Difference between revisions of "Waltharius962"

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(→‎8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981))
(→‎8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981))
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|{{Pictures|[[image:Waltharius-Lines-962–1062.png|center|thumb]]}}
 
|{{Pictures|[[image:Waltharius-Lines-962–1062.png|center|thumb]]}}
 
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
 
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
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| {{Comment|Randolf: Wagner notes that according to the Old High German, the form should be Rantolf instead of Randolf. He claims that this is an example of Late High German. See N. Wagner, “Zu den Personennamen im Waltharius. Zwischen Textkritik und Namenkunde.” In Triuwe: Studien zur Sprachgeschichte und Literaturwissenschaft: Gedächtnisbuch für Elfriede Stutz. Ed. Karl-Friedrich Kraft et al. Heidelberger Bibliotheksschriften 47. Heidelberg: Heidelberger Verlagsanstalt, 1992. 109-125, at 118.
+
| {{Comment|'''athleta:''' This noun was used in a figural sense in philosophical discourse (see Seneca, De providentia / dialogi I, 2.2.5) and later also used in Christian discourse, where it acquired a connotation associated with martyrdom. See for a relatively early development of this especially Ambrose, e.g. De paradiso 12.55: “unde et Paulus quasi bonus athleta non solum ictus aduersantium potestatum uitare cognouerat, uerum etiam aduersantes ferire” (“therefore Paul also knew how to not only avoid the blows of the opposing forces like a good athlete, but also to give blows to his adversaries”). Cf. the description of Walther in 1046 and its usage by Walther to describe Hagan in 1411. See also the note on “agonem” in 1025. [JJTY]
  
−
athleta: This noun was used in a figural sense in philosophical discourse (cf. Seneca De providentia / dialogi I, 2.2.5) and later also used in Christian discourse, where it acquired a connotation associated with martyrdom. See for an early development of this especially Ambrose, e.g. De paradiso 12.55: unde et Paulus quasi bonus athleta non solum ictus aduersantium potestatum uitare cognouerat, uerum etiam aduersantes ferire (“therefore Paul also knew how to not only avoid the blows of the opposing forces like a good athlete, but also to give blows to his adversaries”). Cf. the description of Walther in 1046 and it’s usage by Walther to describe Hagen in 1411. Cf. also the note on agonem in 1025. JJTY}}
+
'''Randolf:''' Wagner notes that according to the Old High German, the form should be Rantolf instead of Randolf. He claims that this is an example of Late High German and has parallels in Notker the Stammerer, allowing for a relatively late, tenth century dating of the poem. See Wagner 1992, p. 118. [JJTY]}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Praevertens]] [[reliquos1|reliquos]] [[hunc2|hunc]] [[importunus]] [[adivit]]
 
|[[Praevertens]] [[reliquos1|reliquos]] [[hunc2|hunc]] [[importunus]] [[adivit]]
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|{{PicturesCont}}
 
|{{PicturesCont}}
 
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
 
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSDDS}}
−
| {{Comment|For the tale of Wieland, see J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, Göttingen: Dieterichsche Buchhandlung, 1844, vol. 1, 349-352. As a mythological smith, Wieland is analogous to Homer’s Hephaestus (see especially Iliad 18.478ff.) and Virgil’s Vulcanus (Aeneid 8.439ff.), who forge the armor for the epic’s respective heroes. Althof (1905, ad loc.) remarks that the tale, originating in Lower Germany, was already widespread across Northern Europe by the end of the seventh century. Cf. the Waldere fragments (2-3), where the sword Mimming is mentioned as fabricated by Wieland (also known from Beowulf, 455). JJTY}}
+
| {{Comment|'''Wielandia fabrica:''' For the tale of Wieland, see J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, Göttingen: Dieterichsche Buchhandlung, 1844, vol. 1, pp. 349-352. As a mythological smith, Wieland is analogous to Homer’s Hephaestus (see especially Iliad 18.368-384 and 468-477) and Virgil’s Vulcanus (Aeneid 8.439-453.), who forge the armor for the epic’s respective heroes. Althof (1905, ad loc.) remarks that the tale, originating in Lower Germany, was already widespread across Northern Europe by the end of the seventh century. Cf. the Waldere fragments (2-3), where the sword Mimming is mentioned as fabricated by Wieland (also known from Beowulf, 455). There are a few parallels between the story of Walther and that of Wieland: Wieland makes 700 copies of the ring left by his wife (in some versions a valkyrie), whereas Walther carries off a large amount of armlets. Both Walther and Wieland were kept in captivity by a king until they devised their own escape (Wieland was captured by king Niðuðr and made a cripple). [JJTY]}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Obstaret]], [[spisso]] [[penetraverit]] [[ilia]] [[ligno]].
 
