talia vociferans rapidum calcaribus urget/ cornipedem. '' ‘Thus exclaiming she spurs on her swift charger and flies wildling along with loose rein.’ Statius, ''Thebaid ''11.452-453.: ''saevis calcaribus urgent/ immeritos.'' ‘With savage goads they incite their innocent teams.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Cornipedem: horse (literally, horn-foot). The hoof was considered to be made of horn similar to the material of an antler. Cato and Virgil both use the word of hooves; interestingly, in was also applied to birds' beaks, warts, and even, according to Pliny, skin over the eye. MCD}}
|-
|[[Exultansque]] [[animis]] [[frustra]] [[sic]] [[fatur1|fatur]] [[ad]] [[auras]]:
|515
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.386: ''exultans animisque. . .'' ‘Flushed with courage. . .’ 11.491: ''exsultateque animis.'' ‘He exults in courage.’ 11.556: ''ita ad aethera fatur.'' ‘He cries thus to the heavens.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=exultansque animis}}
|{{Comment|frustra: "in vain." Emphasizes Gunther's vainglory again. MCD}}
|-
|[[Accelerate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[iam]] [[nunc]] [[capietis]] [[euntem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Numquam]] [[hodie]] [[effugiet]], [[furata]] [[talenta]] [[relinquet]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Furata'': passive in sense, though from a deponent.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Eclogue ''3.49: ''numquam hodie effugies.'' ‘This time you won’t get away!’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS|elision=H-ELISION: numquam hodie; hodie effugit}}
|{{Comment|Gunther combines Walther with the Huns in his mind to justify his unprovoked attack, imagining Walther the agent of the "theft" of treaty-money from the Franks. An alternative explanation is that he actually blames Walther for stealing from his lord (Atilla, in this case) and so feels no compunction about taking back what was his. This implies a level of loyalty to Germanic oaths which he has not previously displayed, however. MCD}}
|-
|[[Inclitus]] [[at]] [[Hagano]] [[contra1|contra]] [[mox]] [[reddidit]] [[ista2|ista]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[unum3|Unum]] [[dico]] [[tibi1|tibi]], [[regum]] [[fortissime]], [[tantum1|tantum]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Si]] [[totiens]] [[tu1|tu]] [[Waltharium]] [[pugnasse]] [[videres]]
|520
|{{Commentary|''Videres'' equiv. to ''vidisses''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[nova]] [[totiens]], [[quotiens]] [[ego]], [[caede]] [[furentem]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.499-500.: ''vidi ipse furentem/ caede Neoptolemum. '' ‘I myself saw Neoptolemus, mad with slaughter.’ 8.695: ''arva nova Neptunia caede rubescunt. ''Neptune’s fields redden with strange slaughter.’ 10.514-515.: ''te, Turne, superbum/ caede nova. . .'' ‘You, Turnus, still flushed with fresh slaughter. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Numquam]] [[tam]] [[facile]] [[spoliandum]] [[forte]] [[putares]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The Hunnish battle early in the poem, before Walther speaks with Hildegund about escape, places the reader or listener's sympathies firmly with Hagan, since we too have "seen" Walther fight. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vidi]] [[Pannonias1|Pannonias]] [[acies]], [[cum]] [[bella]] [[cierent]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.541: ''bella cient.'' ‘They stir up wars.’ Statius, ''Thebaid ''11.487: ''cum bella cieret. . .'' ‘When he made war. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[contra1|Contra]] [[Aquilonares]] [[sive]] [[Australes]] [[regiones]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Aquilonares equiv. to Aquilonias''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=contra Aquilonares; sive Australes}}
| {{Comment|Since the beginning of the poem is spent establishing that all of western Europe fears the Huns, Hagan's assertion that he is greater than them carries considerable weight. MCD}}
|-
|[[Illic]] [[Waltharius]] [[propria]] [[virtute]] [[coruscus]]
|525
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"coruscus": see note to l. 453. The poet uses images of light once again; this time it is Walther's manliness which shines for the whole world. The exact repetition of the adjective "coruscus" from the ferryman's description also calls back to mind the image of the perfect warrior which Gunther has conveniently forgotten in order to convince his men that Walther is "imbellus" (see l. 486). MCD}}
|-
|[[Hostibus]] [[invisus]], [[sociis1|sociis]] [[mirandus]] [[obibat]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 6.167:'' lituo pugnas insignis obibat et hasta. '' ‘He braved the fray, glorious for clarion and spear alike.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quisquis1|Quisquis]] [[ei]] [[congressus erat]], [[mox]] [[Tartara]] [[vidit1|vidit]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 6.134-135.: ''bis nigra videre/ Tartara. . . '' ‘Twice to see black Tartarus. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|The Waltharius-poet uses a Virgilian formula here, which may be significant in the effort to place the poem's religious loyalties. Though little is known specifically of continental Germanic paganism, it is generally assumed to bear some similarity to Scandinavian cults, since related tribes colonized the areas during the period of migration following the Fall of Rome. According to what is known of Scandinavian beliefs, a warrior who fell in battle might hope that his soul would fly to Valhalla, a feasting hall in the realm of the gods, where great warriors awaited the final battle, Ragnarok, at the end of the world. Those who died of sickness or accident traveled instead to Hel, in an underworld which resembles Roman Tartarus or Christian Hell much more closely than Valhalla. A warrior who died in battle with Walther, according to such a belief system, was much more fortunate than one who died safe in his bed. There is little trace of such an ethos in Hagan's warning, however; he treats death as a fate to be avoided. In this sense, Gunther's mockery of Hagan's caution perhaps is justified in terms of Germanic religion; that Gunther's world-view is clearly denigrated, however, suggests that the Waltharius-poet wishes to associate all death with the darkness of Hel, stripping it of any (pagan) glory. For a further discussion of Germanic religion, see Rudolf Simek's chapter in ''Early Germanic Literature and Culture,''ed. Brian Murdoch and Malcolm Read (2004).}}
|-
|[[O]] [[rex1|rex]] [[et]] [[comites1|comites]], [[experto]] [[credite]], [[quantus]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 11.283-284.: ''experto credite quantus/ in clipeum adsurgat, quo turbine torqueat hastam. '' ‘Trust one who has experienced it, how huge he looms above his shield, with what whirlwind he hurls his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[In]] [[clipeum]] [[surgat]], [[quo]] [[turbine]] [[torqueat]] [[hastam]].'
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 11.283-284.: ''experto credite quantus/ in clipeum adsurgat, quo turbine torqueat hastam. '' ‘Trust one who has experienced it, how huge he looms above his shield, with what whirlwind he hurls his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|TK}}
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[dum]] [[Guntharius]] [[male]] [[sana]] [[mente]] [[gravatus]]
|530
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.8: ''male sana. . . '' ‘Much distraught. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nequaquam]] [[flecti]] [[posset]], [[castris1|castris]] [[propriabant]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Propiabant'' equiv. to ''appropinquabant''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius489|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** '''Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)'''
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius532|next »]]
|[[Waltharius513English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius513

2009-12-12T22:19:36Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531) */

===Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)===
{|
|-
|[[Ast]] [[ubi]] [[Guntharius]] [[vestigia]] [[pulvere]] [[vidit1|vidit]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.171: ''summo vestigia pulvere signent. '' ‘Let them print their tracks on the surface of the dust.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 6.640: ''raraque non fracto vestigia pulvere pendent.'' ‘The rare footsteps hover and leave the dust unbroken.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cornipedem]] [[rapidum]] [[saevis]] [[calcaribus]] [[urget]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|Prudentius, ''Psychomachia'' 253-254.: ''talia vociferans rapidum calcaribus urget/ cornipedem. '' ‘Thus exclaiming she spurs on her swift charger and flies wildling along with loose rein.’ Statius, ''Thebaid ''11.452-453.: ''saevis calcaribus urgent/ immeritos.'' ‘With savage goads they incite their innocent teams.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Cornipedem: horse (literally, horn-foot). The hoof was considered to be made of horn similar to the material of an antler. Cato and Virgil both use the word of hooves; interestingly, in was also applied to birds' beaks, warts, and even, according to Pliny, skin over the eye. MCD}}
|-
|[[Exultansque]] [[animis]] [[frustra]] [[sic]] [[fatur1|fatur]] [[ad]] [[auras]]:
|515
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.386: ''exultans animisque. . .'' ‘Flushed with courage. . .’ 11.491: ''exsultateque animis.'' ‘He exults in courage.’ 11.556: ''ita ad aethera fatur.'' ‘He cries thus to the heavens.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=exultansque animis}}
|{{frustra: "in vain." Emphasizes Gunther's vainglory again. MCD}}
|-
|[[Accelerate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[iam]] [[nunc]] [[capietis]] [[euntem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Numquam]] [[hodie]] [[effugiet]], [[furata]] [[talenta]] [[relinquet]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Furata'': passive in sense, though from a deponent.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Eclogue ''3.49: ''numquam hodie effugies.'' ‘This time you won’t get away!’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS|elision=H-ELISION: numquam hodie; hodie effugit}}
|{{Comment|Gunther combines Walther with the Huns in his mind to justify his unprovoked attack, imagining Walther the agent of the "theft" of treaty-money from the Franks. An alternative explanation is that he actually blames Walther for stealing from his lord (Atilla, in this case) and so feels no compunction about taking back what was his. This implies a level of loyalty to Germanic oaths which he has not previously displayed, however. MCD}}
|-
|[[Inclitus]] [[at]] [[Hagano]] [[contra1|contra]] [[mox]] [[reddidit]] [[ista2|ista]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[unum3|Unum]] [[dico]] [[tibi1|tibi]], [[regum]] [[fortissime]], [[tantum1|tantum]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Si]] [[totiens]] [[tu1|tu]] [[Waltharium]] [[pugnasse]] [[videres]]
|520
|{{Commentary|''Videres'' equiv. to ''vidisses''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[nova]] [[totiens]], [[quotiens]] [[ego]], [[caede]] [[furentem]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.499-500.: ''vidi ipse furentem/ caede Neoptolemum. '' ‘I myself saw Neoptolemus, mad with slaughter.’ 8.695: ''arva nova Neptunia caede rubescunt. ''Neptune’s fields redden with strange slaughter.’ 10.514-515.: ''te, Turne, superbum/ caede nova. . .'' ‘You, Turnus, still flushed with fresh slaughter. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Numquam]] [[tam]] [[facile]] [[spoliandum]] [[forte]] [[putares]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The Hunnish battle early in the poem, before Walther speaks with Hildegund about escape, places the reader or listener's sympathies firmly with Hagan, since we too have "seen" Walther fight. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vidi]] [[Pannonias1|Pannonias]] [[acies]], [[cum]] [[bella]] [[cierent]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.541: ''bella cient.'' ‘They stir up wars.’ Statius, ''Thebaid ''11.487: ''cum bella cieret. . .'' ‘When he made war. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[contra1|Contra]] [[Aquilonares]] [[sive]] [[Australes]] [[regiones]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Aquilonares equiv. to Aquilonias''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=contra Aquilonares; sive Australes}}
| {{Comment|Since the beginning of the poem is spent establishing that all of western Europe fears the Huns, Hagan's assertion that he is greater than them carries considerable weight. MCD}}
|-
|[[Illic]] [[Waltharius]] [[propria]] [[virtute]] [[coruscus]]
|525
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"coruscus": see note to l. 453. The poet uses images of light once again; this time it is Walther's manliness which shines for the whole world. The exact repetition of the adjective "coruscus" from the ferryman's description also calls back to mind the image of the perfect warrior which Gunther has conveniently forgotten in order to convince his men that Walther is "imbellus" (see l. 486). MCD}}
|-
|[[Hostibus]] [[invisus]], [[sociis1|sociis]] [[mirandus]] [[obibat]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 6.167:'' lituo pugnas insignis obibat et hasta. '' ‘He braved the fray, glorious for clarion and spear alike.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quisquis1|Quisquis]] [[ei]] [[congressus erat]], [[mox]] [[Tartara]] [[vidit1|vidit]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 6.134-135.: ''bis nigra videre/ Tartara. . . '' ‘Twice to see black Tartarus. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|The Waltharius-poet uses a Virgilian formula here, which may be significant in the effort to place the poem's religious loyalties. Though little is known specifically of continental Germanic paganism, it is generally assumed to bear some similarity to Scandinavian cults, since related tribes colonized the areas during the period of migration following the Fall of Rome. According to what is known of Scandinavian beliefs, a warrior who fell in battle might hope that his soul would fly to Valhalla, a feasting hall in the realm of the gods, where great warriors awaited the final battle, Ragnarok, at the end of the world. Those who died of sickness or accident traveled instead to Hel, in an underworld which resembles Roman Tartarus or Christian Hell much more closely than Valhalla. A warrior who died in battle with Walther, according to such a belief system, was much more fortunate than one who died safe in his bed. There is little trace of such an ethos in Hagan's warning, however; he treats death as a fate to be avoided. In this sense, Gunther's mockery of Hagan's caution perhaps is justified in terms of Germanic religion; that Gunther's world-view is clearly denigrated, however, suggests that the Waltharius-poet wishes to associate all death with the darkness of Hel, stripping it of any (pagan) glory. For a further discussion of Germanic religion, see Rudolf Simek's chapter in ''Early Germanic Literature and Culture,''ed. Brian Murdoch and Malcolm Read (2004).}}
|-
|[[O]] [[rex1|rex]] [[et]] [[comites1|comites]], [[experto]] [[credite]], [[quantus]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 11.283-284.: ''experto credite quantus/ in clipeum adsurgat, quo turbine torqueat hastam. '' ‘Trust one who has experienced it, how huge he looms above his shield, with what whirlwind he hurls his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[In]] [[clipeum]] [[surgat]], [[quo]] [[turbine]] [[torqueat]] [[hastam]].'
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 11.283-284.: ''experto credite quantus/ in clipeum adsurgat, quo turbine torqueat hastam. '' ‘Trust one who has experienced it, how huge he looms above his shield, with what whirlwind he hurls his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|TK}}
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[dum]] [[Guntharius]] [[male]] [[sana]] [[mente]] [[gravatus]]
|530
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.8: ''male sana. . . '' ‘Much distraught. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nequaquam]] [[flecti]] [[posset]], [[castris1|castris]] [[propriabant]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Propiabant'' equiv. to ''appropinquabant''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius489|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** '''Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)'''
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius532|next »]]
|[[Waltharius513English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius489

2009-12-12T22:08:17Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512) */

===Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)===
{|
|-
|[[Interea]] [[vir]] [[magnanimus]] [[de]] [[flumine]] [[pergens]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir magnanimus'': Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"magnanimus": literally, great-souled, great-hearted. The word implies generosity but also an heroic greatness of spirit beyond mere kindness. Dante frequently uses an Italian cognate of the word to describe figures who, while damned, retain inherent nobility, such as Virgil or Farinata degli Uberti. MCD}}
|-
|[[Venerat]] [[in]] [[saltum]] [[iam]] [[tum]] [[Vosagum]] [[vocitatum]].
|490
|{{Commentary|''Vosagum'': the name properly belongs not just to a ''saltus'' but to the region of the Vosges Mountains, now in north-eastern France.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|The area around Worms falls outside of the defined modern boundaries of the Vosges. Walther and Hildgund had most likely reached only the northernmost peaks of the Vosges, made of sandstone and rising to (comparatively) low heights around 2000 feet. Further south, the Vosges become granite and rise much higher. Throughout, however, they would have been covered by thick forest, resembling the Black Forest in age and density. MCD}}
|-
|[[Nam]] [[nemus]] [[est]] [[ingens2|ingens]], [[spatiosum]], [[lustra]] [[ferarum]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.471: ''illic saltus ac lustra ferarum.'' ‘They have woodland glades and haunts of game.’ ''Aeineid'' 3.646-647.: ''vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum/ lustra domosque traho. '' ‘I began to drag out my life in the woods among the lonely lairs and haunts of wild beasts.’ 3.432: ''canibus resonantia saxa. . .'' ‘Rocks that echo with her hounds. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The Waltharius-poet creates an odd variant of the classical locus amoenus, in which a beautiful place is described. Indeed, the use of the word "nemus," often associated with sacred groves, would lead us to expect a peaceful or beautiful place. However, this nemus is "ingens," and home to wild beasts. As a place of apparent but deceptive refuge, it has more in common with Virgil's island of the Cyclops, which also is home to "lustra ferarum." MCD}}
|-
|[[Plurima]] [[habens]], [[suetum1|suetum]] [[canibus]] [[resonare]] [[tubisque]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Suetum canibus resonare tubisque'': i.e., a popular place for hunting.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.471: ''illic saltus ac lustra ferarum.'' ‘They have woodland glades and haunts of game.’ ''Aeineid'' 3.646-647.: ''vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum/ lustra domosque traho. '' ‘I began to drag out my life in the woods among the lonely lairs and haunts of wild beasts.’ 3.432: ''canibus resonantia saxa. . .'' ‘Rocks that echo with her hounds. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=plurima habens}}
|{{Comment|"suetum canibus resonare tubisque": echoes a Virgilian phrase describing Scylla. This is probably a mere echo of diction rather than any deeper, content-based parallel. This is a good example of the pervading influence of the poet's classical background, of the pages and pages memorized during his education, in his Latin versification. MCD}}
|-
|[[Sunt]] [[in]] [[secessu]] [[bini]] [[montesque]] [[propinqui]],
|
|{{Commentary|The precise locale being described has been exhaustively sought after (cf. Althof ad loc.), but is probably imaginary; the details given are largely taken from the ''Aeneid'' and are closely tailored to the series of one-on-one combats that will occur there.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.159-160.: ''est in secessu longo locus. . .hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur/ in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late Aequora tuta silent. . .huc. . .Aeneas. . .subit. '' ‘There in a deep inlet lies a spot. On either side loom heavenward huge cliffs and twin peaks, beneath whose crest far and wide is the stillness of sheltered water. HereAeneas takes shelter.’ 3.229:'' in secessu longo. . .'' ‘In a deep recess. . .’ 8.597-598.: ''est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem. . .undique colles/ inclusere cavi et nigra nemus abiete cingunt. '' ‘Near Caere’s cold stream there stands a vast grove; on all sides curving hills enclose it and girdle the woodland with dark fir trees.’ 11.522-523.: ''est curvo anfractu valles. . .quam densis frondibus atrum/ urget utrimque latus. '' ‘There is a valley with sweeping curve, hemmed in on either side by a wall black with dense foliage.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Inter]] [[quos]] [[licet]] [[angustum]] [[specus]] [[extat]] [[amoenum]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.159-160.: ''est in secessu longo locus. . .hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur/ in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late Aequora tuta silent. . .huc. . .Aeneas. . .subit. '' ‘There in a deep inlet lies a spot. On either side loom heavenward huge cliffs and twin peaks, beneath whose crest far and wide is the stillness of sheltered water. HereAeneas takes shelter.’ 3.229:'' in secessu longo. . .'' ‘In a deep recess. . .’ 8.597-598.: ''est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem. . .undique colles/ inclusere cavi et nigra nemus abiete cingunt. '' ‘Near Caere’s cold stream there stands a vast grove; on all sides curving hills enclose it and girdle the woodland with dark fir trees.’ 11.522-523.: ''est curvo anfractu valles. . .quam densis frondibus atrum/ urget utrimque latus. '' ‘There is a valley with sweeping curve, hemmed in on either side by a wall black with dense foliage.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|Though the view is narrow and the place inhabited by wolves and bears, the poet insists that it is "amoenum," pleasant. Indeed, the poet's depiction of the place is almost schizophrenic, as he continues in the next lines to state that it was created by falling rocks (hardly conducive to safe refuge) and that it was best suited for bloody thieves. Nevertheless, the slight vegetation and Walther's relief at the prospect of rest give the place an air of hope. Possibly this conflicted description emphasizes the sense of relief at the prospect of rest and refuge which he intends Walther and Hildegund to feel. MCD}}
|-
|[[Non]] [[tellure]] [[cava]] [[factum]], [[sed1|sed]] [[vertice]] [[rupum]]:
|495
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Apta]] [[quidem]] [[statio]] [[latronibus]] [[illa1|illa]] [[cruentis]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 11.522-523.: ''accommoda fraudi/ armorumque dolis''. . . ‘Fit site for the stratagems and deceits of war. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Angulus]] [[hic]] [[virides]] [[ac]] [[vescas]] [[gesserat]] [[herbas]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.174-175.: ''non gramina tantum/ nec vescas salicum frondes. . .'' ‘Not grass alone or poor willow leaves. . .’ 4.131: ''vescumque papaver. . .'' ‘Fine-seeded poppy. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|The diction in these lines echoes Virgilian formulae in the Georgics. I suggest that this effect emphasizes the barrenness of the land, contrasting it with the arable fields from which Walther and Hildegund have fled.}}
|-
|'[[huc]]', [[mox]] [[ut1|ut]] [[vidit1|vidit]] [[iuvenis]], '[[huc]]' [[inquit]] '[[eamus]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 11.530: ''huc iuvenis nota fertur regione viarum. '' ‘Hither the warrior hastens by a well-known road.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Despite the obvious dangers of the place, the fallen rocks do offer some possibilities for defense and shelter. Throughout their journey, Walther and Hildegund have traveled through hidden places (see l. 420: "Atque die saltus arbustaque densa requirens"). MCD}}
|-
|[[his2|His]] [[iuvat]] [[in]] [[castris]] [[fessum]] [[componere]] [[corpus]].'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics ''4.438: '' defessa. . .componere membra. . .'' ‘To settle his weary limbs. . .’ 4.189: ''ubi iam thalamis se composuere. . . '' ‘When they have laid themselves to rest in their chambers. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[postquam]] [[fugiens]] [[Avarum1|Avarum]] [[discesserat]] [[oris]],
|500
|{{Commentary|''Avarum…oris'': i.e., Attila’s city
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Non]] [[aliter]] [[somni]] [[requiem]] [[gustaverat]] [[idem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Quam]] [[super1|super]] [[innixus]] [[clipeo]]; [[vix]] [[clauserat]] [[orbes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Orbes'' equiv. to ''oculos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Walther's larger-than-life heroism is momentarily humanized with the depiction of his exhaustion. The poet allows the reader or listener an impression of how hard Walther has been working to survive and protect Hildegund. Walther then proceeds to doff his armor and thus his identity as a warrior, delegating power to Hildegund. It is quite a surprising move in an epic poem, as a matter of fact, since Walther does not sleep to receive a prophetic utterance. He sleeps because he has human weaknesses. This could be interpreted as another instance of the poet's ironic view of Germanic heroism, but I actually suspect that the scene simply conveys tenderness and trust in the relationship between Walther and Hildegund. MCD}}
|-
|[[Bellica]] [[tum]] [[demum]] [[deponens]] [[pondera]] [[dixit]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Bellica…pondera'' equiv. to ''arma''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.496: ''rapiens immania pondera baltei. . .'' ‘Tearing away the belt’s huge weight. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Virginis]] [[in]] [[gremium]] [[fusus]]: '[[circumspice]] [[caute]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.406: ''coniugis'' ''infusus gremio. . . '' ‘Melting in his wife’s arms. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|"fusus": a challenging word to translate. Kratz translates the phrase, "while resting the virgin's lap," which preserves English idioms admirably. However, the phrase seems to imply more movement, using the word "fundo" (literally, "to pour") and the accusative of place to which ("in gremium." Moreover, variants of the word "fundo" appear later in the poem to describe brains or innards pouring out of a stabbed warrior (ll. 667, 951, 977, 1018, 1052). Lewis & Short suggest that one translation of "fundo" might include "stretch out," or "scatter." I suggest that the poet is trying to convey that Walther has lain down with his head in Hildegund's lap. Perhaps the most idiomatic translation might be, "having relaxed into the virgin's lap." MCD}}
|-
|[[Hiltgunt1|Hiltgunt]], [[et]] [[nebulam]] [[si]] [[tolli]] [[videris1|videris]] [[atram]],
|505
|{{Commentary|''Nebulam'': i.e., of dust from an approaching army
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.355-356.: ''lupi ceu/ raptores atra in nebula. . . '' ‘Like ravening wolves in a black mist. . .’ 8.258: ''nebulaque ingens specus aestuat atra. '' ‘Through the mighty cave the mist surges black.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Attactu]] [[blando]] [[me1|me]] [[surgere]] [[commonitato]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[licet]] [[ingentem]] [[conspexeris]] [[ire]] [[catervam]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[excutias]] [[somno]] [[subito1|subito]], [[mi3|mi]] [[cara]], [[caveto]],
|
|{{Commentary|Hiltgunt should not wake Waltharius suddenly and thus startle him; since her eyes (''acies'', line 509) are good, she will be able to see an enemy from far away (and thus still give Waltharius plenty of time to react).
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.302: ''excutior somno.''’I shake myself from sleep.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|elision=ne excutias}}
|{{Comment|"caveto:" Walther may be concerned that if he is woken too suddenly, he will react violently. It is certainly a commonplace in many modern action films, for the reason that it is proof that "a hero never sleeps."}}
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[procul]] [[hinc]] [[acies]] [[potis es]] [[transmittere]] [[puras]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instanter]] [[cunctam]] [[circa]] [[explora]] [[regionem]].'
|510
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=circa explora}}
| {{Comment|Walther entrusts Hildegund with the duties of a guard and trusts to her prudence about whether he should be woken. Though Hildegund does spend much of the poem in the background, even this small role is unusual for a woman in a heroic poem, and it affirms her value as an agent in the poem, not merely another treasure carried off from the Huns. Ironically, she is the true "gemma" (see note to l. 462), but as such she is not to be classed with the treasure as an object. The Franks will demand "the treasure and the girl," (l. 602) but they, as usual, are in error. For a further discussion, see Ward, in Roman Epic, ed. Boyle, 1993.}}
|-
|[[haec2|Haec]] [[ait1|ait]] [[atque]] [[oculos]] [[concluserat]] [[ipse]] [[nitentes]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.297: ''haec ait et. . .'' ‘He speaks these words, and. . .’ 1.228: ''oculos. . .nitentis. . . '' ‘Her bright eyes. . .’ ''Liber Hester'' 15.8: ''nitentibus oculis. . . '' ‘With shining eyes. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS|elision=atque oculos}}
|{{Comment|"oculos nitentes": See note to l. 453.
See also Matthew 6:22-24: "The light of thy body is thy eye. If thy eye be single, thy whole body shall be lightsome. But if thy eye be evil thy whole body shall be darksome. If then the light that is in thee, be darkness: the darkness itself how great shall it be! No man can serve two masters. For either he will hate the one, and love the other: or he will sustain the one, and despise the other. You cannot serve God and mammon" (Douay-Rheims translation. In Latin, the verses are: "lucerna corporis est oculus si fuerit oculus tuus simplex totum corpus tuum lucidum erit / si autem oculus tuus nequam fuerit totum corpus tuum tenebrosum erit si ergo lumen quod in te est tenebrae sunt tenebrae quantae erunt / nemo potest duobus dominis servire aut enim unum odio habebit et alterum diliget aut unum sustinebit et alterum contemnet non potestis Deo servire et mamonae") Walther's eyes shine, as indeed his "great soul" does. He is contrasted to Gunther's greed. MCD}}
|-
|[[Iamque]] [[diu]] [[satis]] [[optata]] [[fruitur]] [[requiete]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.619: ''optata luce fruatur.'' ‘May he enjoy the life he longs for.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius436|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** '''Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)'''
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius513|next »]]
|[[Waltharius489English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius489