|[[Obstaret]], [[spisso]] [[penetraverit]] [[ilia]] [[ligno]].
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|{{PicturesCont}}
 
|{{PicturesCont}}
 
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
 
|{{Meter|scansion=DDDSDS}}
−
| {{Comment|After Gunther has completed his encouraging speech to his disheartened men and opens the attack on Walther, this reflects the change of pace and the recommencement of the action, not just by its words (“subito”), but also by its almost entirely dactylic meter. JJTY}}
+
| {{Comment|'''Ille tamen subito stupefactus corda pavore:''' After Gunther has completed his encouraging speech to his disheartened men and opens the attack on Walther, this line reflects the change of pace and the recommencement of the action, not just by its words (“subito”), but also by its almost entirely dactylic meter. [JJTY]
 +
}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Munimen]] [[clipei]] [[obiecit]] [[mentemque]] [[recepit]];
 
|[[Munimen]] [[clipei]] [[obiecit]] [[mentemque]] [[recepit]];
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|{{PicturesCont}}
 
|{{PicturesCont}}
 
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=clipei obiecit}}
 
|{{Meter|scansion=SDSSDS|elision=clipei obiecit}}
−
| {{Comment|Notice how the elision of the “i” of “clipei” causes a resounding clash with the ictus in the first syllable of the following word (“obiecit”), imitating the sword’s blow on the shield. JJTY}}
+
| {{Comment|'''Munimen clipei obiecit mentemque recepit:''' Notice how the elision of the “i” of “clipei” causes a resounding clash with the ictus in the first syllable of the following word (“obiecit”), imitating the sword’s blow on the shield. [JJTY]}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Nec]] [[tamen]] [[et]] [[galeam]] [[fuerat]] [[sumpsisse]] [[facultas]].
 
|[[Nec]] [[tamen]] [[et]] [[galeam]] [[fuerat]] [[sumpsisse]] [[facultas]].
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</gallery>}}
 
</gallery>}}
 
|
 
|
−
| {{Comment|Beck (1908, ad loc.) remarks that the cutting of hair was a particularly dishonorable act for a free man, quoting Tacitus, Germania 19, where an adulteress is shorn and subsequently chased out of her home. The passage may also contain a reminiscence to the biblical story of Samson and Delilah (Judges 14-16), in which Samson loses his strength as a result of being shorn. This is not the case with Walther, however, who only grows fiercer, much to his opponents’ dismay. JJTY}}
+
| {{Comment|'''vertice crines / abrasit:''' Beck (1908, ad loc.) remarks that the cutting of hair was a dishonorable act for a free man, quoting Tacitus, Germania 19, where an adulteress is shorn and subsequently chased out of her home. The passage may also contain a reminiscence to the biblical story of Samson and Delilah (Judges 14-16), in which Samson loses his strength as a result of being shorn. This is not the case with Walther, however, who only grows fiercer, much to his opponent’s dismay.  
 +
 
 +
Given the similar phrasing of Virgil, Aeneid 4.698-9 (“vertice crinem / abstulerat,” “she had taken from her head the lock”), the astute reader may be led to fear for Waltharius’ life at this point, since Virgil’s passage describes Iris being sent down by Juno to cut of a lock of Dido’s hair to grant her passage to the underworld. [JJTY]}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[Abrasit]], [[sed1|sed]] [[forte]] [[cutem]] [[praestringere]] [[summam]]
 
|[[Abrasit]], [[sed1|sed]] [[forte]] [[cutem]] [[praestringere]] [[summam]]
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|{{PicturesCont}}
 