2009-12-12T22:07:41Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512) */

===Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)===
{|
|-
|[[Interea]] [[vir]] [[magnanimus]] [[de]] [[flumine]] [[pergens]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir magnanimus'': Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"magnanimus": literally, great-souled, great-hearted. The word implies generosity but also an heroic greatness of spirit beyond mere kindness. Dante frequently uses an Italian cognate of the word to describe figures who, while damned, retain inherent nobility, such as Virgil or Farinata degli Uberti. MCD}}
|-
|[[Venerat]] [[in]] [[saltum]] [[iam]] [[tum]] [[Vosagum]] [[vocitatum]].
|490
|{{Commentary|''Vosagum'': the name properly belongs not just to a ''saltus'' but to the region of the Vosges Mountains, now in north-eastern France.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|The area around Worms falls outside of the defined modern boundaries of the Vosges. Walther and Hildgund had most likely reached only the northernmost peaks of the Vosges, made of sandstone and rising to (comparatively) low heights around 2000 feet. Further south, the Vosges become granite and rise much higher. Throughout, however, they would have been covered by thick forest, resembling the Black Forest in age and density. MCD}}
|-
|[[Nam]] [[nemus]] [[est]] [[ingens2|ingens]], [[spatiosum]], [[lustra]] [[ferarum]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.471: ''illic saltus ac lustra ferarum.'' ‘They have woodland glades and haunts of game.’ ''Aeineid'' 3.646-647.: ''vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum/ lustra domosque traho. '' ‘I began to drag out my life in the woods among the lonely lairs and haunts of wild beasts.’ 3.432: ''canibus resonantia saxa. . .'' ‘Rocks that echo with her hounds. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The Waltharius-poet creates an odd variant of the classical locus amoenus, in which a beautiful place is described. Indeed, the use of the word "nemus," often associated with sacred groves, would lead us to expect a peaceful or beautiful place. However, this nemus is "ingens," and home to wild beasts. As a place of apparent but deceptive refuge, it has more in common with Virgil's island of the Cyclops, which also is home to "lustra ferarum." MCD}}
|-
|[[Plurima]] [[habens]], [[suetum1|suetum]] [[canibus]] [[resonare]] [[tubisque]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Suetum canibus resonare tubisque'': i.e., a popular place for hunting.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.471: ''illic saltus ac lustra ferarum.'' ‘They have woodland glades and haunts of game.’ ''Aeineid'' 3.646-647.: ''vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum/ lustra domosque traho. '' ‘I began to drag out my life in the woods among the lonely lairs and haunts of wild beasts.’ 3.432: ''canibus resonantia saxa. . .'' ‘Rocks that echo with her hounds. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=plurima habens}}
|{{Comment|"suetum canibus resonare tubisque": echoes a Virgilian phrase describing Scylla. This is probably a mere echo of diction rather than any deeper, content-based parallel. This is a good example of the pervading influence of the poet's classical background, of the pages and pages memorized during his education, in his Latin versification. MCD}}
|-
|[[Sunt]] [[in]] [[secessu]] [[bini]] [[montesque]] [[propinqui]],
|
|{{Commentary|The precise locale being described has been exhaustively sought after (cf. Althof ad loc.), but is probably imaginary; the details given are largely taken from the ''Aeneid'' and are closely tailored to the series of one-on-one combats that will occur there.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.159-160.: ''est in secessu longo locus. . .hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur/ in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late Aequora tuta silent. . .huc. . .Aeneas. . .subit. '' ‘There in a deep inlet lies a spot. On either side loom heavenward huge cliffs and twin peaks, beneath whose crest far and wide is the stillness of sheltered water. HereAeneas takes shelter.’ 3.229:'' in secessu longo. . .'' ‘In a deep recess. . .’ 8.597-598.: ''est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem. . .undique colles/ inclusere cavi et nigra nemus abiete cingunt. '' ‘Near Caere’s cold stream there stands a vast grove; on all sides curving hills enclose it and girdle the woodland with dark fir trees.’ 11.522-523.: ''est curvo anfractu valles. . .quam densis frondibus atrum/ urget utrimque latus. '' ‘There is a valley with sweeping curve, hemmed in on either side by a wall black with dense foliage.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Inter]] [[quos]] [[licet]] [[angustum]] [[specus]] [[extat]] [[amoenum]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.159-160.: ''est in secessu longo locus. . .hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur/ in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late Aequora tuta silent. . .huc. . .Aeneas. . .subit. '' ‘There in a deep inlet lies a spot. On either side loom heavenward huge cliffs and twin peaks, beneath whose crest far and wide is the stillness of sheltered water. HereAeneas takes shelter.’ 3.229:'' in secessu longo. . .'' ‘In a deep recess. . .’ 8.597-598.: ''est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem. . .undique colles/ inclusere cavi et nigra nemus abiete cingunt. '' ‘Near Caere’s cold stream there stands a vast grove; on all sides curving hills enclose it and girdle the woodland with dark fir trees.’ 11.522-523.: ''est curvo anfractu valles. . .quam densis frondibus atrum/ urget utrimque latus. '' ‘There is a valley with sweeping curve, hemmed in on either side by a wall black with dense foliage.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|Though the view is narrow and the place inhabited by wolves and bears, the poet insists that it is "amoenum," pleasant. Indeed, the poet's depiction of the place is almost schizophrenic, as he continues in the next lines to state that it was created by falling rocks (hardly conducive to safe refuge) and that it was best suited for bloody thieves. Nevertheless, the slight vegetation and Walther's relief at the prospect of rest give the place an air of hope. Possibly this conflicted description emphasizes the sense of relief at the prospect of rest and refuge which he intends Walther and Hildegund to feel. MCD}}
|-
|[[Non]] [[tellure]] [[cava]] [[factum]], [[sed1|sed]] [[vertice]] [[rupum]]:
|495
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Apta]] [[quidem]] [[statio]] [[latronibus]] [[illa1|illa]] [[cruentis]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 11.522-523.: ''accommoda fraudi/ armorumque dolis''. . . ‘Fit site for the stratagems and deceits of war. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Angulus]] [[hic]] [[virides]] [[ac]] [[vescas]] [[gesserat]] [[herbas]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.174-175.: ''non gramina tantum/ nec vescas salicum frondes. . .'' ‘Not grass alone or poor willow leaves. . .’ 4.131: ''vescumque papaver. . .'' ‘Fine-seeded poppy. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|The diction in these lines echoes Virgilian formulae in the Georgics. I suggest that this effect emphasizes the barrenness of the land, contrasting it with the arable fields from which Walther and Hildegund have fled.}}
|-
|'[[huc]]', [[mox]] [[ut1|ut]] [[vidit1|vidit]] [[iuvenis]], '[[huc]]' [[inquit]] '[[eamus]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 11.530: ''huc iuvenis nota fertur regione viarum. '' ‘Hither the warrior hastens by a well-known road.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Despite the obvious dangers of the place, the fallen rocks do offer some possibilities for defense and shelter. Throughout their journey, Walther and Hildegund have traveled through hidden places (see l. 420: "Atque die saltus arbustaque densa requirens"). MCD}}
|-
|[[his2|His]] [[iuvat]] [[in]] [[castris]] [[fessum]] [[componere]] [[corpus]].'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics ''4.438: '' defessa. . .componere membra. . .'' ‘To settle his weary limbs. . .’ 4.189: ''ubi iam thalamis se composuere. . . '' ‘When they have laid themselves to rest in their chambers. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[postquam]] [[fugiens]] [[Avarum1|Avarum]] [[discesserat]] [[oris]],
|500
|{{Commentary|''Avarum…oris'': i.e., Attila’s city
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Non]] [[aliter]] [[somni]] [[requiem]] [[gustaverat]] [[idem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Quam]] [[super1|super]] [[innixus]] [[clipeo]]; [[vix]] [[clauserat]] [[orbes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Orbes'' equiv. to ''oculos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Walther's larger-than-life heroism is momentarily humanized with the depiction of his exhaustion. The poet allows the reader or listener an impression of how hard Walther has been working to survive and protect Hildegund. Walther then proceeds to doff his armor and thus his identity as a warrior, delegating power to Hildegund. It is quite a surprising move in an epic poem, as a matter of fact, since Walther does not sleep to receive a prophetic utterance. He sleeps because he has human weaknesses. This could be interpreted as another instance of the poet's ironic view of Germanic heroism, but I actually suspect that the scene simply conveys tenderness and trust in the relationship between Walther and Hildegund. MCD}}
|-
|[[Bellica]] [[tum]] [[demum]] [[deponens]] [[pondera]] [[dixit]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Bellica…pondera'' equiv. to ''arma''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.496: ''rapiens immania pondera baltei. . .'' ‘Tearing away the belt’s huge weight. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Virginis]] [[in]] [[gremium]] [[fusus]]: '[[circumspice]] [[caute]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.406: ''coniugis'' ''infusus gremio. . . '' ‘Melting in his wife’s arms. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|"fusus": a challenging word to translate. Kratz translates the phrase, "while resting the virgin's lap," which preserves English idioms admirably. However, the phrase seems to imply more movement, using the word "fundo" (literally, "to pour") and the accusative of place to which ("in gremium." Moreover, variants of the word "fundo" appear later in the poem to describe brains or innards pouring out of a stabbed warrior (ll. 667, 951, 977, 1018, 1052). Lewis & Short suggest that one translation of "fundo" might include "stretch out," or "scatter." I suggest that the poet is trying to convey that Walther has lain down with his head in Hildegund's lap. Perhaps the most idiomatic translation might be, "having relaxed into the virgin's lap." MCD}}
|-
|[[Hiltgunt1|Hiltgunt]], [[et]] [[nebulam]] [[si]] [[tolli]] [[videris1|videris]] [[atram]],
|505
|{{Commentary|''Nebulam'': i.e., of dust from an approaching army
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.355-356.: ''lupi ceu/ raptores atra in nebula. . . '' ‘Like ravening wolves in a black mist. . .’ 8.258: ''nebulaque ingens specus aestuat atra. '' ‘Through the mighty cave the mist surges black.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Attactu]] [[blando]] [[me1|me]] [[surgere]] [[commonitato]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[licet]] [[ingentem]] [[conspexeris]] [[ire]] [[catervam]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[excutias]] [[somno]] [[subito1|subito]], [[mi3|mi]] [[cara]], [[caveto]],
|
|{{Commentary|Hiltgunt should not wake Waltharius suddenly and thus startle him; since her eyes (''acies'', line 509) are good, she will be able to see an enemy from far away (and thus still give Waltharius plenty of time to react).
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.302: ''excutior somno.''’I shake myself from sleep.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|elision=ne excutias}}
|{{Comment|"caveto:" Walther may be concerned that if he is woken too suddenly, he will react violently. It is certainly a commonplace in many modern action films, for the reason that it is proof that "a hero never sleeps."}}
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[procul]] [[hinc]] [[acies]] [[potis es]] [[transmittere]] [[puras]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instanter]] [[cunctam]] [[circa]] [[explora]] [[regionem]].'
|510
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=circa explora}}
| {{Comment|Walther entrusts Hildegund with the duties of a guard and trusts to her prudence about whether he should be woken. Though Hildegund does spend much of the poem in the background, even this small role is unusual for a woman in a heroic poem, and it affirms her value as an agent in the poem, not merely another treasure carried off from the Huns. Ironically, she is the true "gemma" (see note to l. 462), but as such she is not to be classed with the treasure as an object. The Franks will demand "the treasure and the girl," (l. 602) but they, as usual, are in error. For a further discussion, see Ward, in Roman Epic, ed. Boyle, 1993.}}
|-
|[[haec2|Haec]] [[ait1|ait]] [[atque]] [[oculos]] [[concluserat]] [[ipse]] [[nitentes]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.297: ''haec ait et. . .'' ‘He speaks these words, and. . .’ 1.228: ''oculos. . .nitentis. . . '' ‘Her bright eyes. . .’ ''Liber Hester'' 15.8: ''nitentibus oculis. . . '' ‘With shining eyes. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS|elision=atque oculos}}
|{{Comment}"oculos nitentes": See note to l. 453.
See also Matthew 6:22-24: "The light of thy body is thy eye. If thy eye be single, thy whole body shall be lightsome. But if thy eye be evil thy whole body shall be darksome. If then the light that is in thee, be darkness: the darkness itself how great shall it be! No man can serve two masters. For either he will hate the one, and love the other: or he will sustain the one, and despise the other. You cannot serve God and mammon" (Douay-Rheims translation. In Latin, the verses are: "lucerna corporis est oculus si fuerit oculus tuus simplex totum corpus tuum lucidum erit / si autem oculus tuus nequam fuerit totum corpus tuum tenebrosum erit si ergo lumen quod in te est tenebrae sunt tenebrae quantae erunt / nemo potest duobus dominis servire aut enim unum odio habebit et alterum diliget aut unum sustinebit et alterum contemnet non potestis Deo servire et mamonae") Walther's eyes shine, as indeed his "great soul" does. He is contrasted to Gunther's greed. MCD}}
|-
|[[Iamque]] [[diu]] [[satis]] [[optata]] [[fruitur]] [[requiete]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.619: ''optata luce fruatur.'' ‘May he enjoy the life he longs for.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius436|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** '''Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)'''
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius513|next »]]
|[[Waltharius489English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius489

2009-12-12T21:54:30Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512) */

===Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)===
{|
|-
|[[Interea]] [[vir]] [[magnanimus]] [[de]] [[flumine]] [[pergens]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir magnanimus'': Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"magnanimus": literally, great-souled, great-hearted. The word implies generosity but also an heroic greatness of spirit beyond mere kindness. Dante frequently uses an Italian cognate of the word to describe figures who, while damned, retain inherent nobility, such as Virgil or Farinata degli Uberti. MCD}}
|-
|[[Venerat]] [[in]] [[saltum]] [[iam]] [[tum]] [[Vosagum]] [[vocitatum]].
|490
|{{Commentary|''Vosagum'': the name properly belongs not just to a ''saltus'' but to the region of the Vosges Mountains, now in north-eastern France.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|The area around Worms falls outside of the defined modern boundaries of the Vosges. Walther and Hildgund had most likely reached only the northernmost peaks of the Vosges, made of sandstone and rising to (comparatively) low heights around 2000 feet. Further south, the Vosges become granite and rise much higher. Throughout, however, they would have been covered by thick forest, resembling the Black Forest in age and density. MCD}}
|-
|[[Nam]] [[nemus]] [[est]] [[ingens2|ingens]], [[spatiosum]], [[lustra]] [[ferarum]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.471: ''illic saltus ac lustra ferarum.'' ‘They have woodland glades and haunts of game.’ ''Aeineid'' 3.646-647.: ''vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum/ lustra domosque traho. '' ‘I began to drag out my life in the woods among the lonely lairs and haunts of wild beasts.’ 3.432: ''canibus resonantia saxa. . .'' ‘Rocks that echo with her hounds. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The Waltharius-poet creates an odd variant of the classical locus amoenus, in which a beautiful place is described. Indeed, the use of the word "nemus," often associated with sacred groves, would lead us to expect a peaceful or beautiful place. However, this nemus is "ingens," and home to wild beasts. As a place of apparent but deceptive refuge, it has more in common with Virgil's island of the Cyclops, which also is home to "lustra ferarum." MCD}}
|-
|[[Plurima]] [[habens]], [[suetum1|suetum]] [[canibus]] [[resonare]] [[tubisque]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Suetum canibus resonare tubisque'': i.e., a popular place for hunting.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.471: ''illic saltus ac lustra ferarum.'' ‘They have woodland glades and haunts of game.’ ''Aeineid'' 3.646-647.: ''vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum/ lustra domosque traho. '' ‘I began to drag out my life in the woods among the lonely lairs and haunts of wild beasts.’ 3.432: ''canibus resonantia saxa. . .'' ‘Rocks that echo with her hounds. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=plurima habens}}
|{{Comment|"suetum canibus resonare tubisque": echoes a Virgilian phrase describing Scylla. This is probably a mere echo of diction rather than any deeper, content-based parallel. This is a good example of the pervading influence of the poet's classical background, of the pages and pages memorized during his education, in his Latin versification. MCD}}
|-
|[[Sunt]] [[in]] [[secessu]] [[bini]] [[montesque]] [[propinqui]],
|
|{{Commentary|The precise locale being described has been exhaustively sought after (cf. Althof ad loc.), but is probably imaginary; the details given are largely taken from the ''Aeneid'' and are closely tailored to the series of one-on-one combats that will occur there.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.159-160.: ''est in secessu longo locus. . .hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur/ in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late Aequora tuta silent. . .huc. . .Aeneas. . .subit. '' ‘There in a deep inlet lies a spot. On either side loom heavenward huge cliffs and twin peaks, beneath whose crest far and wide is the stillness of sheltered water. HereAeneas takes shelter.’ 3.229:'' in secessu longo. . .'' ‘In a deep recess. . .’ 8.597-598.: ''est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem. . .undique colles/ inclusere cavi et nigra nemus abiete cingunt. '' ‘Near Caere’s cold stream there stands a vast grove; on all sides curving hills enclose it and girdle the woodland with dark fir trees.’ 11.522-523.: ''est curvo anfractu valles. . .quam densis frondibus atrum/ urget utrimque latus. '' ‘There is a valley with sweeping curve, hemmed in on either side by a wall black with dense foliage.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Inter]] [[quos]] [[licet]] [[angustum]] [[specus]] [[extat]] [[amoenum]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.159-160.: ''est in secessu longo locus. . .hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur/ in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late Aequora tuta silent. . .huc. . .Aeneas. . .subit. '' ‘There in a deep inlet lies a spot. On either side loom heavenward huge cliffs and twin peaks, beneath whose crest far and wide is the stillness of sheltered water. HereAeneas takes shelter.’ 3.229:'' in secessu longo. . .'' ‘In a deep recess. . .’ 8.597-598.: ''est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem. . .undique colles/ inclusere cavi et nigra nemus abiete cingunt. '' ‘Near Caere’s cold stream there stands a vast grove; on all sides curving hills enclose it and girdle the woodland with dark fir trees.’ 11.522-523.: ''est curvo anfractu valles. . .quam densis frondibus atrum/ urget utrimque latus. '' ‘There is a valley with sweeping curve, hemmed in on either side by a wall black with dense foliage.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|Though the view is narrow and the place inhabited by wolves and bears, the poet insists that it is "amoenum," pleasant. Indeed, the poet's depiction of the place is almost schizophrenic, as he continues in the next lines to state that it was created by falling rocks (hardly conducive to safe refuge) and that it was best suited for bloody thieves. Nevertheless, the slight vegetation and Walther's relief at the prospect of rest give the place an air of hope. Possibly this conflicted description emphasizes the sense of relief at the prospect of rest and refuge which he intends Walther and Hildegund to feel. MCD}}
|-
|[[Non]] [[tellure]] [[cava]] [[factum]], [[sed1|sed]] [[vertice]] [[rupum]]:
|495
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Apta]] [[quidem]] [[statio]] [[latronibus]] [[illa1|illa]] [[cruentis]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 11.522-523.: ''accommoda fraudi/ armorumque dolis''. . . ‘Fit site for the stratagems and deceits of war. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Angulus]] [[hic]] [[virides]] [[ac]] [[vescas]] [[gesserat]] [[herbas]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.174-175.: ''non gramina tantum/ nec vescas salicum frondes. . .'' ‘Not grass alone or poor willow leaves. . .’ 4.131: ''vescumque papaver. . .'' ‘Fine-seeded poppy. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|The diction in these lines echoes Virgilian formulae in the Georgics. I suggest that this effect emphasizes the barrenness of the land, contrasting it with the arable fields from which Walther and Hildegund have fled.}}
|-
|'[[huc]]', [[mox]] [[ut1|ut]] [[vidit1|vidit]] [[iuvenis]], '[[huc]]' [[inquit]] '[[eamus]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 11.530: ''huc iuvenis nota fertur regione viarum. '' ‘Hither the warrior hastens by a well-known road.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Despite the obvious dangers of the place, the fallen rocks do offer some possibilities for defense and shelter. Throughout their journey, Walther and Hildegund have traveled through hidden places (see l. 420: "Atque die saltus arbustaque densa requirens"). MCD}}
|-
|[[his2|His]] [[iuvat]] [[in]] [[castris]] [[fessum]] [[componere]] [[corpus]].'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics ''4.438: '' defessa. . .componere membra. . .'' ‘To settle his weary limbs. . .’ 4.189: ''ubi iam thalamis se composuere. . . '' ‘When they have laid themselves to rest in their chambers. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[postquam]] [[fugiens]] [[Avarum1|Avarum]] [[discesserat]] [[oris]],
|500
|{{Commentary|''Avarum…oris'': i.e., Attila’s city
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Non]] [[aliter]] [[somni]] [[requiem]] [[gustaverat]] [[idem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Quam]] [[super1|super]] [[innixus]] [[clipeo]]; [[vix]] [[clauserat]] [[orbes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Orbes'' equiv. to ''oculos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Walther's larger-than-life heroism is momentarily humanized with the depiction of his exhaustion. The poet allows the reader or listener an impression of how hard Walther has been working to survive and protect Hildegund. Walther then proceeds to doff his armor and thus his identity as a warrior, delegating power to Hildegund. It is quite a surprising move in an epic poem, as a matter of fact, since Walther does not sleep to receive a prophetic utterance. He sleeps because he has human weaknesses. This could be interpreted as another instance of the poet's ironic view of Germanic heroism, but I actually suspect that the scene simply conveys tenderness and trust in the relationship between Walther and Hildegund. MCD}}
|-
|[[Bellica]] [[tum]] [[demum]] [[deponens]] [[pondera]] [[dixit]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Bellica…pondera'' equiv. to ''arma''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.496: ''rapiens immania pondera baltei. . .'' ‘Tearing away the belt’s huge weight. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Virginis]] [[in]] [[gremium]] [[fusus]]: '[[circumspice]] [[caute]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.406: ''coniugis'' ''infusus gremio. . . '' ‘Melting in his wife’s arms. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|"fusus": a challenging word to translate. Kratz translates the phrase, "while resting the virgin's lap," which preserves English idioms admirably. However, the phrase seems to imply more movement, using the word "fundo" (literally, "to pour") and the accusative of place to which ("in gremium." Moreover, variants of the word "fundo" appear later in the poem to describe brains or innards pouring out of a stabbed warrior (ll. 667, 951, 977, 1018, 1052). Lewis & Short suggest that one translation of "fundo" might include "stretch out," or "scatter." I suggest that the poet is trying to convey that Walther has lain down with his head in Hildegund's lap. Perhaps the most idiomatic translation might be, "having relaxed into the virgin's lap." MCD}}
|-
|[[Hiltgunt1|Hiltgunt]], [[et]] [[nebulam]] [[si]] [[tolli]] [[videris1|videris]] [[atram]],
|505
|{{Commentary|''Nebulam'': i.e., of dust from an approaching army
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.355-356.: ''lupi ceu/ raptores atra in nebula. . . '' ‘Like ravening wolves in a black mist. . .’ 8.258: ''nebulaque ingens specus aestuat atra. '' ‘Through the mighty cave the mist surges black.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Attactu]] [[blando]] [[me1|me]] [[surgere]] [[commonitato]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[licet]] [[ingentem]] [[conspexeris]] [[ire]] [[catervam]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[excutias]] [[somno]] [[subito1|subito]], [[mi3|mi]] [[cara]], [[caveto]],
|
|{{Commentary|Hiltgunt should not wake Waltharius suddenly and thus startle him; since her eyes (''acies'', line 509) are good, she will be able to see an enemy from far away (and thus still give Waltharius plenty of time to react).
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.302: ''excutior somno.''’I shake myself from sleep.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|elision=ne excutias}}
|{{Comment|"caveto:" Walther may be concerned that if he is woken too suddenly, he will react violently. It is certainly a commonplace in many modern action films, for the reason that it is proof that "a hero never sleeps."}}
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[procul]] [[hinc]] [[acies]] [[potis es]] [[transmittere]] [[puras]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instanter]] [[cunctam]] [[circa]] [[explora]] [[regionem]].'
|510
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=circa explora}}
| {{Comment|Significance of entrusting all this to Hildegund (importance of the female again, in Anderson). Also, why the emphasis on not waking him suddenly.}}
|-
|[[haec2|Haec]] [[ait1|ait]] [[atque]] [[oculos]] [[concluserat]] [[ipse]] [[nitentes]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.297: ''haec ait et. . .'' ‘He speaks these words, and. . .’ 1.228: ''oculos. . .nitentis. . . '' ‘Her bright eyes. . .’ ''Liber Hester'' 15.8: ''nitentibus oculis. . . '' ‘With shining eyes. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS|elision=atque oculos}}
|
|-
|[[Iamque]] [[diu]] [[satis]] [[optata]] [[fruitur]] [[requiete]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.619: ''optata luce fruatur.'' ‘May he enjoy the life he longs for.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius436|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** '''Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)'''
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius513|next »]]
|[[Waltharius489English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius489