|{{PicturesCont}}
 
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
 
|{{Meter|scansion=DSSSDS}}
−
|
+
| {{Comment|'''Et super assistens pectus conculcat et inquit:''' The phrasing reminds the reader of a similar death scene in Virgil, Aeneid 10.490-491 (“quem Turnus super adsistens .. inquit,” “Standing over him, Turnus says”) where Turnus slays Pallas. It is interesting that Waltharius first receives a description similar to that of the unlikeable character Mezentius (see 960-961) and is now implicitly compared to Turnus as he ruthlessly slays the young Pallas. Is the reader’s favor meant to slowly shift toward the camp of Gunther, now no longer bent on looting but on receiving vengeance for their lost comrades? [JJTY]}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
|[[En]] [[pro]] [[calvitio]] [[capitis]] [[te3|te]] [[vertice]] [[fraudo]],
 
|[[En]] [[pro]] [[calvitio]] [[capitis]] [[te3|te]] [[vertice]] [[fraudo]],
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|{{PicturesCont}}
 
|{{PicturesCont}}
 
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
 
|{{Meter|scansion=DDSSDS}}
−
| {{Comment|Tacitus (Germania 7) notes that Germanic kings are particularly prone to brag to their wife and children, who are their greatest audience: hi cuique sanctissimi testes, hi maximi laudatores (“They are to each their most sacred witnesses, they are their greatest glorifiers”). Cf. also Walther’s defiant speech in 562-3: Hinc nullus rediens uxori dicere Francus / Praesumet se impune gazae quid tollere tantae (“No Frank, returning from this place, will dare to tell / His wife that he, unharmed, took any of this treasure”). JJTY}}
+
| {{Comment|'''Ne fiat ista tuae de me iactantia sponsae:''' Tacitus (Germania 7) notes that Germanic kings are particularly prone to brag to their wife and children, who are their greatest audience: “hi cuique sanctissimi testes, hi maximi laudatores” (“They are to each their most sacred witnesses, they are their greatest glorifiers”). Cf. also Walther’s defiant speech in 562-3: “Hinc nullus rediens uxori dicere Francus / Praesumet se impune gazae quid tollere tantae” (“No Frank, returning from this place, will dare to tell / His wife that he, unharmed, took any of this treasure”). [JJTY]}}
 
|-
 
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|}
 
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Revision as of 18:39, 11 December 2009

8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981)

Ecce repentino Randolf athleta caballo  
Waltharius-Lines-962-1062.png
  		 DSSSDS   athleta: This noun was used in a figural sense in philosophical discourse (see Seneca, De providentia / dialogi I, 2.2.5) and later also used in Christian discourse, where it acquired a connotation associated with martyrdom. See for a relatively early development of this especially Ambrose, e.g. De paradiso 12.55: “unde et Paulus quasi bonus athleta non solum ictus aduersantium potestatum uitare cognouerat, uerum etiam aduersantes ferire” (“therefore Paul also knew how to not only avoid the blows of the opposing forces like a good athlete, but also to give blows to his adversaries”). Cf. the description of Walther in 1046 and its usage by Walther to describe Hagan in 1411. See also the note on “agonem” in 1025. [JJTY]

Randolf: Wagner notes that according to the Old High German, the form should be Rantolf instead of Randolf. He claims that this is an example of Late High German and has parallels in Notker the Stammerer, allowing for a relatively late, tenth century dating of the poem. See Wagner 1992, p. 118. [JJTY] 

Praevertens reliquos hunc importunus adivit  Prudentius, Psychomachia 228-229.: hostis nunc surgit ab oris/ inportunus. ‘The foe arises now from the shores to trouble us.’

 

   SDSSDS 
Ac mox ferrato petiit sub pectore conto.  Prudentius, Psychomachia 116: impatiensque morae conto petit. ‘Irked by her hanging back, she hurls a pike at her.’ 122-123.: sub ipsum/ defertur stomachum. ‘It hits the very stomach.’

 

   SSDSDS 
Et nisi duratis Wielandia fabrica giris 965  Wielandia fabrica: “the workmanship of Wieland,” a legendary smith, comparable to Hephaestus or Daedalus, in German mythology. Cf. line 264 on the lorica.

 

 Prudentius, Psychomachia 124-125.: sed resilit duro loricae excussa repulsu./ provida nam Virtus conserto adamante trilicem/ induerat thoraca umeris. ‘But it is struck off by the resistance of a hard cuirass, and rebounds; for the Virtue had prudently put on her shoulders a three-ply corselet of mail impenetrable.’

 

   DSSDDS   Wielandia fabrica: For the tale of Wieland, see J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, Göttingen: Dieterichsche Buchhandlung, 1844, vol. 1, pp. 349-352. As a mythological smith, Wieland is analogous to Homer’s Hephaestus (see especially Iliad 18.368-384 and 468-477) and Virgil’s Vulcanus (Aeneid 8.439-453.), who forge the armor for the epic’s respective heroes. Althof (1905, ad loc.) remarks that the tale, originating in Lower Germany, was already widespread across Northern Europe by the end of the seventh century. Cf. the Waldere fragments (2-3), where the sword Mimming is mentioned as fabricated by Wieland (also known from Beowulf, 455). There are a few parallels between the story of Walther and that of Wieland: Wieland makes 700 copies of the ring left by his wife (in some versions a valkyrie), whereas Walther carries off a large amount of armlets. Both Walther and Wieland were kept in captivity by a king until they devised their own escape (Wieland was captured by king Niðuðr and made a cripple). [JJTY] 
Obstaret, spisso penetraverit ilia ligno.  Ligno equiv. to conto

 

 Prudentius, Psychomachia 124-125.: sed resilit duro loricae excussa repulsu./ provida nam Virtus conserto adamante trilicem/ induerat thoraca umeris. ‘But it is struck off by the resistance of a hard cuirass, and rebounds; for the Virtue had prudently put on her shoulders a three-ply corselet of mail impenetrable.’


Aeneid 9.413: fisso transit praecordia ligno. ‘With the broken wood it pierces the midriff.’  

   SSDDDS 
Ille tamen subito stupefactus corda pavore  Ille: Waltharius
Corda: accusative of respect

 

   DDDSDS   Ille tamen subito stupefactus corda pavore: After Gunther has completed his encouraging speech to his disheartened men and opens the attack on Walther, this line reflects the change of pace and the recommencement of the action, not just by its words (“subito”), but also by its almost entirely dactylic meter. [JJTY]

 

Munimen clipei obiecit mentemque recepit;  Prudentius, Psychomachia 503: clipeum obiectasset. ‘She put her shield in the way.’ Aeineid 12.377: clipeo obiecto. . . ‘With his shield before him. . .’ 10.899: mentemque recepit. ‘He regained his senses.’

 

   SDSSDS
Elision: clipei obiecit  		 Munimen clipei obiecit mentemque recepit: Notice how the elision of the “i” of “clipei” causes a resounding clash with the ictus in the first syllable of the following word (“obiecit”), imitating the sword’s blow on the shield. [JJTY] 
Nec tamen et galeam fuerat sumpsisse facultas.  Fuerat sumpsisse facultas equiv. to sumere potuit, cf. line 960.

 

   DDDSDS 
Francus at emissa gladium nudaverat hasta 970  Aeineid 10.474: magnis emittit viribus hastam. ‘He hurls his spear with all his strength.’

 

   DSDSDS 
Et feriens binos Aquitani vertice crines  Binos…crines: “two locks of hair”

 

 Prudentius, Psychomachia 506-507.: vix in cute summa/ praestringens paucos tenui de vulnere laedit/ cuspis Avaritiae. ‘Only a few did Greed’s javelin touch, grazing them with a slight wound not skin-deep.’ Aeneid 4.698-699.: vertice crinem/ abstulerat. ‘She had taken from her head the lock.’ Statius, Thebaid 344-345.: addit acerba sonum Teumesi e vertice crinem/ incutiens. ‘From Teumesus’ height she sends her shrill cry, and shakes her locks.’

 

   
  • Waltharius-Lines-962-1062.png
  • Europe500.png
  		 vertice crines / abrasit: Beck (1908, ad loc.) remarks that the cutting of hair was a dishonorable act for a free man, quoting Tacitus, Germania 19, where an adulteress is shorn and subsequently chased out of her home. The passage may also contain a reminiscence to the biblical story of Samson and Delilah (Judges 14-16), in which Samson loses his strength as a result of being shorn. This is not the case with Walther, however, who only grows fiercer, much to his opponent’s dismay.