2009-12-12T21:52:16Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512) */

===Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)===
{|
|-
|[[Interea]] [[vir]] [[magnanimus]] [[de]] [[flumine]] [[pergens]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir magnanimus'': Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"magnanimus": literally, great-souled, great-hearted. The word implies generosity but also an heroic greatness of spirit beyond mere kindness. Dante frequently uses an Italian cognate of the word to describe figures who, while damned, retain inherent nobility, such as Virgil or Farinata degli Uberti. MCD}}
|-
|[[Venerat]] [[in]] [[saltum]] [[iam]] [[tum]] [[Vosagum]] [[vocitatum]].
|490
|{{Commentary|''Vosagum'': the name properly belongs not just to a ''saltus'' but to the region of the Vosges Mountains, now in north-eastern France.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|The area around Worms falls outside of the defined modern boundaries of the Vosges. Walther and Hildgund had most likely reached only the northernmost peaks of the Vosges, made of sandstone and rising to (comparatively) low heights around 2000 feet. Further south, the Vosges become granite and rise much higher. Throughout, however, they would have been covered by thick forest, resembling the Black Forest in age and density. MCD}}
|-
|[[Nam]] [[nemus]] [[est]] [[ingens2|ingens]], [[spatiosum]], [[lustra]] [[ferarum]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.471: ''illic saltus ac lustra ferarum.'' ‘They have woodland glades and haunts of game.’ ''Aeineid'' 3.646-647.: ''vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum/ lustra domosque traho. '' ‘I began to drag out my life in the woods among the lonely lairs and haunts of wild beasts.’ 3.432: ''canibus resonantia saxa. . .'' ‘Rocks that echo with her hounds. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The Waltharius-poet creates an odd variant of the classical locus amoenus, in which a beautiful place is described. Indeed, the use of the word "nemus," often associated with sacred groves, would lead us to expect a peaceful or beautiful place. However, this nemus is "ingens," and home to wild beasts. As a place of apparent but deceptive refuge, it has more in common with Virgil's island of the Cyclops, which also is home to "lustra ferarum." MCD}}
|-
|[[Plurima]] [[habens]], [[suetum1|suetum]] [[canibus]] [[resonare]] [[tubisque]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Suetum canibus resonare tubisque'': i.e., a popular place for hunting.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.471: ''illic saltus ac lustra ferarum.'' ‘They have woodland glades and haunts of game.’ ''Aeineid'' 3.646-647.: ''vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum/ lustra domosque traho. '' ‘I began to drag out my life in the woods among the lonely lairs and haunts of wild beasts.’ 3.432: ''canibus resonantia saxa. . .'' ‘Rocks that echo with her hounds. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=plurima habens}}
|{{Comment|"suetum canibus resonare tubisque": echoes a Virgilian phrase describing Scylla. This is probably a mere echo of diction rather than any deeper, content-based parallel. This is a good example of the pervading influence of the poet's classical background, of the pages and pages memorized during his education, in his Latin versification. MCD}}
|-
|[[Sunt]] [[in]] [[secessu]] [[bini]] [[montesque]] [[propinqui]],
|
|{{Commentary|The precise locale being described has been exhaustively sought after (cf. Althof ad loc.), but is probably imaginary; the details given are largely taken from the ''Aeneid'' and are closely tailored to the series of one-on-one combats that will occur there.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.159-160.: ''est in secessu longo locus. . .hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur/ in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late Aequora tuta silent. . .huc. . .Aeneas. . .subit. '' ‘There in a deep inlet lies a spot. On either side loom heavenward huge cliffs and twin peaks, beneath whose crest far and wide is the stillness of sheltered water. HereAeneas takes shelter.’ 3.229:'' in secessu longo. . .'' ‘In a deep recess. . .’ 8.597-598.: ''est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem. . .undique colles/ inclusere cavi et nigra nemus abiete cingunt. '' ‘Near Caere’s cold stream there stands a vast grove; on all sides curving hills enclose it and girdle the woodland with dark fir trees.’ 11.522-523.: ''est curvo anfractu valles. . .quam densis frondibus atrum/ urget utrimque latus. '' ‘There is a valley with sweeping curve, hemmed in on either side by a wall black with dense foliage.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Inter]] [[quos]] [[licet]] [[angustum]] [[specus]] [[extat]] [[amoenum]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.159-160.: ''est in secessu longo locus. . .hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur/ in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late Aequora tuta silent. . .huc. . .Aeneas. . .subit. '' ‘There in a deep inlet lies a spot. On either side loom heavenward huge cliffs and twin peaks, beneath whose crest far and wide is the stillness of sheltered water. HereAeneas takes shelter.’ 3.229:'' in secessu longo. . .'' ‘In a deep recess. . .’ 8.597-598.: ''est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem. . .undique colles/ inclusere cavi et nigra nemus abiete cingunt. '' ‘Near Caere’s cold stream there stands a vast grove; on all sides curving hills enclose it and girdle the woodland with dark fir trees.’ 11.522-523.: ''est curvo anfractu valles. . .quam densis frondibus atrum/ urget utrimque latus. '' ‘There is a valley with sweeping curve, hemmed in on either side by a wall black with dense foliage.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|Though the view is narrow and the place inhabited by wolves and bears, the poet insists that it is "amoenum," pleasant. Indeed, the poet's depiction of the place is almost schizophrenic, as he continues in the next lines to state that it was created by falling rocks (hardly conducive to safe refuge) and that it was best suited for bloody thieves. Nevertheless, the slight vegetation and Walther's relief at the prospect of rest give the place an air of hope. Possibly this conflicted description emphasizes the sense of relief at the prospect of rest and refuge which he intends Walther and Hildegund to feel. MCD}}
|-
|[[Non]] [[tellure]] [[cava]] [[factum]], [[sed1|sed]] [[vertice]] [[rupum]]:
|495
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Apta]] [[quidem]] [[statio]] [[latronibus]] [[illa1|illa]] [[cruentis]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 11.522-523.: ''accommoda fraudi/ armorumque dolis''. . . ‘Fit site for the stratagems and deceits of war. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Angulus]] [[hic]] [[virides]] [[ac]] [[vescas]] [[gesserat]] [[herbas]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.174-175.: ''non gramina tantum/ nec vescas salicum frondes. . .'' ‘Not grass alone or poor willow leaves. . .’ 4.131: ''vescumque papaver. . .'' ‘Fine-seeded poppy. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|The diction in these lines echoes Virgilian formulae in the Georgics. I suggest that this effect emphasizes the barrenness of the land, contrasting it with the arable fields from which Walther and Hildegund have fled.}}
|-
|'[[huc]]', [[mox]] [[ut1|ut]] [[vidit1|vidit]] [[iuvenis]], '[[huc]]' [[inquit]] '[[eamus]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 11.530: ''huc iuvenis nota fertur regione viarum. '' ‘Hither the warrior hastens by a well-known road.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Despite the obvious dangers of the place, the fallen rocks do offer some possibilities for defense and shelter. Throughout their journey, Walther and Hildegund have traveled through hidden places (see l. 420: "Atque die saltus arbustaque densa requirens"). MCD}}
|-
|[[his2|His]] [[iuvat]] [[in]] [[castris]] [[fessum]] [[componere]] [[corpus]].'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics ''4.438: '' defessa. . .componere membra. . .'' ‘To settle his weary limbs. . .’ 4.189: ''ubi iam thalamis se composuere. . . '' ‘When they have laid themselves to rest in their chambers. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[postquam]] [[fugiens]] [[Avarum1|Avarum]] [[discesserat]] [[oris]],
|500
|{{Commentary|''Avarum…oris'': i.e., Attila’s city
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Non]] [[aliter]] [[somni]] [[requiem]] [[gustaverat]] [[idem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Quam]] [[super1|super]] [[innixus]] [[clipeo]]; [[vix]] [[clauserat]] [[orbes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Orbes'' equiv. to ''oculos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Walther's larger-than-life heroism is momentarily humanized with the depiction of his exhaustion. The poet allows the reader or listener an impression of how hard Walther has been working to survive and protect Hildegund. Walther then proceeds to doff his armor and thus his identity as a warrior, delegating power to Hildegund. It is quite a surprising move in an epic poem, as a matter of fact, since Walther does not sleep to receive a prophetic utterance. He sleeps because he has human weaknesses. This could be interpreted as another instance of the poet's ironic view of Germanic heroism, but I actually suspect that the scene simply conveys tenderness and trust in the relationship between Walther and Hildegund. MCD}}
|-
|[[Bellica]] [[tum]] [[demum]] [[deponens]] [[pondera]] [[dixit]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Bellica…pondera'' equiv. to ''arma''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.496: ''rapiens immania pondera baltei. . .'' ‘Tearing away the belt’s huge weight. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Virginis]] [[in]] [[gremium]] [[fusus]]: '[[circumspice]] [[caute]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.406: ''coniugis'' ''infusus gremio. . . '' ‘Melting in his wife’s arms. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|"fusus": a challenging word to translate. Kratz translates the phrase, "while resting the virgin's lap," which preserves English idioms admirably. However, the phrase seems to imply more movement, using the word "fundo" (literally, "to pour") and the accusative of place to which ("in gremium." Moreover, variants of the word "fundo" appear later in the poem to describe brains or innards pouring out of a stabbed warrior (ll. 667, 951, 977, 1018, 1052). Lewis & Short suggest that one translation of "fundo" might include "stretch out," or "scatter." I suggest that the poet is trying to convey that Walther has lain down with his head in Hildegund's lap. Perhaps the most idiomatic translation might be, "having relaxed into the virgin's lap." MCD}}
|-
|[[Hiltgunt1|Hiltgunt]], [[et]] [[nebulam]] [[si]] [[tolli]] [[videris1|videris]] [[atram]],
|505
|{{Commentary|''Nebulam'': i.e., of dust from an approaching army
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.355-356.: ''lupi ceu/ raptores atra in nebula. . . '' ‘Like ravening wolves in a black mist. . .’ 8.258: ''nebulaque ingens specus aestuat atra. '' ‘Through the mighty cave the mist surges black.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Attactu]] [[blando]] [[me1|me]] [[surgere]] [[commonitato]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[licet]] [[ingentem]] [[conspexeris]] [[ire]] [[catervam]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[excutias]] [[somno]] [[subito1|subito]], [[mi3|mi]] [[cara]], [[caveto]],
|
|{{Commentary|Hiltgunt should not wake Waltharius suddenly and thus startle him; since her eyes (''acies'', line 509) are good, she will be able to see an enemy from far away (and thus still give Waltharius plenty of time to react).
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.302: ''excutior somno.''’I shake myself from sleep.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|elision=ne excutias}}
|
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[procul]] [[hinc]] [[acies]] [[potis es]] [[transmittere]] [[puras]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instanter]] [[cunctam]] [[circa]] [[explora]] [[regionem]].'
|510
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=circa explora}}
| {{Comment|Significance of entrusting all this to Hildegund (importance of the female again, in Anderson). Also, why the emphasis on not waking him suddenly.}}
|-
|[[haec2|Haec]] [[ait1|ait]] [[atque]] [[oculos]] [[concluserat]] [[ipse]] [[nitentes]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.297: ''haec ait et. . .'' ‘He speaks these words, and. . .’ 1.228: ''oculos. . .nitentis. . . '' ‘Her bright eyes. . .’ ''Liber Hester'' 15.8: ''nitentibus oculis. . . '' ‘With shining eyes. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS|elision=atque oculos}}
|
|-
|[[Iamque]] [[diu]] [[satis]] [[optata]] [[fruitur]] [[requiete]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.619: ''optata luce fruatur.'' ‘May he enjoy the life he longs for.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius436|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** '''Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)'''
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius513|next »]]
|[[Waltharius489English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius489

2009-12-12T21:51:33Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512) */

===Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)===
{|
|-
|[[Interea]] [[vir]] [[magnanimus]] [[de]] [[flumine]] [[pergens]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir magnanimus'': Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"magnanimus": literally, great-souled, great-hearted. The word implies generosity but also an heroic greatness of spirit beyond mere kindness. Dante frequently uses an Italian cognate of the word to describe figures who, while damned, retain inherent nobility, such as Virgil or Farinata degli Uberti. MCD}}
|-
|[[Venerat]] [[in]] [[saltum]] [[iam]] [[tum]] [[Vosagum]] [[vocitatum]].
|490
|{{Commentary|''Vosagum'': the name properly belongs not just to a ''saltus'' but to the region of the Vosges Mountains, now in north-eastern France.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|The area around Worms falls outside of the defined modern boundaries of the Vosges. Walther and Hildgund had most likely reached only the northernmost peaks of the Vosges, made of sandstone and rising to (comparatively) low heights around 2000 feet. Further south, the Vosges become granite and rise much higher. Throughout, however, they would have been covered by thick forest, resembling the Black Forest in age and density. MCD}}
|-
|[[Nam]] [[nemus]] [[est]] [[ingens2|ingens]], [[spatiosum]], [[lustra]] [[ferarum]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.471: ''illic saltus ac lustra ferarum.'' ‘They have woodland glades and haunts of game.’ ''Aeineid'' 3.646-647.: ''vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum/ lustra domosque traho. '' ‘I began to drag out my life in the woods among the lonely lairs and haunts of wild beasts.’ 3.432: ''canibus resonantia saxa. . .'' ‘Rocks that echo with her hounds. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The Waltharius-poet creates an odd variant of the classical locus amoenus, in which a beautiful place is described. Indeed, the use of the word "nemus," often associated with sacred groves, would lead us to expect a peaceful or beautiful place. However, this nemus is "ingens," and home to wild beasts. As a place of apparent but deceptive refuge, it has more in common with Virgil's island of the Cyclops, which also is home to "lustra ferarum." MCD}}
|-
|[[Plurima]] [[habens]], [[suetum1|suetum]] [[canibus]] [[resonare]] [[tubisque]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Suetum canibus resonare tubisque'': i.e., a popular place for hunting.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.471: ''illic saltus ac lustra ferarum.'' ‘They have woodland glades and haunts of game.’ ''Aeineid'' 3.646-647.: ''vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum/ lustra domosque traho. '' ‘I began to drag out my life in the woods among the lonely lairs and haunts of wild beasts.’ 3.432: ''canibus resonantia saxa. . .'' ‘Rocks that echo with her hounds. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=plurima habens}}
|{{Comment|"suetum canibus resonare tubisque": echoes a Virgilian phrase describing Scylla. This is probably a mere echo of diction rather than any deeper, content-based parallel. This is a good example of the pervading influence of the poet's classical background, of the pages and pages memorized during his education, in his Latin versification. MCD}}
|-
|[[Sunt]] [[in]] [[secessu]] [[bini]] [[montesque]] [[propinqui]],
|
|{{Commentary|The precise locale being described has been exhaustively sought after (cf. Althof ad loc.), but is probably imaginary; the details given are largely taken from the ''Aeneid'' and are closely tailored to the series of one-on-one combats that will occur there.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.159-160.: ''est in secessu longo locus. . .hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur/ in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late Aequora tuta silent. . .huc. . .Aeneas. . .subit. '' ‘There in a deep inlet lies a spot. On either side loom heavenward huge cliffs and twin peaks, beneath whose crest far and wide is the stillness of sheltered water. HereAeneas takes shelter.’ 3.229:'' in secessu longo. . .'' ‘In a deep recess. . .’ 8.597-598.: ''est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem. . .undique colles/ inclusere cavi et nigra nemus abiete cingunt. '' ‘Near Caere’s cold stream there stands a vast grove; on all sides curving hills enclose it and girdle the woodland with dark fir trees.’ 11.522-523.: ''est curvo anfractu valles. . .quam densis frondibus atrum/ urget utrimque latus. '' ‘There is a valley with sweeping curve, hemmed in on either side by a wall black with dense foliage.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Inter]] [[quos]] [[licet]] [[angustum]] [[specus]] [[extat]] [[amoenum]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.159-160.: ''est in secessu longo locus. . .hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur/ in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late Aequora tuta silent. . .huc. . .Aeneas. . .subit. '' ‘There in a deep inlet lies a spot. On either side loom heavenward huge cliffs and twin peaks, beneath whose crest far and wide is the stillness of sheltered water. HereAeneas takes shelter.’ 3.229:'' in secessu longo. . .'' ‘In a deep recess. . .’ 8.597-598.: ''est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem. . .undique colles/ inclusere cavi et nigra nemus abiete cingunt. '' ‘Near Caere’s cold stream there stands a vast grove; on all sides curving hills enclose it and girdle the woodland with dark fir trees.’ 11.522-523.: ''est curvo anfractu valles. . .quam densis frondibus atrum/ urget utrimque latus. '' ‘There is a valley with sweeping curve, hemmed in on either side by a wall black with dense foliage.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|Though the view is narrow and the place inhabited by wolves and bears, the poet insists that it is "amoenum," pleasant. Indeed, the poet's depiction of the place is almost schizophrenic, as he continues in the next lines to state that it was created by falling rocks (hardly conducive to safe refuge) and that it was best suited for bloody thieves. Nevertheless, the slight vegetation and Walther's relief at the prospect of rest give the place an air of hope. Possibly this conflicted description emphasizes the sense of relief at the prospect of rest and refuge which he intends Walther and Hildegund to feel. MCD}}
|-
|[[Non]] [[tellure]] [[cava]] [[factum]], [[sed1|sed]] [[vertice]] [[rupum]]:
|495
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Apta]] [[quidem]] [[statio]] [[latronibus]] [[illa1|illa]] [[cruentis]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 11.522-523.: ''accommoda fraudi/ armorumque dolis''. . . ‘Fit site for the stratagems and deceits of war. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Angulus]] [[hic]] [[virides]] [[ac]] [[vescas]] [[gesserat]] [[herbas]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.174-175.: ''non gramina tantum/ nec vescas salicum frondes. . .'' ‘Not grass alone or poor willow leaves. . .’ 4.131: ''vescumque papaver. . .'' ‘Fine-seeded poppy. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|The diction in these lines echoes Virgilian formulae in the Georgics. I suggest that this effect emphasizes the barrenness of the land, contrasting it with the arable fields from which Walther and Hildegund have fled.}}
|-
|'[[huc]]', [[mox]] [[ut1|ut]] [[vidit1|vidit]] [[iuvenis]], '[[huc]]' [[inquit]] '[[eamus]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 11.530: ''huc iuvenis nota fertur regione viarum. '' ‘Hither the warrior hastens by a well-known road.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Despite the obvious dangers of the place, the fallen rocks do offer some possibilities for defense and shelter. Throughout their journey, Walther and Hildegund have traveled through hidden places (see l. 420: "Atque die saltus arbustaque densa requirens"). MCD}}
|-
|[[his2|His]] [[iuvat]] [[in]] [[castris]] [[fessum]] [[componere]] [[corpus]].'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics ''4.438: '' defessa. . .componere membra. . .'' ‘To settle his weary limbs. . .’ 4.189: ''ubi iam thalamis se composuere. . . '' ‘When they have laid themselves to rest in their chambers. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[postquam]] [[fugiens]] [[Avarum1|Avarum]] [[discesserat]] [[oris]],
|500
|{{Commentary|''Avarum…oris'': i.e., Attila’s city
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Non]] [[aliter]] [[somni]] [[requiem]] [[gustaverat]] [[idem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Quam]] [[super1|super]] [[innixus]] [[clipeo]]; [[vix]] [[clauserat]] [[orbes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Orbes'' equiv. to ''oculos''
}}
|{{Comment|Walther's larger-than-life heroism is momentarily humanized with the depiction of his exhaustion. The poet allows the reader or listener an impression of how hard Walther has been working to survive and protect Hildegund. Walther then proceeds to doff his armor and thus his identity as a warrior, delegating power to Hildegund. It is quite a surprising move in an epic poem, as a matter of fact, since Walther does not sleep to receive a prophetic utterance. He sleeps because he has human weaknesses. This could be interpreted as another instance of the poet's ironic view of Germanic heroism, but I actually suspect that the scene simply conveys tenderness and trust in the relationship between Walther and Hildegund. MCD}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Bellica]] [[tum]] [[demum]] [[deponens]] [[pondera]] [[dixit]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Bellica…pondera'' equiv. to ''arma''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.496: ''rapiens immania pondera baltei. . .'' ‘Tearing away the belt’s huge weight. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Virginis]] [[in]] [[gremium]] [[fusus]]: '[[circumspice]] [[caute]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.406: ''coniugis'' ''infusus gremio. . . '' ‘Melting in his wife’s arms. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|"fusus": a challenging word to translate. Kratz translates the phrase, "while resting the virgin's lap," which preserves English idioms admirably. However, the phrase seems to imply more movement, using the word "fundo" (literally, "to pour") and the accusative of place to which ("in gremium." Moreover, variants of the word "fundo" appear later in the poem to describe brains or innards pouring out of a stabbed warrior (ll. 667, 951, 977, 1018, 1052). Lewis & Short suggest that one translation of "fundo" might include "stretch out," or "scatter." I suggest that the poet is trying to convey that Walther has lain down with his head in Hildegund's lap. Perhaps the most idiomatic translation might be, "having relaxed into the virgin's lap." MCD}}
|-
|[[Hiltgunt1|Hiltgunt]], [[et]] [[nebulam]] [[si]] [[tolli]] [[videris1|videris]] [[atram]],
|505
|{{Commentary|''Nebulam'': i.e., of dust from an approaching army
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.355-356.: ''lupi ceu/ raptores atra in nebula. . . '' ‘Like ravening wolves in a black mist. . .’ 8.258: ''nebulaque ingens specus aestuat atra. '' ‘Through the mighty cave the mist surges black.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Attactu]] [[blando]] [[me1|me]] [[surgere]] [[commonitato]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[licet]] [[ingentem]] [[conspexeris]] [[ire]] [[catervam]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[excutias]] [[somno]] [[subito1|subito]], [[mi3|mi]] [[cara]], [[caveto]],
|
|{{Commentary|Hiltgunt should not wake Waltharius suddenly and thus startle him; since her eyes (''acies'', line 509) are good, she will be able to see an enemy from far away (and thus still give Waltharius plenty of time to react).
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.302: ''excutior somno.''’I shake myself from sleep.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|elision=ne excutias}}
|
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[procul]] [[hinc]] [[acies]] [[potis es]] [[transmittere]] [[puras]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instanter]] [[cunctam]] [[circa]] [[explora]] [[regionem]].'
|510
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=circa explora}}
| {{Comment|Significance of entrusting all this to Hildegund (importance of the female again, in Anderson). Also, why the emphasis on not waking him suddenly.}}
|-
|[[haec2|Haec]] [[ait1|ait]] [[atque]] [[oculos]] [[concluserat]] [[ipse]] [[nitentes]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.297: ''haec ait et. . .'' ‘He speaks these words, and. . .’ 1.228: ''oculos. . .nitentis. . . '' ‘Her bright eyes. . .’ ''Liber Hester'' 15.8: ''nitentibus oculis. . . '' ‘With shining eyes. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS|elision=atque oculos}}
|
|-
|[[Iamque]] [[diu]] [[satis]] [[optata]] [[fruitur]] [[requiete]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.619: ''optata luce fruatur.'' ‘May he enjoy the life he longs for.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius436|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** '''Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)'''
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius513|next »]]
|[[Waltharius489English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius489

2009-12-12T21:27:24Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512) */

===Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)===
{|
|-
|[[Interea]] [[vir]] [[magnanimus]] [[de]] [[flumine]] [[pergens]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir magnanimus'': Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"magnanimus": literally, great-souled, great-hearted. The word implies generosity but also an heroic greatness of spirit beyond mere kindness. Dante frequently uses an Italian cognate of the word to describe figures who, while damned, retain inherent nobility, such as Virgil or Farinata degli Uberti. MCD}}
|-
|[[Venerat]] [[in]] [[saltum]] [[iam]] [[tum]] [[Vosagum]] [[vocitatum]].
|490
|{{Commentary|''Vosagum'': the name properly belongs not just to a ''saltus'' but to the region of the Vosges Mountains, now in north-eastern France.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|The area around Worms falls outside of the defined modern boundaries of the Vosges. Walther and Hildgund had most likely reached only the northernmost peaks of the Vosges, made of sandstone and rising to (comparatively) low heights around 2000 feet. Further south, the Vosges become granite and rise much higher. Throughout, however, they would have been covered by thick forest, resembling the Black Forest in age and density. MCD}}
|-
|[[Nam]] [[nemus]] [[est]] [[ingens2|ingens]], [[spatiosum]], [[lustra]] [[ferarum]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.471: ''illic saltus ac lustra ferarum.'' ‘They have woodland glades and haunts of game.’ ''Aeineid'' 3.646-647.: ''vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum/ lustra domosque traho. '' ‘I began to drag out my life in the woods among the lonely lairs and haunts of wild beasts.’ 3.432: ''canibus resonantia saxa. . .'' ‘Rocks that echo with her hounds. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The Waltharius-poet creates an odd variant of the classical locus amoenus, in which a beautiful place is described. Indeed, the use of the word "nemus," often associated with sacred groves, would lead us to expect a peaceful or beautiful place. However, this nemus is "ingens," and home to wild beasts. As a place of apparent but deceptive refuge, it has more in common with Virgil's island of the Cyclops, which also is home to "lustra ferarum." MCD}}
|-
|[[Plurima]] [[habens]], [[suetum1|suetum]] [[canibus]] [[resonare]] [[tubisque]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Suetum canibus resonare tubisque'': i.e., a popular place for hunting.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.471: ''illic saltus ac lustra ferarum.'' ‘They have woodland glades and haunts of game.’ ''Aeineid'' 3.646-647.: ''vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum/ lustra domosque traho. '' ‘I began to drag out my life in the woods among the lonely lairs and haunts of wild beasts.’ 3.432: ''canibus resonantia saxa. . .'' ‘Rocks that echo with her hounds. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=plurima habens}}
|{{Comment|"suetum canibus resonare tubisque": echoes a Virgilian phrase describing Scylla. This is probably a mere echo of diction rather than any deeper, content-based parallel. This is a good example of the pervading influence of the poet's classical background, of the pages and pages memorized during his education, in his Latin versification. MCD}}
|-
|[[Sunt]] [[in]] [[secessu]] [[bini]] [[montesque]] [[propinqui]],
|
|{{Commentary|The precise locale being described has been exhaustively sought after (cf. Althof ad loc.), but is probably imaginary; the details given are largely taken from the ''Aeneid'' and are closely tailored to the series of one-on-one combats that will occur there.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.159-160.: ''est in secessu longo locus. . .hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur/ in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late Aequora tuta silent. . .huc. . .Aeneas. . .subit. '' ‘There in a deep inlet lies a spot. On either side loom heavenward huge cliffs and twin peaks, beneath whose crest far and wide is the stillness of sheltered water. HereAeneas takes shelter.’ 3.229:'' in secessu longo. . .'' ‘In a deep recess. . .’ 8.597-598.: ''est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem. . .undique colles/ inclusere cavi et nigra nemus abiete cingunt. '' ‘Near Caere’s cold stream there stands a vast grove; on all sides curving hills enclose it and girdle the woodland with dark fir trees.’ 11.522-523.: ''est curvo anfractu valles. . .quam densis frondibus atrum/ urget utrimque latus. '' ‘There is a valley with sweeping curve, hemmed in on either side by a wall black with dense foliage.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Inter]] [[quos]] [[licet]] [[angustum]] [[specus]] [[extat]] [[amoenum]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.159-160.: ''est in secessu longo locus. . .hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur/ in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late Aequora tuta silent. . .huc. . .Aeneas. . .subit. '' ‘There in a deep inlet lies a spot. On either side loom heavenward huge cliffs and twin peaks, beneath whose crest far and wide is the stillness of sheltered water. HereAeneas takes shelter.’ 3.229:'' in secessu longo. . .'' ‘In a deep recess. . .’ 8.597-598.: ''est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem. . .undique colles/ inclusere cavi et nigra nemus abiete cingunt. '' ‘Near Caere’s cold stream there stands a vast grove; on all sides curving hills enclose it and girdle the woodland with dark fir trees.’ 11.522-523.: ''est curvo anfractu valles. . .quam densis frondibus atrum/ urget utrimque latus. '' ‘There is a valley with sweeping curve, hemmed in on either side by a wall black with dense foliage.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|Though the view is narrow and the place inhabited by wolves and bears, the poet insists that it is "amoenum," pleasant. Indeed, the poet's depiction of the place is almost schizophrenic, as he continues in the next lines to state that it was created by falling rocks (hardly conducive to safe refuge) and that it was best suited for bloody thieves. Nevertheless, the slight vegetation and Walther's relief at the prospect of rest give the place an air of hope. Possibly this conflicted description emphasizes the sense of relief at the prospect of rest and refuge which he intends Walther and Hildegund to feel. MCD}}
|-
|[[Non]] [[tellure]] [[cava]] [[factum]], [[sed1|sed]] [[vertice]] [[rupum]]:
|495
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Apta]] [[quidem]] [[statio]] [[latronibus]] [[illa1|illa]] [[cruentis]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 11.522-523.: ''accommoda fraudi/ armorumque dolis''. . . ‘Fit site for the stratagems and deceits of war. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Angulus]] [[hic]] [[virides]] [[ac]] [[vescas]] [[gesserat]] [[herbas]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.174-175.: ''non gramina tantum/ nec vescas salicum frondes. . .'' ‘Not grass alone or poor willow leaves. . .’ 4.131: ''vescumque papaver. . .'' ‘Fine-seeded poppy. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|TK: Comment further on sources and parallels.}}
|-
|'[[huc]]', [[mox]] [[ut1|ut]] [[vidit1|vidit]] [[iuvenis]], '[[huc]]' [[inquit]] '[[eamus]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 11.530: ''huc iuvenis nota fertur regione viarum. '' ‘Hither the warrior hastens by a well-known road.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his2|His]] [[iuvat]] [[in]] [[castris]] [[fessum]] [[componere]] [[corpus]].'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics ''4.438: '' defessa. . .componere membra. . .'' ‘To settle his weary limbs. . .’ 4.189: ''ubi iam thalamis se composuere. . . '' ‘When they have laid themselves to rest in their chambers. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[postquam]] [[fugiens]] [[Avarum1|Avarum]] [[discesserat]] [[oris]],
|500
|{{Commentary|''Avarum…oris'': i.e., Attila’s city
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Non]] [[aliter]] [[somni]] [[requiem]] [[gustaverat]] [[idem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Quam]] [[super1|super]] [[innixus]] [[clipeo]]; [[vix]] [[clauserat]] [[orbes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Orbes'' equiv. to ''oculos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Bellica]] [[tum]] [[demum]] [[deponens]] [[pondera]] [[dixit]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Bellica…pondera'' equiv. to ''arma''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.496: ''rapiens immania pondera baltei. . .'' ‘Tearing away the belt’s huge weight. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Virginis]] [[in]] [[gremium]] [[fusus]]: '[[circumspice]] [[caute]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.406: ''coniugis'' ''infusus gremio. . . '' ‘Melting in his wife’s arms. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Difficulty translating "fusus"}}
|-
|[[Hiltgunt1|Hiltgunt]], [[et]] [[nebulam]] [[si]] [[tolli]] [[videris1|videris]] [[atram]],
|505
|{{Commentary|''Nebulam'': i.e., of dust from an approaching army
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.355-356.: ''lupi ceu/ raptores atra in nebula. . . '' ‘Like ravening wolves in a black mist. . .’ 8.258: ''nebulaque ingens specus aestuat atra. '' ‘Through the mighty cave the mist surges black.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Attactu]] [[blando]] [[me1|me]] [[surgere]] [[commonitato]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[licet]] [[ingentem]] [[conspexeris]] [[ire]] [[catervam]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[excutias]] [[somno]] [[subito1|subito]], [[mi3|mi]] [[cara]], [[caveto]],
|
|{{Commentary|Hiltgunt should not wake Waltharius suddenly and thus startle him; since her eyes (''acies'', line 509) are good, she will be able to see an enemy from far away (and thus still give Waltharius plenty of time to react).
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.302: ''excutior somno.''’I shake myself from sleep.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|elision=ne excutias}}
|
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[procul]] [[hinc]] [[acies]] [[potis es]] [[transmittere]] [[puras]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instanter]] [[cunctam]] [[circa]] [[explora]] [[regionem]].'
|510
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=circa explora}}
| {{Comment|Significance of entrusting all this to Hildegund (importance of the female again, in Anderson). Also, why the emphasis on not waking him suddenly.}}
|-
|[[haec2|Haec]] [[ait1|ait]] [[atque]] [[oculos]] [[concluserat]] [[ipse]] [[nitentes]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.297: ''haec ait et. . .'' ‘He speaks these words, and. . .’ 1.228: ''oculos. . .nitentis. . . '' ‘Her bright eyes. . .’ ''Liber Hester'' 15.8: ''nitentibus oculis. . . '' ‘With shining eyes. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS|elision=atque oculos}}
|
|-
|[[Iamque]] [[diu]] [[satis]] [[optata]] [[fruitur]] [[requiete]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.619: ''optata luce fruatur.'' ‘May he enjoy the life he longs for.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius436|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** '''Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)'''
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius513|next »]]
|[[Waltharius489English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius489

2009-12-12T21:24:19Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512) */

===Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)===
{|
|-
|[[Interea]] [[vir]] [[magnanimus]] [[de]] [[flumine]] [[pergens]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir magnanimus'': Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"magnanimus": literally, great-souled, great-hearted. The word implies generosity but also an heroic greatness of spirit beyond mere kindness. Dante frequently uses an Italian cognate of the word to describe figures who, while damned, retain inherent nobility, such as Virgil or Farinata degli Uberti. MCD}}
|-
|[[Venerat]] [[in]] [[saltum]] [[iam]] [[tum]] [[Vosagum]] [[vocitatum]].
|490
|{{Commentary|''Vosagum'': the name properly belongs not just to a ''saltus'' but to the region of the Vosges Mountains, now in north-eastern France.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|The area around Worms falls outside of the defined modern boundaries of the Vosges. Walther and Hildgund had most likely reached only the northernmost peaks of the Vosges, made of sandstone and rising to (comparatively) low heights around 2000 feet. Further south, the Vosges become granite and rise much higher. Throughout, however, they would have been covered by thick forest, resembling the Black Forest in age and density. MCD}}
|-
|[[Nam]] [[nemus]] [[est]] [[ingens2|ingens]], [[spatiosum]], [[lustra]] [[ferarum]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.471: ''illic saltus ac lustra ferarum.'' ‘They have woodland glades and haunts of game.’ ''Aeineid'' 3.646-647.: ''vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum/ lustra domosque traho. '' ‘I began to drag out my life in the woods among the lonely lairs and haunts of wild beasts.’ 3.432: ''canibus resonantia saxa. . .'' ‘Rocks that echo with her hounds. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The Waltharius-poet creates an odd variant of the classical locus amoenus, in which a beautiful place is described. Indeed, the use of the word "nemus," often associated with sacred groves, would lead us to expect a peaceful or beautiful place. However, this nemus is "ingens," and home to wild beasts. As a place of apparent but deceptive refuge, it has more in common with Virgil's island of the Cyclops, which also is home to "lustra ferarum." MCD}}
|-
|[[Plurima]] [[habens]], [[suetum1|suetum]] [[canibus]] [[resonare]] [[tubisque]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Suetum canibus resonare tubisque'': i.e., a popular place for hunting.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.471: ''illic saltus ac lustra ferarum.'' ‘They have woodland glades and haunts of game.’ ''Aeineid'' 3.646-647.: ''vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum/ lustra domosque traho. '' ‘I began to drag out my life in the woods among the lonely lairs and haunts of wild beasts.’ 3.432: ''canibus resonantia saxa. . .'' ‘Rocks that echo with her hounds. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=plurima habens}}
|{{Comment|"suetum canibus resonare tubisque": echoes a Virgilian phrase describing Scylla. This is probably a mere echo of diction rather than any deeper, content-based parallel. This is a good example of the pervading influence of the poet's classical background, of the pages and pages memorized during his education, in his Latin versification. MCD}}
|-
|[[Sunt]] [[in]] [[secessu]] [[bini]] [[montesque]] [[propinqui]],
|
|{{Commentary|The precise locale being described has been exhaustively sought after (cf. Althof ad loc.), but is probably imaginary; the details given are largely taken from the ''Aeneid'' and are closely tailored to the series of one-on-one combats that will occur there.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.159-160.: ''est in secessu longo locus. . .hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur/ in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late Aequora tuta silent. . .huc. . .Aeneas. . .subit. '' ‘There in a deep inlet lies a spot. On either side loom heavenward huge cliffs and twin peaks, beneath whose crest far and wide is the stillness of sheltered water. HereAeneas takes shelter.’ 3.229:'' in secessu longo. . .'' ‘In a deep recess. . .’ 8.597-598.: ''est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem. . .undique colles/ inclusere cavi et nigra nemus abiete cingunt. '' ‘Near Caere’s cold stream there stands a vast grove; on all sides curving hills enclose it and girdle the woodland with dark fir trees.’ 11.522-523.: ''est curvo anfractu valles. . .quam densis frondibus atrum/ urget utrimque latus. '' ‘There is a valley with sweeping curve, hemmed in on either side by a wall black with dense foliage.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Inter]] [[quos]] [[licet]] [[angustum]] [[specus]] [[extat]] [[amoenum]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.159-160.: ''est in secessu longo locus. . .hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur/ in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late Aequora tuta silent. . .huc. . .Aeneas. . .subit. '' ‘There in a deep inlet lies a spot. On either side loom heavenward huge cliffs and twin peaks, beneath whose crest far and wide is the stillness of sheltered water. HereAeneas takes shelter.’ 3.229:'' in secessu longo. . .'' ‘In a deep recess. . .’ 8.597-598.: ''est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem. . .undique colles/ inclusere cavi et nigra nemus abiete cingunt. '' ‘Near Caere’s cold stream there stands a vast grove; on all sides curving hills enclose it and girdle the woodland with dark fir trees.’ 11.522-523.: ''est curvo anfractu valles. . .quam densis frondibus atrum/ urget utrimque latus. '' ‘There is a valley with sweeping curve, hemmed in on either side by a wall black with dense foliage.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|Though the view is narrow and the place inhabited by wolves and bears, the poet insists that it is "amoenum," pleasant. Possibly this emphasizes the sense of relief at the prospect of rest and refuge which he intends Walther and Hildegund to feel. MCD}}
|-
|[[Non]] [[tellure]] [[cava]] [[factum]], [[sed1|sed]] [[vertice]] [[rupum]]:
|495
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Apta]] [[quidem]] [[statio]] [[latronibus]] [[illa1|illa]] [[cruentis]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 11.522-523.: ''accommoda fraudi/ armorumque dolis''. . . ‘Fit site for the stratagems and deceits of war. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Angulus]] [[hic]] [[virides]] [[ac]] [[vescas]] [[gesserat]] [[herbas]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.174-175.: ''non gramina tantum/ nec vescas salicum frondes. . .'' ‘Not grass alone or poor willow leaves. . .’ 4.131: ''vescumque papaver. . .'' ‘Fine-seeded poppy. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|TK: Comment further on sources and parallels.}}
|-
|'[[huc]]', [[mox]] [[ut1|ut]] [[vidit1|vidit]] [[iuvenis]], '[[huc]]' [[inquit]] '[[eamus]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 11.530: ''huc iuvenis nota fertur regione viarum. '' ‘Hither the warrior hastens by a well-known road.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his2|His]] [[iuvat]] [[in]] [[castris]] [[fessum]] [[componere]] [[corpus]].'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics ''4.438: '' defessa. . .componere membra. . .'' ‘To settle his weary limbs. . .’ 4.189: ''ubi iam thalamis se composuere. . . '' ‘When they have laid themselves to rest in their chambers. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[postquam]] [[fugiens]] [[Avarum1|Avarum]] [[discesserat]] [[oris]],
|500
|{{Commentary|''Avarum…oris'': i.e., Attila’s city
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Non]] [[aliter]] [[somni]] [[requiem]] [[gustaverat]] [[idem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Quam]] [[super1|super]] [[innixus]] [[clipeo]]; [[vix]] [[clauserat]] [[orbes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Orbes'' equiv. to ''oculos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Bellica]] [[tum]] [[demum]] [[deponens]] [[pondera]] [[dixit]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Bellica…pondera'' equiv. to ''arma''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.496: ''rapiens immania pondera baltei. . .'' ‘Tearing away the belt’s huge weight. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Virginis]] [[in]] [[gremium]] [[fusus]]: '[[circumspice]] [[caute]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.406: ''coniugis'' ''infusus gremio. . . '' ‘Melting in his wife’s arms. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Difficulty translating "fusus"}}
|-
|[[Hiltgunt1|Hiltgunt]], [[et]] [[nebulam]] [[si]] [[tolli]] [[videris1|videris]] [[atram]],
|505
|{{Commentary|''Nebulam'': i.e., of dust from an approaching army
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.355-356.: ''lupi ceu/ raptores atra in nebula. . . '' ‘Like ravening wolves in a black mist. . .’ 8.258: ''nebulaque ingens specus aestuat atra. '' ‘Through the mighty cave the mist surges black.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Attactu]] [[blando]] [[me1|me]] [[surgere]] [[commonitato]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[licet]] [[ingentem]] [[conspexeris]] [[ire]] [[catervam]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[excutias]] [[somno]] [[subito1|subito]], [[mi3|mi]] [[cara]], [[caveto]],
|
|{{Commentary|Hiltgunt should not wake Waltharius suddenly and thus startle him; since her eyes (''acies'', line 509) are good, she will be able to see an enemy from far away (and thus still give Waltharius plenty of time to react).
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.302: ''excutior somno.''’I shake myself from sleep.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|elision=ne excutias}}
|
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[procul]] [[hinc]] [[acies]] [[potis es]] [[transmittere]] [[puras]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instanter]] [[cunctam]] [[circa]] [[explora]] [[regionem]].'
|510
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=circa explora}}
| {{Comment|Significance of entrusting all this to Hildegund (importance of the female again, in Anderson). Also, why the emphasis on not waking him suddenly.}}
|-
|[[haec2|Haec]] [[ait1|ait]] [[atque]] [[oculos]] [[concluserat]] [[ipse]] [[nitentes]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.297: ''haec ait et. . .'' ‘He speaks these words, and. . .’ 1.228: ''oculos. . .nitentis. . . '' ‘Her bright eyes. . .’ ''Liber Hester'' 15.8: ''nitentibus oculis. . . '' ‘With shining eyes. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS|elision=atque oculos}}
|
|-
|[[Iamque]] [[diu]] [[satis]] [[optata]] [[fruitur]] [[requiete]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.619: ''optata luce fruatur.'' ‘May he enjoy the life he longs for.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius436|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** '''Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)'''
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius513|next »]]
|[[Waltharius489English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius489

2009-12-12T21:21:31Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512) */

===Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)===
{|
|-
|[[Interea]] [[vir]] [[magnanimus]] [[de]] [[flumine]] [[pergens]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir magnanimus'': Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"magnanimus": literally, great-souled, great-hearted. The word implies generosity but also an heroic greatness of spirit beyond mere kindness. Dante frequently uses an Italian cognate of the word to describe figures who, while damned, retain inherent nobility, such as Virgil or Farinata degli Uberti. MCD}}
|-
|[[Venerat]] [[in]] [[saltum]] [[iam]] [[tum]] [[Vosagum]] [[vocitatum]].
|490
|{{Commentary|''Vosagum'': the name properly belongs not just to a ''saltus'' but to the region of the Vosges Mountains, now in north-eastern France.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|The area around Worms falls outside of the defined modern boundaries of the Vosges. Walther and Hildgund had most likely reached only the northernmost peaks of the Vosges, made of sandstone and rising to (comparatively) low heights around 2000 feet. Further south, the Vosges become granite and rise much higher. Throughout, however, they would have been covered by thick forest, resembling the Black Forest in age and density. MCD}}
|-
|[[Nam]] [[nemus]] [[est]] [[ingens2|ingens]], [[spatiosum]], [[lustra]] [[ferarum]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.471: ''illic saltus ac lustra ferarum.'' ‘They have woodland glades and haunts of game.’ ''Aeineid'' 3.646-647.: ''vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum/ lustra domosque traho. '' ‘I began to drag out my life in the woods among the lonely lairs and haunts of wild beasts.’ 3.432: ''canibus resonantia saxa. . .'' ‘Rocks that echo with her hounds. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The Waltharius-poet creates an odd variant of the classical locus amoenus, in which a beautiful place is described. Indeed, the use of the word "nemus," often associated with sacred groves, would lead us to expect a peaceful or beautiful place. However, this nemus is "ingens," and home to wild beasts. As a place of apparent but deceptive refuge, it has more in common with Virgil's island of the Cyclops, which also is home to "lustra ferarum." MCD}}
|-
|[[Plurima]] [[habens]], [[suetum1|suetum]] [[canibus]] [[resonare]] [[tubisque]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Suetum canibus resonare tubisque'': i.e., a popular place for hunting.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.471: ''illic saltus ac lustra ferarum.'' ‘They have woodland glades and haunts of game.’ ''Aeineid'' 3.646-647.: ''vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum/ lustra domosque traho. '' ‘I began to drag out my life in the woods among the lonely lairs and haunts of wild beasts.’ 3.432: ''canibus resonantia saxa. . .'' ‘Rocks that echo with her hounds. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=plurima habens}}
|{{Comment|"suetum canibus resonare tubisque": echoes a Virgilian phrase describing Scylla. This is probably a mere echo of diction rather than any deeper, content-based parallel. This is a good example of the pervading influence of the poet's classical background, of the pages and pages memorized during his education, in his Latin versification. MCD}}
|-
|[[Sunt]] [[in]] [[secessu]] [[bini]] [[montesque]] [[propinqui]],
|
|{{Commentary|The precise locale being described has been exhaustively sought after (cf. Althof ad loc.), but is probably imaginary; the details given are largely taken from the ''Aeneid'' and are closely tailored to the series of one-on-one combats that will occur there.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.159-160.: ''est in secessu longo locus. . .hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur/ in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late Aequora tuta silent. . .huc. . .Aeneas. . .subit. '' ‘There in a deep inlet lies a spot. On either side loom heavenward huge cliffs and twin peaks, beneath whose crest far and wide is the stillness of sheltered water. HereAeneas takes shelter.’ 3.229:'' in secessu longo. . .'' ‘In a deep recess. . .’ 8.597-598.: ''est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem. . .undique colles/ inclusere cavi et nigra nemus abiete cingunt. '' ‘Near Caere’s cold stream there stands a vast grove; on all sides curving hills enclose it and girdle the woodland with dark fir trees.’ 11.522-523.: ''est curvo anfractu valles. . .quam densis frondibus atrum/ urget utrimque latus. '' ‘There is a valley with sweeping curve, hemmed in on either side by a wall black with dense foliage.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Inter]] [[quos]] [[licet]] [[angustum]] [[specus]] [[extat]] [[amoenum]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.159-160.: ''est in secessu longo locus. . .hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur/ in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late Aequora tuta silent. . .huc. . .Aeneas. . .subit. '' ‘There in a deep inlet lies a spot. On either side loom heavenward huge cliffs and twin peaks, beneath whose crest far and wide is the stillness of sheltered water. HereAeneas takes shelter.’ 3.229:'' in secessu longo. . .'' ‘In a deep recess. . .’ 8.597-598.: ''est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem. . .undique colles/ inclusere cavi et nigra nemus abiete cingunt. '' ‘Near Caere’s cold stream there stands a vast grove; on all sides curving hills enclose it and girdle the woodland with dark fir trees.’ 11.522-523.: ''est curvo anfractu valles. . .quam densis frondibus atrum/ urget utrimque latus. '' ‘There is a valley with sweeping curve, hemmed in on either side by a wall black with dense foliage.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Non]] [[tellure]] [[cava]] [[factum]], [[sed1|sed]] [[vertice]] [[rupum]]:
|495
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Apta]] [[quidem]] [[statio]] [[latronibus]] [[illa1|illa]] [[cruentis]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 11.522-523.: ''accommoda fraudi/ armorumque dolis''. . . ‘Fit site for the stratagems and deceits of war. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Angulus]] [[hic]] [[virides]] [[ac]] [[vescas]] [[gesserat]] [[herbas]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.174-175.: ''non gramina tantum/ nec vescas salicum frondes. . .'' ‘Not grass alone or poor willow leaves. . .’ 4.131: ''vescumque papaver. . .'' ‘Fine-seeded poppy. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|TK: Comment further on sources and parallels.}}
|-
|'[[huc]]', [[mox]] [[ut1|ut]] [[vidit1|vidit]] [[iuvenis]], '[[huc]]' [[inquit]] '[[eamus]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 11.530: ''huc iuvenis nota fertur regione viarum. '' ‘Hither the warrior hastens by a well-known road.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his2|His]] [[iuvat]] [[in]] [[castris]] [[fessum]] [[componere]] [[corpus]].'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics ''4.438: '' defessa. . .componere membra. . .'' ‘To settle his weary limbs. . .’ 4.189: ''ubi iam thalamis se composuere. . . '' ‘When they have laid themselves to rest in their chambers. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[postquam]] [[fugiens]] [[Avarum1|Avarum]] [[discesserat]] [[oris]],
|500
|{{Commentary|''Avarum…oris'': i.e., Attila’s city
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Non]] [[aliter]] [[somni]] [[requiem]] [[gustaverat]] [[idem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Quam]] [[super1|super]] [[innixus]] [[clipeo]]; [[vix]] [[clauserat]] [[orbes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Orbes'' equiv. to ''oculos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Bellica]] [[tum]] [[demum]] [[deponens]] [[pondera]] [[dixit]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Bellica…pondera'' equiv. to ''arma''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.496: ''rapiens immania pondera baltei. . .'' ‘Tearing away the belt’s huge weight. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Virginis]] [[in]] [[gremium]] [[fusus]]: '[[circumspice]] [[caute]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.406: ''coniugis'' ''infusus gremio. . . '' ‘Melting in his wife’s arms. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Difficulty translating "fusus"}}
|-
|[[Hiltgunt1|Hiltgunt]], [[et]] [[nebulam]] [[si]] [[tolli]] [[videris1|videris]] [[atram]],
|505
|{{Commentary|''Nebulam'': i.e., of dust from an approaching army
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.355-356.: ''lupi ceu/ raptores atra in nebula. . . '' ‘Like ravening wolves in a black mist. . .’ 8.258: ''nebulaque ingens specus aestuat atra. '' ‘Through the mighty cave the mist surges black.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Attactu]] [[blando]] [[me1|me]] [[surgere]] [[commonitato]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[licet]] [[ingentem]] [[conspexeris]] [[ire]] [[catervam]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[excutias]] [[somno]] [[subito1|subito]], [[mi3|mi]] [[cara]], [[caveto]],
|
|{{Commentary|Hiltgunt should not wake Waltharius suddenly and thus startle him; since her eyes (''acies'', line 509) are good, she will be able to see an enemy from far away (and thus still give Waltharius plenty of time to react).
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.302: ''excutior somno.''’I shake myself from sleep.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|elision=ne excutias}}
|
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[procul]] [[hinc]] [[acies]] [[potis es]] [[transmittere]] [[puras]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instanter]] [[cunctam]] [[circa]] [[explora]] [[regionem]].'
|510
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=circa explora}}
| {{Comment|Significance of entrusting all this to Hildegund (importance of the female again, in Anderson). Also, why the emphasis on not waking him suddenly.}}
|-
|[[haec2|Haec]] [[ait1|ait]] [[atque]] [[oculos]] [[concluserat]] [[ipse]] [[nitentes]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.297: ''haec ait et. . .'' ‘He speaks these words, and. . .’ 1.228: ''oculos. . .nitentis. . . '' ‘Her bright eyes. . .’ ''Liber Hester'' 15.8: ''nitentibus oculis. . . '' ‘With shining eyes. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS|elision=atque oculos}}
|
|-
|[[Iamque]] [[diu]] [[satis]] [[optata]] [[fruitur]] [[requiete]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.619: ''optata luce fruatur.'' ‘May he enjoy the life he longs for.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius436|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** '''Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)'''
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius513|next »]]
|[[Waltharius489English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius489