Given the similar phrasing of Virgil, Aeneid 4.698-9 (“vertice crinem / abstulerat,” “she had taken from her head the lock”), the astute reader may be led to fear for Waltharius’ life at this point, since Virgil’s passage describes Iris being sent down by Juno to cut of a lock of Dido’s hair to grant her passage to the underworld. [JJTY] 

Abrasit, sed forte cutem praestringere summam  Prudentius, Psychomachia 506-507.: vix in cute summa/ praestringens paucos tenui de vulnere laedit/ cuspis Avaritiae. ‘Only a few did Greed’s javelin touch, grazing them with a slight wound not skin-deep.’ Aeneid 4.698-699.: vertice crinem/ abstulerat. ‘She had taken from her head the lock.’ Statius, Thebaid 344-345.: addit acerba sonum Teumesi e vertice crinem/ incutiens. ‘From Teumesus’ height she sends her shrill cry, and shakes her locks.’

 

   SSDSDS 
Non licuit, rursumque alium vibraverat ictum    DSDSDS
Elision: rursumque alium 
Et praeceps animi directo obstamine scuti  Praeceps animi: “hasty”

 

 Aeneid 9.685: praeceps animi. . . ‘Reckless at heart. . .’

 

   SDSSDS
Elision: directo obstamine 
Impegit calibem, nec quivit viribus ullis 975  Aeneid 6.147-148.: non viribus ullis/ vincere. . .poteris. ‘With no force will you avail to win it.’ 12.782: viribus haud ullis valuit discludere morsus. ‘By no strength could he unlock the bite.’

 

   SDSSDS 
Elicere. Alpharides retro, se fulminis instar  Elicere equiv. to revellere
Retro: with fudit
Se…excutiens equiv. to emicans

 

 Ovid, Ars Amatoria 3.490: fulminis instar habent. ‘They hold what is like a thunderbolt.’

 

   DDSSDS
Elision: elicere Alpharides 
Excutiens, Francum valida vi fudit ad arvum  Aeineid 2.50; 5.500: validis. . .viribus. . . ‘With mighty force. . .’ 1.193: corpora fundat humi. ‘He stretches the bodies on the ground.’ 11.665: quot humi morientia corpora fundis? ‘How many bodies do you lay low on the earth?’

 

   DSDSDS 
Et super assistens pectus conculcat et inquit:  Aeineid 10.490-491.: quem Turnus super adsistens. . .inquit. . . ‘Standing over him, Turnus cries. . .’ Prudentius, Psychomachia 155: quam super adsistens Patientia. . .inquit. . . ‘Standing over her, Long-Suffering cries. . .’

 

   DSSSDS   Et super assistens pectus conculcat et inquit: The phrasing reminds the reader of a similar death scene in Virgil, Aeneid 10.490-491 (“quem Turnus super adsistens .. inquit,” “Standing over him, Turnus says”) where Turnus slays Pallas. It is interesting that Waltharius first receives a description similar to that of the unlikeable character Mezentius (see 960-961) and is now implicitly compared to Turnus as he ruthlessly slays the young Pallas. Is the reader’s favor meant to slowly shift toward the camp of Gunther, now no longer bent on looting but on receiving vengeance for their lost comrades? [JJTY] 
En pro calvitio capitis te vertice fraudo,    SDDSDS 
Ne fiat ista tuae de me iactantia sponsae.' 980    DDSSDS   Ne fiat ista tuae de me iactantia sponsae: Tacitus (Germania 7) notes that Germanic kings are particularly prone to brag to their wife and children, who are their greatest audience: “hi cuique sanctissimi testes, hi maximi laudatores” (“They are to each their most sacred witnesses, they are their greatest glorifiers”). Cf. also Walther’s defiant speech in 562-3: “Hinc nullus rediens uxori dicere Francus / Praesumet se impune gazae quid tollere tantae” (“No Frank, returning from this place, will dare to tell / His wife that he, unharmed, took any of this treasure”). [JJTY] 
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