2009-12-12T21:18:49Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512) */

===Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)===
{|
|-
|[[Interea]] [[vir]] [[magnanimus]] [[de]] [[flumine]] [[pergens]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir magnanimus'': Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"magnanimus": literally, great-souled, great-hearted. The word implies generosity but also an heroic greatness of spirit beyond mere kindness. Dante frequently uses an Italian cognate of the word to describe figures who, while damned, retain inherent nobility, such as Virgil or Farinata degli Uberti. MCD}}
|-
|[[Venerat]] [[in]] [[saltum]] [[iam]] [[tum]] [[Vosagum]] [[vocitatum]].
|490
|{{Commentary|''Vosagum'': the name properly belongs not just to a ''saltus'' but to the region of the Vosges Mountains, now in north-eastern France.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|The area around Worms falls outside of the defined modern boundaries of the Vosges. Walther and Hildgund had most likely reached only the northernmost peaks of the Vosges, made of sandstone and rising to (comparatively) low heights around 2000 feet. Further south, the Vosges become granite and rise much higher. Throughout, however, they would have been covered by thick forest, resembling the Black Forest in age and density. MCD}}
|-
|[[Nam]] [[nemus]] [[est]] [[ingens2|ingens]], [[spatiosum]], [[lustra]] [[ferarum]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.471: ''illic saltus ac lustra ferarum.'' ‘They have woodland glades and haunts of game.’ ''Aeineid'' 3.646-647.: ''vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum/ lustra domosque traho. '' ‘I began to drag out my life in the woods among the lonely lairs and haunts of wild beasts.’ 3.432: ''canibus resonantia saxa. . .'' ‘Rocks that echo with her hounds. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The Waltharius-poet creates an odd variant of the classical locus amoenus, in which a beautiful place is described. Indeed, the use of the word "nemus," often associated with sacred groves, would lead us to expect a peaceful or beautiful place. However, this nemus is "ingens," and home to wild beasts. As a place of apparent but deceptive refuge, it has more in common with Virgil's island of the Cyclops, which also is home to "lustra ferarum." MCD}}
|-
|[[Plurima]] [[habens]], [[suetum1|suetum]] [[canibus]] [[resonare]] [[tubisque]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Suetum canibus resonare tubisque'': i.e., a popular place for hunting.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.471: ''illic saltus ac lustra ferarum.'' ‘They have woodland glades and haunts of game.’ ''Aeineid'' 3.646-647.: ''vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum/ lustra domosque traho. '' ‘I began to drag out my life in the woods among the lonely lairs and haunts of wild beasts.’ 3.432: ''canibus resonantia saxa. . .'' ‘Rocks that echo with her hounds. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=plurima habens}}
|
|-
|[[Sunt]] [[in]] [[secessu]] [[bini]] [[montesque]] [[propinqui]],
|
|{{Commentary|The precise locale being described has been exhaustively sought after (cf. Althof ad loc.), but is probably imaginary; the details given are largely taken from the ''Aeneid'' and are closely tailored to the series of one-on-one combats that will occur there.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.159-160.: ''est in secessu longo locus. . .hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur/ in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late Aequora tuta silent. . .huc. . .Aeneas. . .subit. '' ‘There in a deep inlet lies a spot. On either side loom heavenward huge cliffs and twin peaks, beneath whose crest far and wide is the stillness of sheltered water. HereAeneas takes shelter.’ 3.229:'' in secessu longo. . .'' ‘In a deep recess. . .’ 8.597-598.: ''est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem. . .undique colles/ inclusere cavi et nigra nemus abiete cingunt. '' ‘Near Caere’s cold stream there stands a vast grove; on all sides curving hills enclose it and girdle the woodland with dark fir trees.’ 11.522-523.: ''est curvo anfractu valles. . .quam densis frondibus atrum/ urget utrimque latus. '' ‘There is a valley with sweeping curve, hemmed in on either side by a wall black with dense foliage.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Inter]] [[quos]] [[licet]] [[angustum]] [[specus]] [[extat]] [[amoenum]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.159-160.: ''est in secessu longo locus. . .hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur/ in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late Aequora tuta silent. . .huc. . .Aeneas. . .subit. '' ‘There in a deep inlet lies a spot. On either side loom heavenward huge cliffs and twin peaks, beneath whose crest far and wide is the stillness of sheltered water. HereAeneas takes shelter.’ 3.229:'' in secessu longo. . .'' ‘In a deep recess. . .’ 8.597-598.: ''est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem. . .undique colles/ inclusere cavi et nigra nemus abiete cingunt. '' ‘Near Caere’s cold stream there stands a vast grove; on all sides curving hills enclose it and girdle the woodland with dark fir trees.’ 11.522-523.: ''est curvo anfractu valles. . .quam densis frondibus atrum/ urget utrimque latus. '' ‘There is a valley with sweeping curve, hemmed in on either side by a wall black with dense foliage.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Non]] [[tellure]] [[cava]] [[factum]], [[sed1|sed]] [[vertice]] [[rupum]]:
|495
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Apta]] [[quidem]] [[statio]] [[latronibus]] [[illa1|illa]] [[cruentis]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 11.522-523.: ''accommoda fraudi/ armorumque dolis''. . . ‘Fit site for the stratagems and deceits of war. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Angulus]] [[hic]] [[virides]] [[ac]] [[vescas]] [[gesserat]] [[herbas]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.174-175.: ''non gramina tantum/ nec vescas salicum frondes. . .'' ‘Not grass alone or poor willow leaves. . .’ 4.131: ''vescumque papaver. . .'' ‘Fine-seeded poppy. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|TK: Comment further on sources and parallels.}}
|-
|'[[huc]]', [[mox]] [[ut1|ut]] [[vidit1|vidit]] [[iuvenis]], '[[huc]]' [[inquit]] '[[eamus]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 11.530: ''huc iuvenis nota fertur regione viarum. '' ‘Hither the warrior hastens by a well-known road.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his2|His]] [[iuvat]] [[in]] [[castris]] [[fessum]] [[componere]] [[corpus]].'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics ''4.438: '' defessa. . .componere membra. . .'' ‘To settle his weary limbs. . .’ 4.189: ''ubi iam thalamis se composuere. . . '' ‘When they have laid themselves to rest in their chambers. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[postquam]] [[fugiens]] [[Avarum1|Avarum]] [[discesserat]] [[oris]],
|500
|{{Commentary|''Avarum…oris'': i.e., Attila’s city
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Non]] [[aliter]] [[somni]] [[requiem]] [[gustaverat]] [[idem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Quam]] [[super1|super]] [[innixus]] [[clipeo]]; [[vix]] [[clauserat]] [[orbes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Orbes'' equiv. to ''oculos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Bellica]] [[tum]] [[demum]] [[deponens]] [[pondera]] [[dixit]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Bellica…pondera'' equiv. to ''arma''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.496: ''rapiens immania pondera baltei. . .'' ‘Tearing away the belt’s huge weight. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Virginis]] [[in]] [[gremium]] [[fusus]]: '[[circumspice]] [[caute]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.406: ''coniugis'' ''infusus gremio. . . '' ‘Melting in his wife’s arms. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Difficulty translating "fusus"}}
|-
|[[Hiltgunt1|Hiltgunt]], [[et]] [[nebulam]] [[si]] [[tolli]] [[videris1|videris]] [[atram]],
|505
|{{Commentary|''Nebulam'': i.e., of dust from an approaching army
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.355-356.: ''lupi ceu/ raptores atra in nebula. . . '' ‘Like ravening wolves in a black mist. . .’ 8.258: ''nebulaque ingens specus aestuat atra. '' ‘Through the mighty cave the mist surges black.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Attactu]] [[blando]] [[me1|me]] [[surgere]] [[commonitato]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[licet]] [[ingentem]] [[conspexeris]] [[ire]] [[catervam]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[excutias]] [[somno]] [[subito1|subito]], [[mi3|mi]] [[cara]], [[caveto]],
|
|{{Commentary|Hiltgunt should not wake Waltharius suddenly and thus startle him; since her eyes (''acies'', line 509) are good, she will be able to see an enemy from far away (and thus still give Waltharius plenty of time to react).
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.302: ''excutior somno.''’I shake myself from sleep.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|elision=ne excutias}}
|
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[procul]] [[hinc]] [[acies]] [[potis es]] [[transmittere]] [[puras]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instanter]] [[cunctam]] [[circa]] [[explora]] [[regionem]].'
|510
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=circa explora}}
| {{Comment|Significance of entrusting all this to Hildegund (importance of the female again, in Anderson). Also, why the emphasis on not waking him suddenly.}}
|-
|[[haec2|Haec]] [[ait1|ait]] [[atque]] [[oculos]] [[concluserat]] [[ipse]] [[nitentes]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.297: ''haec ait et. . .'' ‘He speaks these words, and. . .’ 1.228: ''oculos. . .nitentis. . . '' ‘Her bright eyes. . .’ ''Liber Hester'' 15.8: ''nitentibus oculis. . . '' ‘With shining eyes. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS|elision=atque oculos}}
|
|-
|[[Iamque]] [[diu]] [[satis]] [[optata]] [[fruitur]] [[requiete]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.619: ''optata luce fruatur.'' ‘May he enjoy the life he longs for.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius436|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** '''Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)'''
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius513|next »]]
|[[Waltharius489English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius489

2009-12-12T21:02:20Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512) */

===Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)===
{|
|-
|[[Interea]] [[vir]] [[magnanimus]] [[de]] [[flumine]] [[pergens]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir magnanimus'': Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"magnanimus": literally, great-souled, great-hearted. The word implies generosity but also an heroic greatness of spirit beyond mere kindness. Dante frequently uses an Italian cognate of the word to describe figures who, while damned, retain inherent nobility, such as Virgil or Farinata degli Uberti. MCD}}
|-
|[[Venerat]] [[in]] [[saltum]] [[iam]] [[tum]] [[Vosagum]] [[vocitatum]].
|490
|{{Commentary|''Vosagum'': the name properly belongs not just to a ''saltus'' but to the region of the Vosges Mountains, now in north-eastern France.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|The area around Worms falls outside of the defined modern boundaries of the Vosges. Walther and Hildgund had most likely reached only the northernmost peaks of the Vosges, made of sandstone and rising to (comparatively) low heights around 2000 feet. Further south, the Vosges become granite and rise much higher. Throughout, however, they would have been covered by thick forest, resembling the Black Forest in age and density.}}
|-
|[[Nam]] [[nemus]] [[est]] [[ingens2|ingens]], [[spatiosum]], [[lustra]] [[ferarum]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.471: ''illic saltus ac lustra ferarum.'' ‘They have woodland glades and haunts of game.’ ''Aeineid'' 3.646-647.: ''vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum/ lustra domosque traho. '' ‘I began to drag out my life in the woods among the lonely lairs and haunts of wild beasts.’ 3.432: ''canibus resonantia saxa. . .'' ‘Rocks that echo with her hounds. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Plurima]] [[habens]], [[suetum1|suetum]] [[canibus]] [[resonare]] [[tubisque]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Suetum canibus resonare tubisque'': i.e., a popular place for hunting.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.471: ''illic saltus ac lustra ferarum.'' ‘They have woodland glades and haunts of game.’ ''Aeineid'' 3.646-647.: ''vitam in silvis inter deserta ferarum/ lustra domosque traho. '' ‘I began to drag out my life in the woods among the lonely lairs and haunts of wild beasts.’ 3.432: ''canibus resonantia saxa. . .'' ‘Rocks that echo with her hounds. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=plurima habens}}
| {{Comment|Expound on the locus amoenus. This as an evil locus amoenus. Resonances in sources and parallels}}
|-
|[[Sunt]] [[in]] [[secessu]] [[bini]] [[montesque]] [[propinqui]],
|
|{{Commentary|The precise locale being described has been exhaustively sought after (cf. Althof ad loc.), but is probably imaginary; the details given are largely taken from the ''Aeneid'' and are closely tailored to the series of one-on-one combats that will occur there.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.159-160.: ''est in secessu longo locus. . .hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur/ in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late Aequora tuta silent. . .huc. . .Aeneas. . .subit. '' ‘There in a deep inlet lies a spot. On either side loom heavenward huge cliffs and twin peaks, beneath whose crest far and wide is the stillness of sheltered water. HereAeneas takes shelter.’ 3.229:'' in secessu longo. . .'' ‘In a deep recess. . .’ 8.597-598.: ''est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem. . .undique colles/ inclusere cavi et nigra nemus abiete cingunt. '' ‘Near Caere’s cold stream there stands a vast grove; on all sides curving hills enclose it and girdle the woodland with dark fir trees.’ 11.522-523.: ''est curvo anfractu valles. . .quam densis frondibus atrum/ urget utrimque latus. '' ‘There is a valley with sweeping curve, hemmed in on either side by a wall black with dense foliage.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Inter]] [[quos]] [[licet]] [[angustum]] [[specus]] [[extat]] [[amoenum]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.159-160.: ''est in secessu longo locus. . .hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur/ in caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late Aequora tuta silent. . .huc. . .Aeneas. . .subit. '' ‘There in a deep inlet lies a spot. On either side loom heavenward huge cliffs and twin peaks, beneath whose crest far and wide is the stillness of sheltered water. HereAeneas takes shelter.’ 3.229:'' in secessu longo. . .'' ‘In a deep recess. . .’ 8.597-598.: ''est ingens gelidum lucus prope Caeritis amnem. . .undique colles/ inclusere cavi et nigra nemus abiete cingunt. '' ‘Near Caere’s cold stream there stands a vast grove; on all sides curving hills enclose it and girdle the woodland with dark fir trees.’ 11.522-523.: ''est curvo anfractu valles. . .quam densis frondibus atrum/ urget utrimque latus. '' ‘There is a valley with sweeping curve, hemmed in on either side by a wall black with dense foliage.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Non]] [[tellure]] [[cava]] [[factum]], [[sed1|sed]] [[vertice]] [[rupum]]:
|495
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Apta]] [[quidem]] [[statio]] [[latronibus]] [[illa1|illa]] [[cruentis]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 11.522-523.: ''accommoda fraudi/ armorumque dolis''. . . ‘Fit site for the stratagems and deceits of war. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Angulus]] [[hic]] [[virides]] [[ac]] [[vescas]] [[gesserat]] [[herbas]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.174-175.: ''non gramina tantum/ nec vescas salicum frondes. . .'' ‘Not grass alone or poor willow leaves. . .’ 4.131: ''vescumque papaver. . .'' ‘Fine-seeded poppy. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|TK: Comment further on sources and parallels.}}
|-
|'[[huc]]', [[mox]] [[ut1|ut]] [[vidit1|vidit]] [[iuvenis]], '[[huc]]' [[inquit]] '[[eamus]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 11.530: ''huc iuvenis nota fertur regione viarum. '' ‘Hither the warrior hastens by a well-known road.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his2|His]] [[iuvat]] [[in]] [[castris]] [[fessum]] [[componere]] [[corpus]].'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics ''4.438: '' defessa. . .componere membra. . .'' ‘To settle his weary limbs. . .’ 4.189: ''ubi iam thalamis se composuere. . . '' ‘When they have laid themselves to rest in their chambers. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[postquam]] [[fugiens]] [[Avarum1|Avarum]] [[discesserat]] [[oris]],
|500
|{{Commentary|''Avarum…oris'': i.e., Attila’s city
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Non]] [[aliter]] [[somni]] [[requiem]] [[gustaverat]] [[idem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Quam]] [[super1|super]] [[innixus]] [[clipeo]]; [[vix]] [[clauserat]] [[orbes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Orbes'' equiv. to ''oculos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Bellica]] [[tum]] [[demum]] [[deponens]] [[pondera]] [[dixit]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Bellica…pondera'' equiv. to ''arma''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.496: ''rapiens immania pondera baltei. . .'' ‘Tearing away the belt’s huge weight. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Virginis]] [[in]] [[gremium]] [[fusus]]: '[[circumspice]] [[caute]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.406: ''coniugis'' ''infusus gremio. . . '' ‘Melting in his wife’s arms. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Difficulty translating "fusus"}}
|-
|[[Hiltgunt1|Hiltgunt]], [[et]] [[nebulam]] [[si]] [[tolli]] [[videris1|videris]] [[atram]],
|505
|{{Commentary|''Nebulam'': i.e., of dust from an approaching army
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.355-356.: ''lupi ceu/ raptores atra in nebula. . . '' ‘Like ravening wolves in a black mist. . .’ 8.258: ''nebulaque ingens specus aestuat atra. '' ‘Through the mighty cave the mist surges black.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Attactu]] [[blando]] [[me1|me]] [[surgere]] [[commonitato]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[licet]] [[ingentem]] [[conspexeris]] [[ire]] [[catervam]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[excutias]] [[somno]] [[subito1|subito]], [[mi3|mi]] [[cara]], [[caveto]],
|
|{{Commentary|Hiltgunt should not wake Waltharius suddenly and thus startle him; since her eyes (''acies'', line 509) are good, she will be able to see an enemy from far away (and thus still give Waltharius plenty of time to react).
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 2.302: ''excutior somno.''’I shake myself from sleep.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS|elision=ne excutias}}
|
|-
|[[nam1|Nam]] [[procul]] [[hinc]] [[acies]] [[potis es]] [[transmittere]] [[puras]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instanter]] [[cunctam]] [[circa]] [[explora]] [[regionem]].'
|510
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS|elision=circa explora}}
| {{Comment|Significance of entrusting all this to Hildegund (importance of the female again, in Anderson). Also, why the emphasis on not waking him suddenly.}}
|-
|[[haec2|Haec]] [[ait1|ait]] [[atque]] [[oculos]] [[concluserat]] [[ipse]] [[nitentes]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.297: ''haec ait et. . .'' ‘He speaks these words, and. . .’ 1.228: ''oculos. . .nitentis. . . '' ‘Her bright eyes. . .’ ''Liber Hester'' 15.8: ''nitentibus oculis. . . '' ‘With shining eyes. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS|elision=atque oculos}}
|
|-
|[[Iamque]] [[diu]] [[satis]] [[optata]] [[fruitur]] [[requiete]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.619: ''optata luce fruatur.'' ‘May he enjoy the life he longs for.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius436|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** '''Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)'''
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius513|next »]]
|[[Waltharius489English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-12T20:39:06Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him.
Note the regular DSDSDS scansion, again mimicking the regular marching of the travelers and perhaps also the structured tale retold "ex ordine." MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On on hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king MCD}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
||{{Comment|Gunther's urgent need to know who brought the fish is difficult to account for apart from the poet's need to bring the king and Walther into collision. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan and Gunther's reactions to the news of Walther's presence near Worms. Since Walther needs to return home to found his own successful dynasty, the comparison is apt. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The ferryman's account takes on the qualities of a vision, especially since his description primarily creates an image rather than a narrative of Walther and Hildegund. The poet is creating the poetic equivalent of a film flashback. MCD}}
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
||{{Comment|The poet emphasizes again Walther's formidable appearance in his armor. In the lines that follow, he enumerates again the items of armor Walther has worn from Pannonia, though this has already been described at ll. 333-340. The reiteration emphasizes Walther's identity as a warrior and the impressive appearance he makes to all who see him. He is the type of a classical or Germanic hero, physically recognizable as greater than other men, and his identity is fused with his warrior spirit. On a more naturalistic level, the reiteration of his armor prepares the reader for Walther's fatigue when he and Hildegund arrive in the Vosges, since he has enacted the warrior role for the entirety of their forty-day journey. MCD}}
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"corsucat": The poet is fond of words that denote shining, sparkling, or flashing. In this case, the sparkle is literally applied to the reflection of the brandished spear. In other cases, however, it denotes fame, beauty, or worth. Thus, Worms is described as "nitentem" (l. 433) and Walther as "coruscus" (l. 525). MCD}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The poet alters a Virgilian formula in which Aeneas is similar to a god to render Walther similar "to a strong man." What this lacks in rhetorical force it makes up in historical interest. The poet apparently is trying to create a hero who preserves the classic heroic features while divorcing him from a divine background and placing him firmly in the Christian universe subordinate to the monotheistic God. MCD}}
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|"Nitore": See note above.
This description of Hildegund echoes the poet's original depiction of her in her father's home. There, she was "stemmata formae"; here, "decorata formae." The use of the word "formae" implies symmetry and perfection above mere attraction. Hildegund is the ideal woman, and as such, it is appropriate to "crown" her prematurely in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|A somewhat problematic line to translate. Kratz writes that Hildegund "matched him stride for stride." This is a good but loose rendering. Literally, the line reads "the girl bruises heel with heel." This translation suggests Hildegund's loyalty and closeness to Walther. Another possibility: "the girl wipes out footprint with footprint." MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|sonipes: like cornipes, another word for the horse, Lion. This time the word emphasizes the noise its hooves make. These euphemisms for the horse echo a feature of Germanic and Norse poetic language, the kenning, which describes a well-known noun circuitously. Thus, an Old English word for "ocean" is "hronrad," or "whale-road." Likewise, in Old Norse, gold is called "Otter's Ransom" and "Freya's Tears," among numerous other titles. MCD}}
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The picture of the perfect hero with the perfect woman is completed by the perfect, sprited horse. The poet creates a strong image. MCD}}
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"gemmis": When she is first introduced, Hildegund is described as the "gemma parentum," the jewel of her parents (l. 74). Ward suggests that Hildegund is the true treasure in this scenario, although the vivid and tempting picture the ferryman paints here makes it easy to understand why Gunther misses this moral. MCD}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
||{{Comment|"quippe": emphasizes that Hagan is one of Gunther's closest allies and associates. Wherever the king sits, Hagan sits also. This will increase the gravity of Hagan's dilemma later in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|Hagan recognizes his childhood friend immediately by his description. MCD}}
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Gunther has placed Hagan in an almost unbearable position in which he will be forced to betray one of his vows unless he can dissuade the king. Ward argues that Hagan in punished for breaking his vow with the loss of his eye and his teeth (Roman Epic, ed. Boyle, 1993). It is difficult to see, however, what Hagan could have done differently. The Waltharius-poet may be attempting to show the limitations of the Germanic warrior-ethos, which in his eyes limits ethical behavior. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Squamosus": literally, scaly. It is a powerful image which captures the appearance of closely-woven Germanic corslets, but it also brings interesting reptilian associations to Hagan and his men. Dragons, traditional symbols of greed, are often described in terms of their impenetrable scales (as in Beowulf, ll. 2574-2680). By putting on scales, Gunther and his men become less than men, half-beasts transformed by greed. Indeed, in medieval literature dragons are occasionally imagined as demonic versions of men. In the late medieval English romance Bevis of Hampton, two greedy and warring lords are transformed by the Devil into dragons and terrorize Germany and Italy.}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|{{Comment|"imbellum": literally, "unwarlike one." Despite the ferryman's undeniably bellicose description, Gunther and his men imagine Walther will be easy to overcome. I suspect this is not meant to sound at all logical, in order to emphasize further Gunther's overweening pride and greed. This is an instance of dramatic irony on the part of the Waltharius-poet (see Green, Irony in the Medieval Romance, 1979). MCD}}
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|Kratz translates "infelix" as "ill-starred," a somewhat figurative rendering. Literally, the word denotes infertility, as in Virgil's Georgics, 2.237-239 ("intereunt segetes, subit aspera silva, / lappaeque tribolique, interque nitentia culta /infelix lolium et steriles dominantur avena.") It also comes to carry the meaning of unhappiness, even denoting someone who causes unhappiness. This last definition might best describe the troublemaker Gunther, though the word's connotations of infertility also ominously foreshadow Gunther's fate. MCD}}
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-12T20:37:04Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him.
Note the regular DSDSDS scansion, again mimicking the regular marching of the travelers and perhaps also the structured tale retold "ex ordine." MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On on hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king MCD}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
||{{Comment|Gunther's urgent need to know who brought the fish is difficult to account for apart from the poet's need to bring the king and Walther into collision. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan and Gunther's reactions to the news of Walther's presence near Worms. Since Walther needs to return home to found his own successful dynasty, the comparison is apt. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The ferryman's account takes on the qualities of a vision, especially since his description primarily creates an image rather than a narrative of Walther and Hildegund. The poet is creating the poetic equivalent of a film flashback. MCD}}
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
||{{Comment|The poet emphasizes again Walther's formidable appearance in his armor. In the lines that follow, he enumerates again the items of armor Walther has worn from Pannonia, though this has already been described at ll. 333-340. The reiteration emphasizes Walther's identity as a warrior and the impressive appearance he makes to all who see him. He is the type of a classical or Germanic hero, physically recognizable as greater than other men, and his identity is fused with his warrior spirit. On a more naturalistic level, the reiteration of his armor prepares the reader for Walther's fatigue when he and Hildegund arrive in the Vosges, since he has enacted the warrior role for the entirety of their forty-day journey. MCD}}
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"corsucat": The poet is fond of words that denote shining, sparkling, or flashing. In this case, the sparkle is literally applied to the reflection of the brandished spear. In other cases, however, it denotes fame, beauty, or worth. Thus, Worms is described as "nitentem" (l. 433) and Walther as "coruscus" (l. 525). MCD}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The poet alters a Virgilian formula in which Aeneas is similar to a god to render Walther similar "to a strong man." What this lacks in rhetorical force it makes up in historical interest. The poet apparently is trying to create a hero who preserves the classic heroic features while divorcing him from a divine background and placing him firmly in the Christian universe subordinate to the monotheistic God. MCD}}
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|"Nitore": See note above.
This description of Hildegund echoes the poet's original depiction of her in her father's home. There, she was "stemmata formae"; here, "decorata formae." The use of the word "formae" implies symmetry and perfection above mere attraction. Hildegund is the ideal woman, and as such, it is appropriate to "crown" her prematurely in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|A somewhat problematic line to translate. Kratz writes that Hildegund "matched him stride for stride." This is a good but loose rendering. Literally, the line reads "the girl bruises heel with heel." This translation suggests Hildegund's loyalty and closeness to Walther. Another possibility: "the girl wipes out footprint with footprint." MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|sonipes: like cornipes, another word for the horse, Lion. This time the word emphasizes the noise its hooves make. These euphemisms for the horse echo a feature of Germanic and Norse poetic language, the kenning, which describes a well-known noun circuitously. Thus, an Old English word for "ocean" is "hronrad," or "whale-road." Likewise, in Old Norse, gold is called "Otter's Ransom" and "Freya's Tears," among numerous other titles. MCD}}
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The picture of the perfect hero with the perfect woman is completed by the perfect, sprited horse. The poet creates a strong image. MCD}}
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"gemmis": When she is first introduced, Hildegund is described as the "gemma parentum," the jewel of her parents (l. 74). Ward suggests that Hildegund is the true treasure in this scenario, although the vivid and tempting picture the ferryman paints here makes it easy to understand why Gunther misses this moral. MCD}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
||{{Comment|"quippe": emphasizes that Hagan is one of Gunther's closest allies and associates. Wherever the king sits, Hagan sits also. This will increase the gravity of Hagan's dilemma later in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|Hagan recognizes his childhood friend immediately by his description. MCD}}
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Gunther has placed Hagan in an almost unbearable position in which he will be forced to betray one of his vows unless he can dissuade the king. Ward argues that Hagan in punished for breaking his vow with the loss of his eye and his teeth (Roman Epic, ed. Boyle, 1993). It is difficult to see, however, what Hagan could have done differently. The Waltharius-poet may be attempting to show the limitations of the Germanic warrior-ethos, which in his eyes limits ethical behavior. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{"Squamosus": literally, scaly. It is a powerful image which captures the appearance of closely-woven Germanic corslets, but it also brings interesting reptilian associations to Hagan and his men. Dragons, traditional symbols of greed, are often described in terms of their impenetrable scales (as in Beowulf, ll. 2574-2680). By putting on scales, Gunther and his men become less than men, half-beasts transformed by greed. Indeed, in medieval literature dragons are occasionally imagined as demonic versions of men. In the late medieval English romance Bevis of Hampton, two greedy and warring lords are transformed by the Devil into dragons and terrorize Germany and Italy.}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|{{Comment|"imbellum": literally, "unwarlike one." Despite the ferryman's undeniably bellicose description, Gunther and his men imagine Walther will be easy to overcome. I suspect this is not meant to sound at all logical, in order to emphasize further Gunther's overweening pride and greed. This is an instance of dramatic irony on the part of the Waltharius-poet (see Green, Irony in the Medieval Romance, 1979). MCD}}
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|Kratz translates "infelix" as "ill-starred," a somewhat figurative rendering. Literally, the word denotes infertility, as in Virgil's Georgics, 2.237-239 ("intereunt segetes, subit aspera silva, / lappaeque tribolique, interque nitentia culta /infelix lolium et steriles dominantur avena.") It also comes to carry the meaning of unhappiness, even denoting someone who causes unhappiness. This last definition might best describe the troublemaker Gunther, though the word's connotations of infertility also ominously foreshadow Gunther's fate. MCD}}
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-12T20:36:26Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him.
Note the regular DSDSDS scansion, again mimicking the regular marching of the travelers and perhaps also the structured tale retold "ex ordine." MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On on hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king MCD}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
||{{Comment|Gunther's urgent need to know who brought the fish is difficult to account for apart from the poet's need to bring the king and Walther into collision. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan and Gunther's reactions to the news of Walther's presence near Worms. Since Walther needs to return home to found his own successful dynasty, the comparison is apt. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The ferryman's account takes on the qualities of a vision, especially since his description primarily creates an image rather than a narrative of Walther and Hildegund. The poet is creating the poetic equivalent of a film flashback. MCD}}
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
||{{Comment|The poet emphasizes again Walther's formidable appearance in his armor. In the lines that follow, he enumerates again the items of armor Walther has worn from Pannonia, though this has already been described at ll. 333-340. The reiteration emphasizes Walther's identity as a warrior and the impressive appearance he makes to all who see him. He is the type of a classical or Germanic hero, physically recognizable as greater than other men, and his identity is fused with his warrior spirit. On a more naturalistic level, the reiteration of his armor prepares the reader for Walther's fatigue when he and Hildegund arrive in the Vosges, since he has enacted the warrior role for the entirety of their forty-day journey. MCD}}
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"corsucat": The poet is fond of words that denote shining, sparkling, or flashing. In this case, the sparkle is literally applied to the reflection of the brandished spear. In other cases, however, it denotes fame, beauty, or worth. Thus, Worms is described as "nitentem" (l. 433) and Walther as "coruscus" (l. 525). MCD}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The poet alters a Virgilian formula in which Aeneas is similar to a god to render Walther similar "to a strong man." What this lacks in rhetorical force it makes up in historical interest. The poet apparently is trying to create a hero who preserves the classic heroic features while divorcing him from a divine background and placing him firmly in the Christian universe subordinate to the monotheistic God. MCD}}
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|"Nitore": See note above.
This description of Hildegund echoes the poet's original depiction of her in her father's home. There, she was "stemmata formae"; here, "decorata formae." The use of the word "formae" implies symmetry and perfection above mere attraction. Hildegund is the ideal woman, and as such, it is appropriate to "crown" her prematurely in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|A somewhat problematic line to translate. Kratz writes that Hildegund "matched him stride for stride." This is a good but loose rendering. Literally, the line reads "the girl bruises heel with heel." This translation suggests Hildegund's loyalty and closeness to Walther. Another possibility: "the girl wipes out footprint with footprint." MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|sonipes: like cornipes, another word for the horse, Lion. This time the word emphasizes the noise its hooves make. These euphemisms for the horse echo a feature of Germanic and Norse poetic language, the kenning, which describes a well-known noun circuitously. Thus, an Old English word for "ocean" is "hronrad," or "whale-road." Likewise, in Old Norse, gold is called "Otter's Ransom" and "Freya's Tears," among numerous other titles. MCD}}
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The picture of the perfect hero with the perfect woman is completed by the perfect, sprited horse. The poet creates a strong image. MCD}}
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"gemmis": When she is first introduced, Hildegund is described as the "gemma parentum," the jewel of her parents (l. 74). Ward suggests that Hildegund is the true treasure in this scenario, although the vivid and tempting picture the ferryman paints here makes it easy to understand why Gunther misses this moral. MCD}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
||{{Comment|"quippe": emphasizes that Hagan is one of Gunther's closest allies and associates. Wherever the king sits, Hagan sits also. This will increase the gravity of Hagan's dilemma later in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|Hagan recognizes his childhood friend immediately by his description. MCD}}
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Gunther has placed Hagan in an almost unbearable position in which he will be forced to betray one of his vows unless he can dissuade the king. Ward argues that Hagan in punished for breaking his vow with the loss of his eye and his teeth (Roman Epic, ed. Boyle, 1993). It is difficult to see, however, what Hagan could have done differently. The Waltharius-poet may be attempting to show the limitations of the Germanic warrior-ethos, which in his eyes limits ethical behavior. MCD}}
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{"Squamosus": literally, scaly. It is a powerful image which captures the appearance of closely-woven Germanic corslets, but it also brings interesting reptilian associations to Hagan and his men. Dragons, traditional symbols of greed, are often described in terms of their impenetrable scales (as in Beowulf, ll. 2574-2680). By putting on scales, Gunther and his men become less than men, half-beasts transformed by greed. Indeed, in medieval literature dragons are occasionally imagined as demonic versions of men. In the late medieval English romance Bevis of Hampton, two greedy and warring lords are transformed by the Devil into dragons and terrorize Germany and Italy.}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|{{Comment|"imbellum": literally, "unwarlike one." Despite the ferryman's undeniably bellicose description, Gunther and his men imagine Walther will be easy to overcome. I suspect this is not meant to sound at all logical, in order to emphasize further Gunther's overweening pride and greed. This is an instance of dramatic irony on the part of the Waltharius-poet (see Green, Irony in the Medieval Romance, 1979). MCD}}
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|Kratz translates "infelix" as "ill-starred," a somewhat figurative rendering. Literally, the word denotes infertility, as in Virgil's Georgics, 2.237-239 ("intereunt segetes, subit aspera silva, / lappaeque tribolique, interque nitentia culta /infelix lolium et steriles dominantur avena.") It also comes to carry the meaning of unhappiness, even denoting someone who causes unhappiness. This last definition might best describe the troublemaker Gunther, though the word's connotations of infertility also ominously foreshadow Gunther's fate. MCD}}
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-12T20:28:48Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him.
Note the regular DSDSDS scansion, again mimicking the regular marching of the travelers and perhaps also the structured tale retold "ex ordine." MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On on hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king MCD}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
||{{Comment|Gunther's urgent need to know who brought the fish is difficult to account for apart from the poet's need to bring the king and Walther into collision. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan and Gunther's reactions to the news of Walther's presence near Worms. Since Walther needs to return home to found his own successful dynasty, the comparison is apt. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The ferryman's account takes on the qualities of a vision, especially since his description primarily creates an image rather than a narrative of Walther and Hildegund. The poet is creating the poetic equivalent of a film flashback. MCD}}
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
||{{Comment|The poet emphasizes again Walther's formidable appearance in his armor. In the lines that follow, he enumerates again the items of armor Walther has worn from Pannonia, though this has already been described at ll. 333-340. The reiteration emphasizes Walther's identity as a warrior and the impressive appearance he makes to all who see him. He is the type of a classical or Germanic hero, physically recognizable as greater than other men, and his identity is fused with his warrior spirit. On a more naturalistic level, the reiteration of his armor prepares the reader for Walther's fatigue when he and Hildegund arrive in the Vosges, since he has enacted the warrior role for the entirety of their forty-day journey. MCD}}
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"corsucat": The poet is fond of words that denote shining, sparkling, or flashing. In this case, the sparkle is literally applied to the reflection of the brandished spear. In other cases, however, it denotes fame, beauty, or worth. Thus, Worms is described as "nitentem" (l. 433) and Walther as "coruscus" (l. 525). MCD}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The poet alters a Virgilian formula in which Aeneas is similar to a god to render Walther similar "to a strong man." What this lacks in rhetorical force it makes up in historical interest. The poet apparently is trying to create a hero who preserves the classic heroic features while divorcing him from a divine background and placing him firmly in the Christian universe subordinate to the monotheistic God. MCD}}
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|"Nitore": See note above.
This description of Hildegund echoes the poet's original depiction of her in her father's home. There, she was "stemmata formae"; here, "decorata formae." The use of the word "formae" implies symmetry and perfection above mere attraction. Hildegund is the ideal woman, and as such, it is appropriate to "crown" her prematurely in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|A somewhat problematic line to translate. Kratz writes that Hildegund "matched him stride for stride." This is a good but loose rendering. Literally, the line reads "the girl bruises heel with heel." This translation suggests Hildegund's loyalty and closeness to Walther. Another possibility: "the girl wipes out footprint with footprint." MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|sonipes: like cornipes, another word for the horse, Lion. This time the word emphasizes the noise its hooves make. These euphemisms for the horse echo a feature of Germanic and Norse poetic language, the kenning, which describes a well-known noun circuitously. Thus, an Old English word for "ocean" is "hronrad," or "whale-road." Likewise, in Old Norse, gold is called "Otter's Ransom" and "Freya's Tears," among numerous other titles. MCD}}
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The picture of the perfect hero with the perfect woman is completed by the perfect, sprited horse. The poet creates a strong image. MCD}}
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"gemmis": When she is first introduced, Hildegund is described as the "gemma parentum," the jewel of her parents (l. 74). Ward suggests that Hildegund is the true treasure in this scenario, although the vivid and tempting picture the ferryman paints here makes it easy to understand why Gunther misses this moral. MCD}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
||{{Comment|"quippe": emphasizes that Hagan is one of Gunther's closest allies and associates. Wherever the king sits, Hagan sits also. This will increase the gravity of Hagan's dilemma later in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|Hagan recognizes his childhood friend immediately by his description. MCD}}
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|Gunther has placed Hagan in an almost unbearable position in which he will be forced to betray one of his vows unless he can dissuade the king. Ward argues that Hagan in punished for breaking his vow with the loss of his eye and his teeth (Roman Epic, ed. Boyle, 1993). It is difficult to see, however, what Hagan could have done differently. The Waltharius-poet may be attempting to show the limitations of the Germanic warrior-ethos, which in his eyes limits ethical behavior. MCD}}
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|{{Comment|"imbellum": literally, "unwarlike one." Despite the ferryman's undeniably bellicose description, Gunther and his men imagine Walther will be easy to overcome. I suspect this is not meant to sound at all logical, in order to emphasize further Gunther's overweening pride and greed. This is an instance of dramatic irony on the part of the Waltharius-poet (see Green, Irony in the Medieval Romance, 1979). MCD}}
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|Kratz translates "infelix" as "ill-starred," a somewhat figurative rendering. Literally, the word denotes infertility, as in Virgil's Georgics, 2.237-239 ("intereunt segetes, subit aspera silva, / lappaeque tribolique, interque nitentia culta /infelix lolium et steriles dominantur avena.") It also comes to carry the meaning of unhappiness, even denoting someone who causes unhappiness. This last definition might best describe the troublemaker Gunther, though the word's connotations of infertility also ominously foreshadow Gunther's fate. MCD}}
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-12T20:20:23Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him.
Note the regular DSDSDS scansion, again mimicking the regular marching of the travelers and perhaps also the structured tale retold "ex ordine." MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On on hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king MCD}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
||{{Comment|Gunther's urgent need to know who brought the fish is difficult to account for apart from the poet's need to bring the king and Walther into collision. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan and Gunther's reactions to the news of Walther's presence near Worms. Since Walther needs to return home to found his own successful dynasty, the comparison is apt. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The ferryman's account takes on the qualities of a vision, especially since his description primarily creates an image rather than a narrative of Walther and Hildegund. The poet is creating the poetic equivalent of a film flashback. MCD}}
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
||{{Comment|The poet emphasizes again Walther's formidable appearance in his armor. In the lines that follow, he enumerates again the items of armor Walther has worn from Pannonia, though this has already been described at ll. 333-340. The reiteration emphasizes Walther's identity as a warrior and the impressive appearance he makes to all who see him. He is the type of a classical or Germanic hero, physically recognizable as greater than other men, and his identity is fused with his warrior spirit. On a more naturalistic level, the reiteration of his armor prepares the reader for Walther's fatigue when he and Hildegund arrive in the Vosges, since he has enacted the warrior role for the entirety of their forty-day journey. MCD}}
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"corsucat": The poet is fond of words that denote shining, sparkling, or flashing. In this case, the sparkle is literally applied to the reflection of the brandished spear. In other cases, however, it denotes fame, beauty, or worth. Thus, Worms is described as "nitentem" (l. 433) and Walther as "coruscus" (l. 525). MCD}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The poet alters a Virgilian formula in which Aeneas is similar to a god to render Walther similar "to a strong man." What this lacks in rhetorical force it makes up in historical interest. The poet apparently is trying to create a hero who preserves the classic heroic features while divorcing him from a divine background and placing him firmly in the Christian universe subordinate to the monotheistic God. MCD}}
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|"Nitore": See note above.
This description of Hildegund echoes the poet's original depiction of her in her father's home. There, she was "stemmata formae"; here, "decorata formae." The use of the word "formae" implies symmetry and perfection above mere attraction. Hildegund is the ideal woman, and as such, it is appropriate to "crown" her prematurely in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|A somewhat problematic line to translate. Kratz writes that Hildegund "matched him stride for stride." This is a good but loose rendering. Literally, the line reads "the girl bruises heel with heel." This translation suggests Hildegund's loyalty and closeness to Walther. Another possibility: "the girl wipes out footprint with footprint." MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|sonipes: like cornipes, another word for the horse, Lion. This time the word emphasizes the noise its hooves make. These euphemisms for the horse echo a feature of Germanic and Norse poetic language, the kenning, which describes a well-known noun circuitously. Thus, an Old English word for "ocean" is "hronrad," or "whale-road." Likewise, in Old Norse, gold is called "Otter's Ransom" and "Freya's Tears," among numerous other titles. MCD}}
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The picture of the perfect hero with the perfect woman is completed by the perfect, sprited horse. The poet creates a strong image. MCD}}
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"gemmis": When she is first introduced, Hildegund is described as the "gemma parentum," the jewel of her parents (l. 74). Ward suggests that Hildegund is the true treasure in this scenario, although the vivid and tempting picture the ferryman paints here makes it easy to understand why Gunther misses this moral. MCD}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
||{{Comment|"quippe": emphasizes that Hagan is one of Gunther's closest allies and associates. Wherever the king sits, Hagan sits also. This will increase the gravity of Hagan's dilemma later in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|Hagan recognizes his childhood friend immediately by his description. MCD}}
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|{{Comment|"imbellum": literally, "unwarlike one." Despite the ferryman's undeniably bellicose description, Gunther and his men imagine Walther will be easy to overcome. I suspect this is not meant to sound at all logical, in order to emphasize further Gunther's overweening pride and greed. MCD}}
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|Kratz translates "infelix" as "ill-starred," a somewhat figurative rendering. Literally, the word denotes infertility, as in Virgil's Georgics, 2.237-239 ("intereunt segetes, subit aspera silva, / lappaeque tribolique, interque nitentia culta /infelix lolium et steriles dominantur avena.") It also comes to carry the meaning of unhappiness, even denoting someone who causes unhappiness. This last definition might best describe the troublemaker Gunther, though the word's connotations of infertility also ominously foreshadow Gunther's fate. MCD}}
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-12T20:18:09Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him.
Note the regular DSDSDS scansion, again mimicking the regular marching of the travelers and perhaps also the structured tale retold "ex ordine." MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On on hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king MCD}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
||{{Comment|Gunther's urgent need to know who brought the fish is difficult to account for apart from the poet's need to bring the king and Walther into collision. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan and Gunther's reactions to the news of Walther's presence near Worms. Since Walther needs to return home to found his own successful dynasty, the comparison is apt. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The ferryman's account takes on the qualities of a vision, especially since his description primarily creates an image rather than a narrative of Walther and Hildegund. The poet is creating the poetic equivalent of a film flashback. MCD}}
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
||{{Comment|The poet emphasizes again Walther's formidable appearance in his armor. In the lines that follow, he enumerates again the items of armor Walther has worn from Pannonia, though this has already been described at ll. 333-340. The reiteration emphasizes Walther's identity as a warrior and the impressive appearance he makes to all who see him. He is the type of a classical or Germanic hero, physically recognizable as greater than other men, and his identity is fused with his warrior spirit. On a more naturalistic level, the reiteration of his armor prepares the reader for Walther's fatigue when he and Hildegund arrive in the Vosges, since he has enacted the warrior role for the entirety of their forty-day journey. MCD}}
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"corsucat": The poet is fond of words that denote shining, sparkling, or flashing. In this case, the sparkle is literally applied to the reflection of the brandished spear. In other cases, however, it denotes fame, beauty, or worth. Thus, Worms is described as "nitentem" (l. 433) and Walther as "coruscus" (l. 525). MCD}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The poet alters a Virgilian formula in which Aeneas is similar to a god to render Walther similar "to a strong man." What this lacks in rhetorical force it makes up in historical interest. The poet apparently is trying to create a hero who preserves the classic heroic features while divorcing him from a divine background and placing him firmly in the Christian universe subordinate to the monotheistic God. MCD}}
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|"Nitore": See note above.
This description of Hildegund echoes the poet's original depiction of her in her father's home. There, she was "stemmata formae"; here, "decorata formae." The use of the word "formae" implies symmetry and perfection above mere attraction. Hildegund is the ideal woman, and as such, it is appropriate to "crown" her prematurely in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|A somewhat problematic line to translate. Kratz writes that Hildegund "matched him stride for stride." This is a good but loose rendering. Literally, the line reads "the girl bruises heel with heel." This translation suggests Hildegund's loyalty and closeness to Walther. Another possibility: "the girl wipes out footprint with footprint." MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|sonipes: like cornipes, another word for the horse, Lion. This time the word emphasizes the noise its hooves make. These euphemisms for the horse echo a feature of Germanic and Norse poetic language, the kenning, which describes a well-known noun circuitously. Thus, an Old English word for "ocean" is "hronrad," or "whale-road." Likewise, in Old Norse, gold is called "Otter's Ransom" and "Freya's Tears," among numerous other titles. MCD}}
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The picture of the perfect hero with the perfect woman is completed by the perfect, sprited horse. The poet creates a strong image. MCD}}
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"gemmis": When she is first introduced, Hildegund is described as the "gemma parentum," the jewel of her parents (l. 74). Ward suggests that Hildegund is the true treasure in this scenario, although the vivid and tempting picture the ferryman paints here makes it easy to understand why Gunther misses this moral. MCD}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
||{{Comment|"quippe": emphasizes that Hagan is one of Gunther's closest allies and associates. Wherever the king sits, Hagan sits also. This will increase the gravity of Hagan's dilemma later in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|Hagan recognizes his childhood friend immediately by his description. MCD}}
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|Kratz translates "infelix" as "ill-starred," a somewhat figurative rendering. Literally, the word denotes infertility, as in Virgil's Georgics, 2.237-239 ("intereunt segetes, subit aspera silva, / lappaeque tribolique, interque nitentia culta /infelix lolium et steriles dominantur avena.") It also comes to carry the meaning of unhappiness, even denoting someone who causes unhappiness. This last definition might best describe the troublemaker Gunther, though the word's connotations of infertility also ominously foreshadow Gunther's fate. MCD}}
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-10T23:04:00Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him.
Note the regular DSDSDS scansion, again mimicking the regular marching of the travelers and perhaps also the structured tale retold "ex ordine." MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On on hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king MCD}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
||{{Comment|Gunther's urgent need to know who brought the fish is difficult to account for apart from the poet's need to bring the king and Walther into collision. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan and Gunther's reactions to the news of Walther's presence near Worms. Since Walther needs to return home to found his own successful dynasty, the comparison is apt. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The ferryman's account takes on the qualities of a vision, especially since his description primarily creates an image rather than a narrative of Walther and Hildegund. The poet is creating the poetic equivalent of a film flashback. MCD}}
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
||{{Comment|The poet emphasizes again Walther's formidable appearance in his armor. In the lines that follow, he enumerates again the items of armor Walther has worn from Pannonia, though this has already been described at ll. 333-340. The reiteration emphasizes Walther's identity as a warrior and the impressive appearance he makes to all who see him. He is the type of a classical or Germanic hero, physically recognizable as greater than other men, and his identity is fused with his warrior spirit. On a more naturalistic level, the reiteration of his armor prepares the reader for Walther's fatigue when he and Hildegund arrive in the Vosges, since he has enacted the warrior role for the entirety of their forty-day journey. MCD}}
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"corsucat": The poet is fond of words that denote shining, sparkling, or flashing. In this case, the sparkle is literally applied to the reflection of the brandished spear. In other cases, however, it denotes fame, beauty, or worth. Thus, Worms is described as "nitentem" (l. 433) and Walther as "coruscus" (l. 525). MCD}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The poet alters a Virgilian formula in which Aeneas is similar to a god to render Walther similar "to a strong man." What this lacks in rhetorical force it makes up in historical interest. The poet apparently is trying to create a hero who preserves the classic heroic features while divorcing him from a divine background and placing him firmly in the Christian universe subordinate to the monotheistic God. MCD}}
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|"Nitore": See note above.
This description of Hildegund echoes the poet's original depiction of her in her father's home. There, she was "stemmata formae"; here, "decorata formae." The use of the word "formae" implies symmetry and perfection above mere attraction. Hildegund is the ideal woman, and as such, it is appropriate to "crown" her prematurely in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|A somewhat problematic line to translate. Kratz writes that Hildegund "matched him stride for stride." This is a good but loose rendering. Literally, the line reads "the girl bruises heel with heel." This translation suggests Hildegund's loyalty and closeness to Walther. Another possibility: "the girl wipes out footprint with footprint." MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|sonipes: like cornipes, another word for the horse, Lion. This time the word emphasizes the noise its hooves make. These euphemisms for the horse echo a feature of Germanic and Norse poetic language, the kenning, which describes a well-known noun circuitously. Thus, an Old English word for "ocean" is "hronrad," or "whale-road." Likewise, in Old Norse, gold is called "Otter's Ransom" and "Freya's Tears," among numerous other titles. MCD}}
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The picture of the perfect hero with the perfect woman is completed by the perfect, sprited horse. The poet creates a strong image. MCD}}
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"gemmis": When she is first introduced, Hildegund is described as the "gemma parentum," the jewel of her parents (l. 74). Ward suggests that Hildegund is the true treasure in this scenario, although the vivid and tempting picture the ferryman paints here makes it easy to understand why Gunther misses this moral. MCD}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
||{{Comment|"quippe": emphasizes that Hagan is one of Gunther's closest allies and associates. Wherever the king sits, Hagan sits also. This will increase the gravity of Hagan's dilemma later in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|Hagan recognizes his childhood friend immediately by his description. MCD}}
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-10T23:02:58Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him.
Note the regular DSDSDS scansion, again mimicking the regular marching of the travelers and perhaps also the structured tale retold "ex ordine." MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On on hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king MCD}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
||{{Comment|Gunther's urgent need to know who brought the fish is difficult to account for apart from the poet's need to bring the king and Walther into collision. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan and Gunther's reactions to the news of Walther's presence near Worms. Since Walther needs to return home to found his own successful dynasty, the comparison is apt. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The ferryman's account takes on the qualities of a vision, especially since his description primarily creates an image rather than a narrative of Walther and Hildegund. The poet is creating the poetic equivalent of a film flashback. MCD}}
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
||{{Comment|The poet emphasizes again Walther's formidable appearance in his armor. In the lines that follow, he enumerates again the items of armor Walther has worn from Pannonia, though this has already been described at ll. 333-340. The reiteration emphasizes Walther's identity as a warrior and the impressive appearance he makes to all who see him. He is the type of a classical or Germanic hero, physically recognizable as greater than other men, and his identity is fused with his warrior spirit. On a more naturalistic level, the reiteration of his armor prepares the reader for Walther's fatigue when he and Hildegund arrive in the Vosges, since he has enacted the warrior role for the entirety of their forty-day journey. MCD}}
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"corsucat": The poet is fond of words that denote shining, sparkling, or flashing. In this case, the sparkle is literally applied to the reflection of the brandished spear. In other cases, however, it denotes fame, beauty, or worth. Thus, Worms is described as "nitentem" (l. 433) and Walther as "coruscus" (l. 525). MCD}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The poet alters a Virgilian formula in which Aeneas is similar to a god to render Walther similar "to a strong man." What this lacks in rhetorical force it makes up in historical interest. The poet apparently is trying to create a hero who preserves the classic heroic features while divorcing him from a divine background and placing him firmly in the Christian universe subordinate to the monotheistic God. MCD}}
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|"Nitore": See note above.
This description of Hildegund echoes the poet's original depiction of her in her father's home. There, she was "stemmata formae"; here, "decorata formae." The use of the word "formae" implies symmetry and perfection above mere attraction. Hildegund is the ideal woman, and as such, it is appropriate to "crown" her prematurely in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|A somewhat problematic line to translate. Kratz writes that Hildegund "matched him stride for stride." This is a good but loose rendering. Literally, the line reads "the girl bruises heel with heel." This translation suggests Hildegund's loyalty and closeness to Walther. Another possibility: "the girl wipes out footprint with footprint." MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|sonipes: like cornipes, another word for the horse, Lion. This time the word emphasizes the noise its hooves make. These euphemisms for the horse echo a feature of Germanic and Norse poetic language, the kenning, which describes a well-known noun circuitously. Thus, an Old English word for "ocean" is "hronrad," or "whale-road." Likewise, in Old Norse, gold is called "Otter's Ransom" and "Freya's Tears," among numerous other titles. MCD}}
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The picture of the perfect hero with the perfect woman is completed by the perfect, sprited horse. The poet creates a strong image. MCD}}
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"gemmis": When she is first introduced, Hildegund is described as the "gemma parentum," the jewel of her parents (l. 74). Ward suggests that Hildegund is the true treasure in this scenario, although the vivid and tempting picture the ferryman paints here makes it easy to understand why Gunther misses this moral. MCD}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
||{{Comment|"quippe": emphasizes that Hagan is one of Gunther's closest allies and associates. Wherever the king sits, Hagan sits also. This will increase the gravity of Hagan's dilemma later in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|{{Comment|Hagan recognizes his childhood friend immediately by his description. MCD}}
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-10T22:55:30Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him.
Note the regular DSDSDS scansion, again mimicking the regular marching of the travelers and perhaps also the structured tale retold "ex ordine." MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On on hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king MCD}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
||{{Comment|Gunther's urgent need to know who brought the fish is difficult to account for apart from the poet's need to bring the king and Walther into collision. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan and Gunther's reactions to the news of Walther's presence near Worms. Since Walther needs to return home to found his own successful dynasty, the comparison is apt. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The ferryman's account takes on the qualities of a vision, especially since his description primarily creates an image rather than a narrative of Walther and Hildegund. The poet is creating the poetic equivalent of a film flashback. MCD}}
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
||{{Comment|The poet emphasizes again Walther's formidable appearance in his armor. In the lines that follow, he enumerates again the items of armor Walther has worn from Pannonia, though this has already been described at ll. 333-340. The reiteration emphasizes Walther's identity as a warrior and the impressive appearance he makes to all who see him. He is the type of a classical or Germanic hero, physically recognizable as greater than other men, and his identity is fused with his warrior spirit. On a more naturalistic level, the reiteration of his armor prepares the reader for Walther's fatigue when he and Hildegund arrive in the Vosges, since he has enacted the warrior role for the entirety of their forty-day journey. MCD}}
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"corsucat": The poet is fond of words that denote shining, sparkling, or flashing. In this case, the sparkle is literally applied to the reflection of the brandished spear. In other cases, however, it denotes fame, beauty, or worth. Thus, Worms is described as "nitentem" (l. 433) and Walther as "coruscus" (l. 525). MCD}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The poet alters a Virgilian formula in which Aeneas is similar to a god to render Walther similar "to a strong man." What this lacks in rhetorical force it makes up in historical interest. The poet apparently is trying to create a hero who preserves the classic heroic features while divorcing him from a divine background and placing him firmly in the Christian universe subordinate to the monotheistic God. MCD}}
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|"Nitore": See note above.
This description of Hildegund echoes the poet's original depiction of her in her father's home. There, she was "stemmata formae"; here, "decorata formae." The use of the word "formae" implies symmetry and perfection above mere attraction. Hildegund is the ideal woman, and as such, it is appropriate to "crown" her prematurely in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|A somewhat problematic line to translate. Kratz writes that Hildegund "matched him stride for stride." This is a good but loose rendering. Literally, the line reads "the girl bruises heel with heel." This translation suggests Hildegund's loyalty and closeness to Walther. Another possibility: "the girl wipes out footprint with footprint." MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|sonipes: like cornipes, another word for the horse, Lion. This time the word emphasizes the noise its hooves make. These euphemisms for the horse echo a feature of Germanic and Norse poetic language, the kenning, which describes a well-known noun circuitously. Thus, an Old English word for "ocean" is "hronrad," or "whale-road." Likewise, in Old Norse, gold is called "Otter's Ransom" and "Freya's Tears," among numerous other titles. MCD}}
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The picture of the perfect hero with the perfect woman is completed by the perfect, sprited horse. The poet creates a strong image. MCD}}
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|"gemmis": When she is first introduced, Hildegund is described as the "gemma parentum," the jewel of her parents (l. 74). Ward suggests that Hildegund is the true treasure in this scenario, although the vivid and tempting picture the ferryman paints here makes it easy to understand why Gunther misses this moral. MCD}}
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
|
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. (TK: example) MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-10T22:36:33Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him.
Note the regular DSDSDS scansion, again mimicking the regular marching of the travelers and perhaps also the structured tale retold "ex ordine." MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On on hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king MCD}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
||{{Comment|Gunther's urgent need to know who brought the fish is difficult to account for apart from the poet's need to bring the king and Walther into collision. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan and Gunther's reactions to the news of Walther's presence near Worms. Since Walther needs to return home to found his own successful dynasty, the comparison is apt. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The ferryman's account takes on the qualities of a vision, especially since his description primarily creates an image rather than a narrative of Walther and Hildegund. The poet is creating the poetic equivalent of a film flashback. MCD}}
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
||{{Comment|The poet emphasizes again Walther's formidable appearance in his armor. In the lines that follow, he enumerates again the items of armor Walther has worn from Pannonia, though this has already been described at ll. 333-340. The reiteration emphasizes Walther's identity as a warrior and the impressive appearance he makes to all who see him. He is the type of a classical or Germanic hero, physically recognizable as greater than other men, and his identity is fused with his warrior spirit. On a more naturalistic level, the reiteration of his armor prepares the reader for Walther's fatigue when he and Hildegund arrive in the Vosges, since he has enacted the warrior role for the entirety of their forty-day journey. MCD}}
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"corsucat": The poet is fond of words that denote shining, sparkling, or flashing. In this case, the sparkle is literally applied to the reflection of the brandished spear. In other cases, however, it denotes fame, beauty, or worth. Thus, Worms is described as "nitentem" (l. 433) and Walther as "coruscus" (l. 525). MCD}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|{{Comment|The poet alters a Virgilian formula in which Aeneas is similar to a god to render Walther similar "to a strong man." What this lacks in rhetorical force it makes up in historical interest. The poet apparently is trying to create a hero who preserves the classic heroic features while divorcing him from a divine background and placing him firmly in the Christian universe subordinate to the monotheistic God. MCD}}
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|{{Comment|"Nitore": See note above.
This description of Hildegund echoes the poet's original depiction of her in her father's home. There, she was "stemmata formae"; here, "decorata formae." The use of the word "formae" implies symmetry and perfection above mere attraction. Hildegund is the ideal woman, and as such, it is appropriate to "crown" her prematurely in the poem. MCD}}
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|A somewhat problematic line to translate. Kratz writes that Hildegund "matched him stride for stride." This is a good but loose rendering. Literally, the line reads "the girl bruises heel with heel." This translation suggests Hildegund's loyalty and closeness to Walther. Another possibility: "the girl wipes out footprint with footprint." MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
|
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. (TK: example) MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-10T22:30:35Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him.
Note the regular DSDSDS scansion, again mimicking the regular marching of the travelers and perhaps also the structured tale retold "ex ordine." MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On on hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king MCD}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
||{{Comment|Gunther's urgent need to know who brought the fish is difficult to account for apart from the poet's need to bring the king and Walther into collision. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan and Gunther's reactions to the news of Walther's presence near Worms. Since Walther needs to return home to found his own successful dynasty, the comparison is apt. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The ferryman's account takes on the qualities of a vision, especially since his description primarily creates an image rather than a narrative of Walther and Hildegund. The poet is creating the poetic equivalent of a film flashback. MCD}}
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
||{{Comment|The poet emphasizes again Walther's formidable appearance in his armor. In the lines that follow, he enumerates again the items of armor Walther has worn from Pannonia, though this has already been described at ll. 333-340. The reiteration emphasizes Walther's identity as a warrior and the impressive appearance he makes to all who see him. He is the type of a classical or Germanic hero, physically recognizable as greater than other men, and his identity is fused with his warrior spirit. On a more naturalistic level, the reiteration of his armor prepares the reader for Walther's fatigue when he and Hildegund arrive in the Vosges, since he has enacted the warrior role for the entirety of their forty-day journey. MCD}}
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"corsucat": The poet is fond of words that denote shining, sparkling, or flashing. In this case, the sparkle is literally applied to the reflection of the brandished spear. In other cases, however, it denotes fame, beauty, or worth. Thus, Worms is described as "nitentem" (l. 433) and Walther as "coruscus" (l. 525). MCD}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|A somewhat problematic line to translate. Kratz writes that Hildegund "matched him stride for stride." This is a good but loose rendering. Literally, the line reads "the girl bruises heel with heel." This translation suggests Hildegund's loyalty and closeness to Walther. Another possibility: "the girl wipes out footprint with footprint." MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
|
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. (TK: example) MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-10T22:29:53Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him. MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On on hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king MCD}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
||{{Comment|Gunther's urgent need to know who brought the fish is difficult to account for apart from the poet's need to bring the king and Walther into collision. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan and Gunther's reactions to the news of Walther's presence near Worms. Since Walther needs to return home to found his own successful dynasty, the comparison is apt. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The ferryman's account takes on the qualities of a vision, especially since his description primarily creates an image rather than a narrative of Walther and Hildegund. The poet is creating the poetic equivalent of a film flashback. MCD}}
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
||{{Comment|The poet emphasizes again Walther's formidable appearance in his armor. In the lines that follow, he enumerates again the items of armor Walther has worn from Pannonia, though this has already been described at ll. 333-340. The reiteration emphasizes Walther's identity as a warrior and the impressive appearance he makes to all who see him. He is the type of a classical or Germanic hero, physically recognizable as greater than other men, and his identity is fused with his warrior spirit. On a more naturalistic level, the reiteration of his armor prepares the reader for Walther's fatigue when he and Hildegund arrive in the Vosges, since he has enacted the warrior role for the entirety of their forty-day journey. MCD}}
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"corsucat": The poet is fond of words that denote shining, sparkling, or flashing. In this case, the sparkle is literally applied to the reflection of the brandished spear. In other cases, however, it denotes fame, beauty, or worth. Thus, Worms is described as "nitentem" (l. 433) and Walther as "coruscus" (l. 525). MCD}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
||{{Comment|A somewhat problematic line to translate. Kratz writes that Hildegund "matched him stride for stride." This is a good but loose rendering. Literally, the line reads "the girl bruises heel with heel." This translation suggests Hildegund's loyalty and closeness to Walther. Another possibility: "the girl wipes out footprint with footprint." MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
|
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. (TK: example) MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-10T22:24:41Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him. MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On on hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king MCD}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
||{{Comment|Gunther's urgent need to know who brought the fish is difficult to account for apart from the poet's need to bring the king and Walther into collision. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan and Gunther's reactions to the news of Walther's presence near Worms. Since Walther needs to return home to found his own successful dynasty, the comparison is apt. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The ferryman's account takes on the qualities of a vision, especially since his description primarily creates an image rather than a narrative of Walther and Hildegund. The poet is creating the poetic equivalent of a film flashback. MCD}}
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
||{{Comment|The poet emphasizes again Walther's formidable appearance in his armor. In the lines that follow, he enumerates again the items of armor Walther has worn from Pannonia, though this has already been described at ll. 333-340. The reiteration emphasizes Walther's identity as a warrior and the impressive appearance he makes to all who see him. He is the type of a classical or Germanic hero, physically recognizable as greater than other men, and his identity is fused with his warrior spirit. On a more naturalistic level, the reiteration of his armor prepares the reader for Walther's fatigue when he and Hildegund arrive in the Vosges, since he has enacted the warrior role for the entirety of their forty-day journey. MCD}}
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"corsucat": The poet is fond of words that denote shining, sparkling, or flashing. In this case, the sparkle is literally applied to the reflection of the brandished spear. In other cases, however, it denotes fame, beauty, or worth. Thus, Worms is described as "nitentem" (l. 433) and Walther as "coruscus" (l. 525). MCD}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
|
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. (TK: example) MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-10T22:23:15Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him. MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On on hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king MCD}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
||{{Comment|Gunther's urgent need to know who brought the fish is difficult to account for apart from the poet's need to bring the king and Walther into collision. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan and Gunther's reactions to the news of Walther's presence near Worms. Since Walther needs to return home to found his own successful dynasty, the comparison is apt. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|{{Comment|The ferryman's account takes on the qualities of a vision, especially since his description primarily creates an image rather than a narrative of Walther and Hildegund. The poet is creating the poetic equivalent of a film flashback. MCD}}
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
||{{Comment|The poet emphasizes again Walther's formidable appearance in his armor. In the lines that follow, he enumerates again the items of armor Walther has worn from Pannonia, though this has already been described at ll. 333-340. The reiteration emphasizes Walther's identity as a warrior and the impressive appearance he makes to all who see him. He is the type of a classical or Germanic hero, physically recognizable as greater than other men, and his identity is fused with his warrior spirit. On a more naturalistic level, the reiteration of his armor prepares the reader for Walther's fatigue when he and Hildegund arrive in the Vosges, since he has enacted the warrior role for the entirety of their forty-day journey. MCD}}
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"corsucat": The poet is fond of words that denote shining, sparkling, or flashing. In this case, the sparkle is literally applied to the reflection of the brandished spear. In other cases, however, it denotes fame, beauty, or worth. Thus, Worms is described as "nitentem" (l. 433) and Walther as "coruscus" (l. 525). MCD}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
|
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. (TK: example) MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-10T22:18:59Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him. MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On on hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king MCD}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
||{{Comment|Gunther's urgent need to know who brought the fish is difficult to account for apart from the poet's need to bring the king and Walther into collision. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan and Gunther's reactions to the news of Walther's presence near Worms. Since Walther needs to return home to found his own successful dynasty, the comparison is apt. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
||{{Comment|The poet emphasizes again Walther's formidable appearance in his armor. In the lines that follow, he enumerates again the items of armor Walther has worn from Pannonia, though this has already been described at ll. 333-340. The reiteration emphasizes Walther's identity as a warrior and the impressive appearance he makes to all who see him. He is the type of a classical or Germanic hero, physically recognizable as greater than other men, and his identity is fused with his warrior spirit. On a more naturalistic level, the reiteration of his armor prepares the reader for Walther's fatigue when he and Hildegund arrive in the Vosges, since he has enacted the warrior role for the entirety of their forty-day journey. MCD}}
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|"corsucat": The poet is fond of words that denote shining, sparkling, or flashing. In this case, the sparkle is literally applied to the reflection of the brandished spear. In other cases, however, it denotes fame, beauty, or worth. Thus, Worms is described as "nitentem" (l. 433) and Walther as "coruscus" (l. 525). MCD}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
|
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. (TK: example) MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-10T22:08:13Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him. MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On on hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king MCD}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
||{{Comment|Gunther's urgent need to know who brought the fish is difficult to account for apart from the poet's need to bring the king and Walther into collision. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan and Gunther's reactions to the news of Walther's presence near Worms. Since Walther needs to return home to found his own successful dynasty, the comparison is apt. MCD}}
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment| Emphasizes Walter’s armor again (more TK). Recurrence of the word “coruscus.”}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
|
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. (TK: example) MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-10T22:06:48Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him. MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On on hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
||{{Comment|Gunther's urgent need to know who brought the fish is difficult to account for apart from the poet's need to bring the king and Walther into collision. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|{{Comment|The poet's choice of words resembles Virgil's description of Aeneas, when he first receives Apollo's prophecy that he should found a new land in Italy. On waking, he tells Dido, he springs up and carefully retells his prophetic dream to his father ("remque ordine pando"). It is possible that by echoing Aeneas' account in the ferryman's, the poet intends an ironic parallel between Aeneas' and Anchises' joy at the future and Hagan and Gunther's reactions to the news of Walther's presence.}}
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment| Emphasizes Walter’s armor again (more TK). Recurrence of the word “coruscus.”}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
|
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. (TK: example) MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-10T21:53:28Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him. MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On on hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
||{{Comment|Gunther's urgent need to know who brought the fish is difficult to account for apart from the poet's need to bring the king and Walther into collision. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment| Emphasizes Walter’s armor again (more TK). Recurrence of the word “coruscus.”}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
|
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. (TK: example) MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-10T21:51:04Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him. MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. It is difficult to interpret Gunther's breach of promise. On on hand, faithfulness to oaths held society together, and the failures of Walther and Hagan to keep their childhood oaths are arguably punished at the end of the Waltharius. On the other hand, subjection was considered shameful, so Gunther's attempt to reinstate his kingly dignity might have been read as praiseworthy. The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment| Emphasizes Walter’s armor again (more TK). Recurrence of the word “coruscus.”}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
|
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. (TK: example) MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-10T21:48:48Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him. MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. (TK: Implications) The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.
Ab alto: presumably from his throne, or perhaps more figuratively, with authority as a king}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment| Emphasizes Walter’s armor again (more TK). Recurrence of the word “coruscus.”}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
|
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. (TK: example) MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-10T21:47:18Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him. MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. (TK: Implications) The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment| Emphasizes Walter’s armor again (more TK). Recurrence of the word “coruscus.”}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
|
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. (TK: example) MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-10T21:45:39Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

===Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)===
{|
|-
|[[orta1|Orta]] [[dies]] [[postquam]] [[tenebras]] [[discusserat]] [[atras]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 7.148-149.: ''cum prima lustrabat lampade terras/ orta dies. . . '' ‘When the risen day was lighting the earth with her earliest torch. . .’'' ''12.113-114.: ''Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montis/ orta dies. '' ‘The next dawn was just beginning to sprinkle the mountain tops with light.’ ''Georgics ''3.357:'' Sol pallentis haud umquam discutit umbras.'' ‘Never does the Sun scatter the pale mists.’ 12.669: ''ut primum discussae umbrae. . .'' ‘As soon as the shadows scattered. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|{{Comment|"Atras": Coal-black, gloomy, dark. The adjective is associated in classical Latin with words of burning (for example, Aetna) and is never used positively. It usually indicates misfortune, suffering, or at the very least confusion. The fact that Walther spent a "nox atra" should worry a reader: unfortunate times lie ahead for him. MCD}}
|-
|[[Portitor]] [[exurgens]] [[praefatam]] [[venit1|venit]] [[in]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Praefatam'' (found only in later and juridical Latin) equiv. to ''supra dictam''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|{{Comment|The "portitor" (ferry-man) is the only non-noble character mentioned in the whole of the poem. There is no clear explanation for why he would bring his fee to the Gunther's court, unless he is paid directly by the king rather than through his labor. The outcome of his conscientiousness, however, is weighty for Walther. His epic battle depends on his choice of ferryman, his choice of fee, and the coincidence that he should have brought a fish previously unknown among the Franks. The poet seems untroubled that his narrative should hang upon such a flimsy plot device. MCD}}
|-
|[[Regalique]] [[coco]], [[reliquorum]] [[quippe]] [[magistro]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
{{Comment|The cook forms a vital part of the court, and this one clearly has accrued great prestige to be called "magister." Germanic society depended heavily on the custom of feasting, sharing food and drink. Beowulf, for example, features several feasts in which past triumphs and defeats are remembered, new alliances are forged, and followers are rewarded. In the context of eating, Germans created and confirmed their cultural identity and cohesion. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[Detulerat]] [[pisces]], [[quos]] [[vir]] [[dedit]] [[ille]] [[viator]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Vir…ille viator'': i.e., Waltharius
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Hos]] [[dum]] [[pigmentis]] [[condisset]] [[et]] [[apposuisset]]
|440
|{{Commentary|''Pigmentis'': “spices”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
{{Comment|The fish is spiced, "pigmentis." The word can also mean painted, which clearly does not apply in this context. However, at line 301, the poet uses the adjective "pigmentatus," which could reasonably be applied to mean "spiced wine" or "painted cups." The use of the word here perhaps suggests that he means spices in the earlier context as well. MCD}}
|
|-
|[[regi1|Regi]] [[Gunthario1|Gunthario]], [[miratus]] [[fatur]] [[ab]] [[alto1|alto]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Ab alto'': sc. ''solio'' vel sim.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 8.115: ''tum pater Aeneas puppi sic fatur ab alta.'' ‘Then father Aeneas speaks thus from the high stern.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 12.641: ''curru sic fatur ab alto. '' ‘He speaks thus from his lofty chariot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|This is the same Gunther mentioned earlier in the poem (ll. 13-33), who was too young to leave his mother and who later grew up to dissolve all ties with the Huns. We know little of his character at this point, other than the fact that he does not feel bound to honor the treaties his father made with the Huns. (TK: Implications) The natural narrative shape of the poem has also led us to think of him as "less than" Hagan, since he was a little boy when Hagan was old enough to be sent as a hostage and become a great warrior.}}
|-
|[[Istius]] [[ergo]] [[modi1|modi]] [[pisces]] [[mihi]] [[Francia]] [[numquam]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Istius ergo modi pisces'': Althof characteristically speculates at length about what fish this could be (visually identifiable, edible, found in the Danube region but not in the Rhine) and decides that it must be the huchen. Fishing as recreation was popular among the nobility of the poet’s time. ''Ergo'' is here merely a weak intensifier.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ostendit]]: [[reor]] [[externis1|externis]] [[a]] [[finibus]] [[illos]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dic]] [[mihi]] [[quantocius]]: [[cuias]] [[homo]] [[detulit]] [[illos]]?'
|
|{{Commentary|''Quantocius'': “the quicker the better” ''Cuias homo'': “A man of what country?”
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ipseque]] [[respondens]] [[narrat]], [[quod3|quod]] [[nauta]] [[dedisset]].
|445
|{{Commentary|''Ipse'': the cook ''Nauta'': the ferryman (''portitor'', line 437)
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Accersire]] [[hominem]] [[princeps]] [[praecepit]] [[eundem]];
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=accersire hominem}}
|
|-
|[[Et]], [[cum]] [[venisset]], [[de]] [[re]] [[quaesitus]] [[eadem]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Talia]] [[dicta]] [[dedit]] [[causamque]] [[ex]] [[ordine1|ordine]] [[pandit1|pandit]]:
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.852: ''talia dicta dabat''. ‘He said such words.’ 3.179: ''remque ordine pando.'' ‘I reveal all in order.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=causamque ex}}
|
|-
|[[Vespere]] [[praeterito]] [[residebam]] [[litore]] [[Rheni]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|Statius, ''Silvae ''2.5.28: ''litore Rheni. . .'' ‘From the banks of the Rhine. . .’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Conspexique]] [[viatorem]] [[propere]] [[venientem]]
|450
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[veluti]] [[pugnae]] [[certum]] [[per]] [[membra]] [[paratum]]:
|
|{{Commentary|''Pugnae certum'': “sure he would have a fight”
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 4.554: ''iam certus eundi. . .'' ‘Now that he was resolved on going. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[aere1|Aere]] [[etenim]] [[penitus]] [[fuerat]], [[rex1|rex]] [[inclite1|inclite]], [[cinctus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS|elision=aere etenim}}
|
|-
|[[Gesserat]] [[et]] [[scutum]] [[gradiens]] [[hastamque]] [[coruscam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.431: ''hastamque coruscat. '' ‘He is brandishing his spear.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment| Emphasizes Walter’s armor again (more TK). Recurrence of the word “coruscus.”}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[viro]] [[forti1|forti]] [[similis]] [[fuit]], [[et]] [[licet]] [[ingens]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 1.589: ''os umerosque deo similis. . . '' ‘Godlike in face and shoulders. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Asportaret]] [[onus]], [[gressum]] [[tamen]] [[extulit]] [[acrem1|acrem]].
|455
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 10.553: ''loricam clipeique ingens onus impedit. '' ‘He pins the corslet and the shield’s huge burden together.’ 2.753:'' qua gressum extuleram. '' ‘. . .By which I had left the city.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[hunc2|Hunc]] [[incredibili]] [[formae]] [[decorata]] [[nitore]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Hester ''2.15: ''erat enim formonsa valde et incredibili pulchritudine.'' ‘For she was exceeding fair, and with incredible beauty.’ `
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Assequitur]] [[calce]]mque [[terit]] [[iam]] [[calce]] [[puella1|puella]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Assequitur'' equiv. to simply ''sequitur''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 5.324: ''calcemque terit iam calce. '' ‘He grazes foot with foot.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ipsaque]] [[robustum]] [[rexit]] [[per]] [[lora]] [[caballum]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Caballum'': the Vulgar Latin word for ''equus'', rare in Classical authors, but the progenitor of French ''cheval'', Spanish ''caballo'', Italian ''cavallo'', etc.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scrinia]] [[bina1|bina]] [[quidem]] [[dorso]] [[non]] [[parva]] [[ferentem1|ferentem]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[quae5|Quae]], [[dum]] [[cervicem]] [[sonipes]] [[discusserit]] [[altam]]
|460
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[superba]] [[cupit]] [[glomerare]] [[volumina]] [[crurum]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Glomerare volumina crurum'': i.e., to flex its long legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 3.117: ''insultare solo gressus glomerare superbos.'' ‘. . .To gallop over the earth and round his proud paces.’ 3.192: ''sinuetque alterna volumina crurum. '' ‘Let him bend his legs in alternating curves.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Dant]] [[sonitum]], [[ceu]] [[quis2|quis]] [[gemmis]] [[illiserit]] [[aurum]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 12.524: '' dant sonitum spumosi amnes.'' ‘Foaming rivers roar.’ Statius, ''Thebaid'' 5.564: '' dat sonitum tellus. '' ‘The earth re-echoes.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[mihi]] [[praesentes]] [[dederat]] [[pro]] [[munere]] [[pisces]].'
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[his5|His]] [[Hagano]] [[auditis]] -- [[ad]] [[mensam]] [[quippe]] [[resedit]] --
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=Hagano auditis}}
|
|-
|[[Laetior]] [[in]] [[medium]] [[prompsit]] [[de]] [[pectore]] [[verbum]]:
|465
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[quaeso]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[novi]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[collega]] [[meus]] [[remeavit]] [[ab]] [[Hunis]].'
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Guntharius]] [[princeps]] [[ex]] [[hac]] [[ratione]] [[superbus]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Vociferatur]], [[et]] [[omnis]] [[ei]] [[mox]] [[aula1|aula]] [[reclamat]]:
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Congaudete]] [[mihi]] [[iubeo]], [[quia]] [[talia2|talia]] [[vixi]]!
|470
|{{Commentary|''Iubeo'': tellingly replaces Hagen’s humbler ''quaeso'' (line 166).
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|These lines carry powerful rhetorical affect. The reader (or hearer) knows nothing as yet about Gunther’s personality, and may be looking forward to a reunion between the companions Hagan and Walter. The revelation that Gunther, far from promoting good will and solidarity against the Huns, will pose a threat when Walter expects friendship comes as a shock! Moreover, it becomes immediately clear that Hagan will have to choose between his best friend and his lord, two highly sacred relationships in Germanic culture. (TK: example) MCD}}
|-
|[[Gazam]], [[quam2|quam]] [[Gibicho]] [[regi1|regi]] [[transmisit]] [[eoo]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Eoo'' equiv. to ''orientis'', i.e., ''Hunnorum''.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[mihi]] [[cunctipotens]] [[huc]] [[in]] [[mea1|mea]] [[regna]] [[remisit]].'
|
|{{Commentary|''Cuncipotens'': sc. ''Deus''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeneid'' 2.543: ''meque in mea regna remisit.'' ‘He has sent me back to my realm.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Gunther is unquestionably greedy and unrighteously avaricious, in the mind of the Waltharius- poet, but it is important to understand that he does not simply desire money that in no way belongs to him. Gunther is not exactly a thug, though he might behave like one. Gunther feels himself entitled to the Hunnish treasure that Walter bears because he resents the treasure his own father gave to the Huns to establish a treaty. He apparently regards all Hunnish riches as, in some sense, stolen from the Franks and from him. MCD}}
|-
|[[haec4|Haec]] [[ait]] [[et]] [[mensam]] [[pede]] [[perculit]] [[exiliensque]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ducere]] [[equum]] [[iubet]] [[et]] [[sella]] [[componere]] [[sculpta]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 10.858: ''equum duci iubet.'' ‘He bids his horse be brought.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS|elision=ducere equum}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[omni]] [[de]] [[plebe]] [[viros]] [[secum]] [[duodenos]]
|475
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS|elision=atque omni}}
|
|-
|[[Viribus]] [[insignes]], [[animis]] [[plerumque]] [[probatos]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Epistula ad Thessalonicenses'' 1.2.4: ''probati sumus a Deo.'' ‘We are tested by God.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Legerat]]. [[inter]] [[quos]] [[simul]] [[ire]] [[Haganona]] [[iubebat]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS|elision=H-ELISION: ire Haganona}}
|
|-
|[[qui3|Qui]] [[memor1|memor]] [[antiquae]] [[fidei]] [[sociique]] [[prioris]]
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nititur]] [[a]] [[coeptis1|coeptis]] [[dominum]] [[transvertere]] [[rebus]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Rex]] [[tamen]] [[econtra]] [[nihilominus]] [[instat]] [[et]] [[infit]]:
|480
|{{Commentary|''Econtra'': formed from the preposition and the adverb. Beck gives examples of similar Vulgar Latin combinations that survive in French: ''de retro'' (''derrière''), ''de intus'' (''dans''), ''de unde'' (''dont'').
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_1.png
File:Waltharius-Lines-43-49-or-480_2.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ne]] [[tardate]], [[viri1|viri]], [[praecingite]] [[corpora]] [[ferro]]
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Fortia]], [[squamosus]] [[thorax]] [[iam]] [[terga]] [[recondat]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|: ''Aeineid'' 1.101; 8.539; 12.328: ''fortia corpora. . .'' ‘Bodies of the brave. . .’
 Prudentius, ''Hamartigenia'' 423: ''. . .squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. '' ‘. . .Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[hic2|Hic]] [[tantum1|tantum]] [[gazae]] [[Francis]] [[deducat]] [[ab|ab ]][[oris]]?'
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Liber Deuteronomii'' 1.41: ''instructi armis. . . '' ‘Ready armed. . .’ '' Danihel Propheta'' 3.22: ''nam iussio regis urgebat. '' ‘For the king’s commandment was urgent.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Instructi]] [[telis]], [[nam1|nam]] [[iussio]] [[regis]] [[adsurget]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Exibant]] [[portis]], [[te3|te]] [[Waltharium]] [[cupientes]]
|485
|{{Commentary|''Te Waltharium'': apostrophe.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Cernere]] [[et]] [[imbellem]] [[lucris]] [[fraudare]] [[putantes]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Lucris fraudare equiv. to '' [''se'' ''eum''] ''armillis fraudaturos''
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS|elision=cernere et}}
|
|-
|[[sed1|Sed]] [[tamen1|tamen]] [[omnimodis]] [[Hagano]] [[prohibere]] [[studebat]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDDDS}}
|
|-
|[[At]] [[rex]] [[infelix]] [[coeptis]] [[resipiscere]] [[non]] [[vult]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius419|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** [[Waltharius419|Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)]]
*** '''Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)'''
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius489|next »]]
|[[Waltharius436English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius436

2009-12-10T21:25:38Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) */

Waltharius419

2009-12-10T21:07:47Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435) */

===Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)===
{|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[fugiens1|fugiens]], [[ut]] [[dixi]], [[noctibus]] [[ivit]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[die]] [[saltus]] [[arbustaque]] [[densa]] [[requirens]]
|420
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Arte]] [[accersitas]] [[pariter]] [[capit]] [[arte]] [[volucres]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS|elision=arte accersitas}}
| {{Comment|Walther may seem remarkably well-versed in wilderness survival techniques, knowing two forms of catching birds and fishing. Later medieval heroes, such as the knights of romance, rely more heavily on hospitality at strange castles, and even when readers are told that a knight has spent months in the wilderness, his hunting and fishing techniques are rarely narrated. By contrast, tales of the Norse gods and heroes do depict hunting and fishing. Thor demonstrates his prowess as a fisherman against the world-serpent itself, while Loki and Odin catch and kill and otter for sport, with disastrous consequences. This contrast emphasizes the changing nature of medieval society. By the time of the French and German romances, the Frankish homeland was largely "tamed," made arable and brought under the rule of castles, manors, or towns. Walther seems to be walking instead through a truly wild land, and his heroism relies in part on his ability to draw sustenance from that land. MCD.}}
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[fallens]] [[visco]], [[nunc]] [[fisso]] [[denique]] [[ligno]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Fisso…ligno'': a kind of trap for birds, consisting of a piece of green wood split down the middle with the two halves held apart at one end, such that when a bird arrives, attracted by bait scattered in the middle, the two halves will snap together and break its legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics ''1.139-140.: ''tum laqueis captare feras et fallere visco/ inventum. '' ‘Then was discovered how to catch game with traps and to snare birds with lime.’ ''Aeineid'' 9.413-414.: ''hasta. . .fisso transit praecordia ligno. '' ‘The spear pierces the midriff with the broken wood.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Birdlime ("viscum") was made of mistletoe berries, and indeed, the word in classical Latin refers primarily to mistletoe. The word is uncommon in later Latin, attested neither in the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae nor Mediae Latinitatis Lexikon Minus. What might seem to be an allusion to contemporary practice is thus more likely to refer to textual precedents in Virgil and Cicero. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ast]] [[ubi]] [[pervenit]], [[qua]] [[flumina]] [[curva]] [[fluebant]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.11-12.: ''camposque et flumina late/ curva tenent.'' ‘Far and wide they claim the plains and winding rivers.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|"flumina...curva": most likely, tributaries of the Rhine and Danube, though at times the geography of the poem seems less literal than topical. In the course of the poem, we see mountains, battle-fields, river-areas, and even a brief glimpse of the ocean, where the Huns empire supposedly reaches, though in reality, Hunnish hordes never reached the Atlantic. The poem's journeys throughout Europe render it a form of "world tour," so the diverse settings are appropriate. MCD}}
|-
|[[Immittens]] [[hamum]] [[rapuit]] [[sub]] [[gurgite]] [[praedam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics ''4.395:'' sub gurgite. . .'' ‘Beneath the wave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[famis]] [[pestem]] [[pepulit]] [[tolerando]] [[laborem]].
|425
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
| {{Comment|"famis pestem": an usual use of "pestem" (pestis, pestis, feminine) which usually refers to a literal plague or disease. In classical Latin, "pestis" can be used metonymically to signify "death," which is probably what the Waltharius-poet intends here, as in "death by hunger." However, the specific phrase is without precedent. MCD}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[fugae]] [[toto]] [[se1|se]] [[tempore]] [[virginis]] [[usu]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Virginis usu'': The poet praises Waltharius for abstaining from sexual intercourse.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Walther refrains from "use" of Hildegund, which suggests that she carries a different status from the rest of the treasure. As earlier, the poet takes pains to depict a companionate relationship between the two exiles, emphasizing Hildegund's personal, feminine value above mere chattel. See John O. Ward, "After Rome: Medieval Epic," in Roman Epic, ed. A.J. Boyle (Routledge, 1993). MCD}}
|-
|[[Continuit]] [[vir]] [[Waltharius]] [[laudabilis]] [[heros]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|Ward makes much of Walther’s abstention from sex with Hildegund in the wilderness. Instead of treating her as spoils of war, he shows respect for her noble status and her potential to become a wife and mother of heirs. Such heirs would need to be incontestable, not sullied by the shadow of extramarital sex. Though the term “chivalry” is anachronistic in this context, Walther’s careful respect for Hildegund as a marriageable woman (and thus, a stabilizer of culture) and his avoidance of the sin of lust make him a prototype for the later “domesticated” heroes of romance. For Ward, the poem represents the efforts of the Carolingian church to craft just such religious and domestic values. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ecce]] [[quater]] [[denos]] [[sol]] [[circumflexerat]] [[orbes]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Quater denos'': the length of time is perhaps of biblical inspiration.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.131: ''circumflectere cursus. . .'' ‘To double round the courses. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Walther and Hildegund wander in the wilderness between the land of the Huns and the territory of Worms for forty days, a period which echoes the wandering of the Jews prior to their entrance into the Promised Land (cf. Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy), the period of Christ’s temptation in the desert (cf. Matthew 4:1-11; Mark 1:13-14; Luke 4:1-15), and the length of Lent. The specification of forty days is no accident, but as usual in the poem, the function of such a religious reference is unclear.
It may imply a spiritual significance to Walter’s ordeal, fulfilled in the “justice” meted out by the poem’s peculiar ending. Similarly, if Walter and Hildegund’s journey functions as a kind of Lent, then Walther’s bloody battle might constitute an analogue to Good Friday or other older and more indigenous tales of human sacrifice and rebirth. Indeed, after passing through the carnage and loss of Walther’s single combat, order, friendship, and loyalty are reborn and restored in a kind of resurrection.
The time specification may also emphasize that the Waltharius is a tale preliminary to Walter’s illustrious rule, much as the wanderings of Christ or the Israelites in the desert forms a prelude to a well-known, public career.
Alternatively, the specification of forty days may simply function as yet another religious “ghost” in the poem, like the references to fauns (ll. 761-763) or Wieland (ll. 965-966) MCD}}
|-
|[[Ex]] [[quo1|quo]] [[Pannonica]] [[fuerat]] [[digressus]] [[ab]] [[urbe]].
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ipso]] [[qui3|qui]]ppe [[die]], [[numerum]] [[qui3|qui]] [[clauserat]] [[istum]],
|430
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Venerat]] [[ad]] [[fluvium]] [[iam]] [[vespere]] [[tum]] [[mediante]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Vespere…mediante equiv. to medio vespere''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Secundum Iohannem ''7.14: ''iam autem die festo mediante. . .'' ‘Now about the midst of the feast. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scilicet]] [[ad]] [[Rhenum]], [[qua]] [[cursus]] [[tendit]] [[ad]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Rhenum'': the Rhine River.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.834: ''cursum contendere iussi.'' ‘They are bidden to shape their course.’ 12.909: ''nequiquam avidos extendere cursus/ velle videmur.'' ‘We seem to strive in vain to press on our eager course.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nomine]] [[Wormatiam]] [[regali]] [[sede]] [[nitentem]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Wormatiam'': Worms, a city on the Rhine in present-day Germany, here the capital (''regali sede'') of the Franks, now ruled by Gunther. The route that Waltharius is taking home is a very circuitous one.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Line-52-(Chalons)-or-433-(Worms).png
File:Waltharius-Line-433.png
File:Europe500.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Worms has existed at least since the time of Julius Caesar. In the fifth century, it became the Burgundian capital, not the Frankish seat, though it remained an important state center when the Franks came to occupy the Rhineland in later centuries. It features in another German epic, the 12th-century Niebelungenlied, when Gunther and Hagan appear again, this time as Burgundians. The Niebelungenlied, though written during the High Middle Ages, would seem to have roots in earlier myth, like the Waltharius, since versions of the story appear in Scandinavian fragments. Indeed, some echoes of the story might be present in the poem itself. Grimm suggested that line 555's "Franci nebulones" might be corrected as "Franci nivilones," though this theory has not met with great favor.}}
|-
|[[Illic]] [[pro]] [[naulo]] [[pisces]] [[dedit]] [[antea]] [[captos]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Naulo'': “fare” for being ferried across the river.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Iona Propheta'' 1.3: ''et invenit navem euntem in Tharsis et dedit naulum eius. '' ‘And he found a ship going to Tharsis: and he paid the fare thereof.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[mox]] [[transpositus]] [[graditur]] [[properanter]] [[anhelus]].
|435
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|The heavily dactylic line imitates the swift movement of Walther and Hildegund's journey. MCD}}
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius380|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** '''Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)'''
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius436|next »]]
|[[Waltharius419English|English]]
|-
|}

Waltharius419

2009-12-10T20:48:29Z

Michelle De Groot: /* Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435) */

===Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)===
{|
|-
|[[Waltharius]] [[fugiens1|fugiens]], [[ut]] [[dixi]], [[noctibus]] [[ivit]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[die]] [[saltus]] [[arbustaque]] [[densa]] [[requirens]]
|420
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Arte]] [[accersitas]] [[pariter]] [[capit]] [[arte]] [[volucres]],
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDDDS|elision=arte accersitas}}
| {{Comment|Walther may seem remarkably well-versed in wilderness survival techniques, knowing two forms of catching birds and fishing. Later medieval heroes, such as the knights of romance, rely more heavily on hospitality at strange castles, and even when readers are told that a knight has spent months in the wilderness, his hunting and fishing techniques are rarely narrated. By contrast, tales of the Norse gods and heroes do depict hunting and fishing. Thor demonstrates his prowess as a fisherman against the world-serpent itself, while Loki and Odin catch and kill and otter for sport, with disastrous consequences. This contrast emphasizes the changing nature of medieval society. By the time of the French and German romances, the Frankish homeland was largely "tamed," made arable and brought under the rule of castles, manors, or towns. Walther seems to be walking instead through a truly wild land, and his heroism relies in part on his ability to draw sustenance from that land. MCD.}}
|-
|[[Nunc]] [[fallens]] [[visco]], [[nunc]] [[fisso]] [[denique]] [[ligno]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Fisso…ligno'': a kind of trap for birds, consisting of a piece of green wood split down the middle with the two halves held apart at one end, such that when a bird arrives, attracted by bait scattered in the middle, the two halves will snap together and break its legs.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Georgics ''1.139-140.: ''tum laqueis captare feras et fallere visco/ inventum. '' ‘Then was discovered how to catch game with traps and to snare birds with lime.’ ''Aeineid'' 9.413-414.: ''hasta. . .fisso transit praecordia ligno. '' ‘The spear pierces the midriff with the broken wood.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Birdlime ("viscum") was made of mistletoe berries, and indeed, the word in classical Latin refers primarily to mistletoe. The word is uncommon in later Latin, attested neither in the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae nor Mediae Latinitatis Lexikon Minus. What might seem to be an allusion to contemporary practice is thus more likely to refer to textual precedents in Virgil and Cicero. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ast]] [[ubi]] [[pervenit]], [[qua]] [[flumina]] [[curva]] [[fluebant]],
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics'' 2.11-12.: ''camposque et flumina late/ curva tenent.'' ‘Far and wide they claim the plains and winding rivers.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|"flumina...curva": most likely, tributaries of the Rhine and Danube, though at times the geography of the poem seems less literal than topical. In the course of the poem, we see mountains, battle-fields, river-areas, and even a brief glimpse of the ocean, where the Huns empire supposedly reaches, though in reality, Hunnish hordes never reached the Atlantic. The poem's journeys throughout Europe render it a form of "world tour," so the diverse settings are appropriate. MCD}}
|-
|[[Immittens]] [[hamum]] [[rapuit]] [[sub]] [[gurgite]] [[praedam]].
|
|
|{{Parallel|''Georgics ''4.395:'' sub gurgite. . .'' ‘Beneath the wave. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Atque]] [[famis]] [[pestem]] [[pepulit]] [[tolerando]] [[laborem]].
|425
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDDDS}}
| {{Comment|"famis pestem": an usual use of "pestem" (pestis, pestis, feminine) which usually refers to a literal plague or disease. In classical Latin, "pestis" can be used metonymically to signify "death," which is probably what the Waltharius-poet intends here, as in "death by hunger." However, the specific phrase is without precedent. MCD}}
|-
|[[Namque]] [[fugae]] [[toto]] [[se1|se]] [[tempore]] [[virginis]] [[usu]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Virginis usu'': The poet praises Waltharius for abstaining from sexual intercourse.
}}
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
| {{Comment|Walther refrains from "use" of Hildegund, which suggests that she carries a different status from the rest of the treasure. As earlier, the poet takes pains to depict a companionate relationship between the two exiles, emphasizing Hildegund's personal, feminine value above mere chattel. See John O. Ward, "After Rome: Medieval Epic," in Roman Epic, ed. A.J. Boyle (Routledge, 1993). MCD}}
|-
|[[Continuit]] [[vir]] [[Waltharius]] [[laudabilis]] [[heros]].
|
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSDSDS}}
| {{Comment|Ward makes much of Walther’s absention from sex with Hildegund in the wilderness, contrasting it with other versions of the story (TK: which versions). He also suggests that in other versions, Walther does consider leaving Hildegund among the Huns. Though the term “chivalry” is anachronistic in this context, Walther’s careful respect for Hildegund as a marriageable woman and his avoidance of the sin of lust make him a prototype for the later “domesticated” heroes of romance. For Ward, the poem represents the efforts of the Carolingian church to craft just such religious and domestic values. MCD}}
|-
|[[Ecce]] [[quater]] [[denos]] [[sol]] [[circumflexerat]] [[orbes]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Quater denos'': the length of time is perhaps of biblical inspiration.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.131: ''circumflectere cursus. . .'' ‘To double round the courses. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
| {{Comment|Walther and Hildegund wander in the wilderness between the land of the Huns and the territory of Worms for forty days, a period which echoes the wandering of the Jews prior to their entrance into the Promised Land (cf. Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy), the period of Christ’s temptation in the desert (cf. Matthew 4:1-11; Mark 1:13-14; Luke 4:1-15), and the length of Lent. The specification of forty days is no accident, but as usual in the poem, the function of such a religious reference is unclear.
It may imply a spiritual significance to Walter’s ordeal, fulfilled in the “justice” meted out by the poem’s peculiar ending. Similarly, if Walter and Hildegund’s journey functions as a kind of Lent, then Walther’s bloody battle might constitute an analogue to Good Friday or other older and more indigenous tales of human sacrifice and rebirth. Indeed, after passing through the carnage and loss of Walther’s single combat, order, friendship, and loyalty are reborn and restored in a kind of resurrection.
The time specification may also emphasize that the Waltharius is a tale preliminary to Walter’s illustrious rule, much as the wanderings of Christ or the Israelites in the desert forms a prelude to a well-known, public career.
Alternatively, the specification of forty days may simply function as yet another religious “ghost” in the poem, like the references to fauns (ll. 761-763) or Wieland (ll. 965-966) MCD}}
|-
|[[Ex]] [[quo1|quo]] [[Pannonica]] [[fuerat]] [[digressus]] [[ab]] [[urbe]].
|
|
|
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Ipso]] [[qui3|qui]]ppe [[die]], [[numerum]] [[qui3|qui]] [[clauserat]] [[istum]],
|430
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Venerat]] [[ad]] [[fluvium]] [[iam]] [[vespere]] [[tum]] [[mediante]],
|
|{{Commentary|''Vespere…mediante equiv. to medio vespere''
}}
|{{Parallel|''Secundum Iohannem ''7.14: ''iam autem die festo mediante. . .'' ‘Now about the midst of the feast. . .’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Scilicet]] [[ad]] [[Rhenum]], [[qua]] [[cursus]] [[tendit]] [[ad]] [[urbem]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Rhenum'': the Rhine River.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Aeineid'' 5.834: ''cursum contendere iussi.'' ‘They are bidden to shape their course.’ 12.909: ''nequiquam avidos extendere cursus/ velle videmur.'' ‘We seem to strive in vain to press on our eager course.’
}}
|{{Pictures|[[Image:Europe500.png|center|thumb|Rhine River]]}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
|
|-
|[[Nomine]] [[Wormatiam]] [[regali]] [[sede]] [[nitentem]].
|
|{{Commentary|''Wormatiam'': Worms, a city on the Rhine in present-day Germany, here the capital (''regali sede'') of the Franks, now ruled by Gunther. The route that Waltharius is taking home is a very circuitous one.
}}
|
|{{Pictures|<gallery widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="2">
File:Waltharius-Line-52-(Chalons)-or-433-(Worms).png
File:Waltharius-Line-433.png
File:Europe500.png
</gallery>}}
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
| {{Comment|TK: More info re: medieval Worms}}
|-
|[[Illic]] [[pro]] [[naulo]] [[pisces]] [[dedit]] [[antea]] [[captos]]
|
|{{Commentary|''Naulo'': “fare” for being ferried across the river.
}}
|{{Parallel|''Iona Propheta'' 1.3: ''et invenit navem euntem in Tharsis et dedit naulum eius. '' ‘And he found a ship going to Tharsis: and he paid the fare thereof.’
}}
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SSSDDS}}
|
|-
|[[Et]] [[mox]] [[transpositus]] [[graditur]] [[properanter]] [[anhelus]].
|435
|
|
|
|{{Meter|scansion=SDDDDS}}
| {{Comment|The heavily dactylic line imitates the swift movement of Walther and Hildegund's journey. MCD}}
|-
|}
<hr />

{|
|[[Waltharius380|« previous]]
|{{Outline|
* [[WalthariusPrologue|Prologue]]
* [[Waltharius1|Introduction: the Huns (1–12)]]
* The Huns (13–418)
** [[Waltharius13|The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33)]]
** [[Waltharius34|The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74)]]
** [[Waltharius75|The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92)]]
** [[Waltharius93|Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115)]]
** [[Waltharius116|Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122)]]
** [[Waltharius123|Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141)]]
** [[Waltharius142|Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169)]]
** [[Waltharius170|Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214)]]
** The Escape (215–418)
*** [[Waltharius215|Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255)]]
*** [[Waltharius256|Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286)]]
*** [[Waltharius287|Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323)]]
*** [[Waltharius324|Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357)]]
*** [[Waltharius358|The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379)]]
*** [[Waltharius380|Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418)]]
* The Single Combats (419–1061)
** Diplomacy (419–639)
*** '''Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435)'''
*** [[Waltharius436|Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488)]]
*** [[Waltharius489|Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512)]]
*** [[Waltharius513|Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531)]]
*** [[Waltharius532|Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571)]]
*** [[Waltharius571|Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580)]]
*** [[Waltharius581|Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616)]]
*** [[Waltharius617|Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639)]]
** Combat (640–1061)
*** [[Waltharius640|1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685)]]
*** [[Waltharius686|2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719)]]
*** [[Waltharius720|Gunther encourages his men (720–724)]]
*** [[Waltharius725|3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753)]]
*** [[Waltharius754|4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780)]]
*** [[Waltharius781|5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845)]]
*** [[Waltharius846|Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877)]]
*** [[Waltharius878|6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913)]]
*** [[Waltharius914|7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940)]]
*** [[Waltharius941|Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961)]]
*** [[Waltharius962|8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)]]
*** [[Waltharius981|Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061)]]
* The Final Combat (1062–1452)
** [[Waltharius1062|Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088)]]
** [[Waltharius1089|Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129)]]
** [[Waltharius1130|Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187)]]
** [[Waltharius1188|The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207)]]
** [[Waltharius1208|Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236)]]
** [[Waltharius1237|Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279)]]
** [[Waltharius1280|The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345)]]
** [[Waltharius1346|Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375)]]
** [[Waltharius1376|Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395)]]
** [[Waltharius1396|Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442)]]
** [[Waltharius1443|The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452)]]
* [[Waltharius1453|Epilogue (1453–1456)]]}}
|
|[[Waltharius436|next »]]
|[[Waltharius419English|English]]
|-
|}